 Good evening aspirants and viewers today by 7 PM in a short span of time. The essay paper discussion will be premiered on YouTube. This will be a session on how to approach essay paper in civil service examination. The session will be explained by Mr. Sathya Krishnan sir. He has secured all India rank 116 in civil service exam 2014 and he is a renowned expert when it comes to essay paper. The session will be explained based on mains 2020 essay question paper. The class will provide insight onto how to manage essay questions. The guiding principles for the mains exam 2021, then method of preparation about question selection and other related aspects. He will also detail the difference in strategy for section A essay questions and section B essay questions. The class will also deal with the skills that matter for securing good marks in essay paper. We strongly recommend our viewers to attend the class on YouTube at 7 PM today. You may share this information to those who are in need of orientation and guidance for handling essay paper. As you are already aware, the free entrance exam for pre-feed program, which is a special program to effectively use the time available for upcoming problems, will be conducted online tomorrow morning from 8 AM to 12 PM. You can take the entrance exam using your mobile phones and while you are at home. The test will have a total of 100 questions. These 100 questions will be having questions from both GS and CSAT. As you know in this program, the academy will provide a micro schedule that is broken into monthly, weekly and daily targets. The program will provide high intensity interval training for prelims exam. It will help not only to complete the syllabus, but also to enhance skills in solving questions. It is modeled on the scientific principle of active recall at spaced repetition source to ensure maximum output. The participants will be solving around 4000 questions in a period of 90 days from February 15 to May 16, 2021. See in the training, the participants would be given 50 questions on a daily basis on six days in a week. The 50 questions will be based on the study target of the particular day. Each test will be followed by a daily detailed discussion. Once a particular subject area is completed, the daily test will be followed by a full test of 100 questions. By enrolling in the program, you will get a detailed schedule for three months that will cover both micro and macro targets for preparation, and you will be getting five weekly half tests from Monday to Friday for GS topics. As we have mentioned already, one full revision test will be there upon the completion of a subject. After completion of syllabus, you will get four GS and four CSAT mock tests. To ensure that participants must qualify CSAT paper, the program includes a CSAT test every week which will be of 50 questions. See the program also covers current affairs as it divides current affairs of past to one year into monthly or weekly and daily targets. These targets will be covered across multiple tests. The link for the brochure and detailed schedule of Prefit is given in the description and also in the comment section. See Prefit works first with a free entrance exam that will be conducted tomorrow morning from 8 a.m. to 12 p.m. The syllabus for the entrance exam is UPSC Prelims syllabus for GS and CSAT paper. And there is also Prefit Prime that means students who secure top 100 ranks in the entrance test will be eligible under Prefit Prime. The top 100 rankers will be given 50% subsidized monthly fee structure. However, the subsequent months of access to Prefit Prime will be subject to securing a position in the top 100 in the previous month and students who secure a position in Prefit Prime will also be eligible to avail 25% concession on main storming 2021 upon their successful qualification of Trelims 2021. For more details, please visit the links given in the description and also in the comment section. With this, let's move on to today's news analysis. These are the list of news articles selected for today's analysis along with the page numbers of different editions of the Hindu newspaper. The link for the handed notes in the PDF format and the timestamping of the discussed articles are provided in the description and also in the comment section for the benefit of mobile phone viewers. Now let's move on to the analysis of first news article. This news article is about a reform initiative in Jamtara district of Jharkhand. See, this was a city where the social reformer Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar once worked. In this context, let us discuss the news article and we'll also see about Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar. The syllabus relevant for the analysis of this news article is highlighted here for your reference. See, Jamtara is infamously known as the fishing capital of India. Infamously means it is known for undesired or wrong reasons. Now we know that fishing is a cyber crime. In fishing, the target individuals are contacted by email or through telephone or through text messages by someone who's posing as a legitimate individual or a legitimate institution. Here the purpose would be to lure the individuals so as to provide sensitive data like personally identifiable information, banking details, credit card details, passwords, etc. One of the recent highly professional fishing attack we might have seen in newspapers with reference to the attack on Ms. Nidhi Rajdan who was working with NDTV. A highly professional fishing attack took place against her for months since last year. Here a person or a group posed as Harvard University so as to recruit her as an associate professor to teach journalism. Very recently this attack has been discovered by Nidhi Rajdan and formal complaint have been filed with law enforcement authorities. While this is about the recent fishing attack popularly mentioned in the news, what is the relation of Jamtara district with fishing? See, many drop out students from schools and colleges in this district in Jharkhand. They were used by criminal elements in as tools in cyber crime. These are the individuals who would be utilized to write email or make phone calls. A phone call could be asking for a pin-off ATM card etc. So what the government is now doing? Now it is renovating and converting unused government buildings into public libraries. And this is expected to facilitate and help the students to focus on education so as to turn them away from crimes. The news article states that educator and social reformer Aishwar Chandra Vidyasagar had once worked through a community library movement in this place called Jamtara. In this context, let us discuss in brief about Aishwar and also his contributions. See, he is considered as one of the pillars of Bengal Renaissance as he continued the reform movement that was started by Raja Ram Mohan Rai. Vidyasagar was a well-known writer, intellectual and also a staunch follower of humanity. He is known for bringing a revolution in the education system of Bengal. He wrote a book called Barna Purikai, translated as Introduction to the Letter, where Vidyasagar refined the Bengali language and made it accessible to the common strata of the society. And because of his vast knowledge in almost all the subjects, he was given the title Ocean of Knowledge, which is translated as Vidyasagar. See, he was born in 1820 in Midnapore district of West Bengal. And after the completion of elementary education at the village school, his father took him to Kolkata. And in the year 1839, he successfully cleared his law examination. In 1841, at the age of 21 years, he joined Fort William College as the head of the Sanskrit department. In 1846, he joined the Sanskrit college as assistant secretary. In the first year of service, he recommended a number of changes to the existing education system. And this resulted into a serious altercation or dispute between him and the college secretary. And he is also known for the initiation of concept of widow remarriage and raised concern for abolition of child marriage and abolition of polygamy. He used ancient texts to suggest that widows could remarry. His suggestion was adopted by British officials and a significant result was that a law was passed in 1856 that permitted widow remarriage. Now here we are referring to the Hindu Widows Remarriage Act of 1856 that legalized the remarriage of widows of Hindu religion in British India. Now at the time of its implementation, the Governor-General of India was scanning. Now even after this, the number of widows who actually remarried remained in less numbers. And those who married were not easily accepted or were not simply accepted in society and by the groups which claimed themselves as conservative groups. And these people, they continued to oppose the new law on widow remarriage. And those who were against the remarriage of widows also opposed obviously Vidyasagar and they even boycotted him. Then Ishwar Chandra also opened the doors of colleges and other education institutions very importantly to students who were tagged by the dominant caste as lower caste students. Earlier, these were places that were reserved for very few castes which claimed themselves as dominant caste. Now because of his immense generosity and kind-heartedness, people also started to address him as Dayar Sagar, ocean of kindness. Now Ishwar, he was a great scholar, academician and also social reformer. He passed away at the age of 70 years in the year 1891. A very important statement by Rabindranath Thahur after his death reads, one wonders how God in the process of producing 40 million Bengalis produced a man like him. So these are some of the important information with reference to the analysis of this news article and also about the contributions and the activities of Ishwar Chandra, Vidyasagar, Dayar Sagar. Now let's move on to the analysis of next news article. Now let's take up this editorial article titled as beating down critical journalism, creative freedom. Creative freedom refers to artistic expressions which might be cartoons that expresses various concerns or criticism related to government policies. As the title suggests, this article talks about how government has handled constructive criticisms against its policies, particularly the farm laws and how also the silence of the judiciary affected the fundamental rights of freedom. The article summarizes that there was expectation from certain circles that the recent former riots that took place in Delhi will cause displeasure among the public and finally it will lead to dispersal of the rioters. But it failed to happen and therefore there was efforts from the government to discourage critical reporting. And in this process, nine senior journalists were arrested on charges of sedition for reporting about the circumstances of death that happened in the riots. And in another case, during a process, a freelance journalist was also arrested for not possessing adequate credentials. After this, the Home Ministry reportedly declared that only those journalists who possess proper credentials from the central government will have the legitimacy to report on agitation by the farmers. And as part of this move, many social media pages were also blocked. And for those media pages which failed to abide, the legal process of securing judicial order or warning was started. The author states that the recent attacks, particularly from the side of government, were actually an attack of the enjoyment of Article 19 of Indian Constitution that specifies right to free speech, free movement and peaceful assembly. However, Article 19 is known for having non-obstantic clause. That is, despite there are some conditions attached, or in other words, there are some reasonable restrictions to these riots. And the article also talks about how the First Amendment to the Indian Constitution modified Clause 2 of Article 19. See, initially before the amendment, Clause 2 stated that nothing in sub-clause A of Clause 1, that is, nothing mentioned as all citizens shall have the right to freedom of speech and expression, shall affect the operation of any existing law, insofar as it relates to or prevent the state from making any law relating to libel, slander, defamation, contempt of court, or any matter which offends against decency or morality, or which undermines the security of or tends to overthrow the state. But see, the first constitutional amendment Act 1951, it modified this as, nothing in this clause shall affect the operation of any existing law, or prevent the state from making any law, insofar as such law imposes reasonable restrictions on the right conferred by the set sub-clause, in the interests of security of state, friendly relations with foreign states, public order, decency or morality, or in relation to contempt of court, defamation or incitement to an offense. So here you know that Clause 2 was amended by the first constitutional amendment Act of 1951. The author states that the efforts of the government with reference to recent arrests of the journalists is to cull down criticism and also to warn the journalists to adopt play safe attitude and not to be involved in critical journalism. And we also see recently bailes not being granted by concerned high courts for the actions taken by appropriate state governments, but Supreme Court has granted bail in several cases. This was recently evident also in the case of bail to stand-up comedian Munawar. Then the author talks about equal application of law by the Supreme Court. Author compares this with expressing the opinion in designated places or in any places based on two protests or democratic actions. With reference to protest against citizenship amendment Act, the Supreme Court, while hearing a petition that sought dispersal of protests, it stated that the expressions of refusal should take place in designated places only. However, when the same thing was asked to apply to the ongoing former's protest, the court was unwilling to do so and the court sought to play the role of a problem solver. We know that the implementation of the form laws were halted or stayed by the Supreme Court and also a team of mediators to find solution to the problem was also appointed by the court. So, there is difference in handling democratic actions of different nature. This is also criticized as lack of equal application of law, particularly when charges are raised against strong supporters of the ruling central government. And recently, in one of the cases, the Chief Justice of India has also observed that the court is trying to discourage the petitions or taking legal action under Article 32, particularly when approached directly to it. It asked them to exercise constitutional remedy that are provided with reference to high courts under Article 226. So, this is also considered as showing lack of interest with reference to handling Article 32, which is a fundamental right to seek constitutional remedy under the Indian Constitution. So, Arthur concludes that the mixed feelings towards the fundamental rights and a kind of submission of the judiciary to the political executive leads to the uncertainty of rights of freedom at the present that are to be enjoyed by the citizens at present. With this, we come to the end of analysis of this news article. Now, let's move on to next article. This editorial article is about recent findings of serological survey of ICMR, Indian Council of Medical Research. Yesterday, we talked about the data found by ICMR, according to which nearly one in five Indians have been infected by COVID-19 till December 2020. The overall prevalence in the population was 21.5 percentage. Now, if you take this number and project it to Indian population, it indicates that about 270 million or 27 crores have been exposed to the virus. The survey sampled people from 70 districts across 21 states. So, it has good distribution of representation. Now, if you compare the results of recent serological survey with the data for the second serological survey, which was announced in August 2020, in the recent survey, there has been a three-fold rise in infections. What causes a sense of alarm is that there has also been five-fold increase in the infection of those children who are aged 10 to 17 years. Then the third edition also included a serological survey among doctors, nurses and paramedical staff. And this revealed that nearly 25 percent of them were infected. And this is significantly above the national average, which is around 21 percent. So, on one side, the spread of virus across the country has been increasing in terms of area and in terms of number of persons. On the other hand, there is also increase in herd immunity. Simply put, this is a state when a significant proportion of population in a particular area have been already infected. And thereby, this stops future spread because these are people who are already infected. So, what do you mean by herd immunity? See, herd immunity is also known as population immunity. It is not a direct protection from an infectious disease. So, it is an indirect protection from an infectious disease. And this happens when a population is immune because of two reasons. Either through vaccination or through immunity developed through previous infection. Now, what should be preferred? Whether immunity through vaccination or immunity through previous infection. See immunity through vaccination should be supported. Therefore, herd immunity against COVID-19 should be achieved by protecting people through vaccination and not by exposing them to COVID-19 virus or to the pathogen that causes the disease. This is the stand-off world health organization. Now, let's come to the main discussion. The article stresses that this is not a moment to become comfortable although herd immunity is increasing because a significant proportion of the population that is to the tune of 80% are still potentially vulnerable to contract the disease. So, this further increases the need to be vaccinated and to continue with physical distancing and other safety protocols like using face masks. In the midst of all these things, there are certain questions for which the answers are not in sight. Therefore, the article is titled as New Questions. See, neither this survey nor any citywide survey has evaluated how long antibodies persist even among the individuals who were earlier infected. And we do not know whether certain virus mutant variants can overcome the protection from the antibodies of the previously infected persons. Then there are also questions like whether teenagers between 10 to 17 years of age should be considered for vaccination earlier than scheduled. This is because in the results of third survey, we have found a five-fold increase in the infection in this particular age group. Then there is also a question whether companies should accelerate trials to test protection in children. Now, there is another reality when we come to rural areas. If you compare the results with second survey, the exposure to COVID-19 has been increased by 14% in the third survey. So, does it mean because of the rise in rural areas, they should be administered vaccines earlier? So, there are more and more questions with respect to increasing exposure to COVID-19 and also with increasing vulnerability among children and also with rising exposure in rural areas. So, in this regard, the ICMR and the government health facilities must coordinate with specialists so as to investigate these questions and finding answers to these questions will be very helpful to guide and modify the vaccination policy while continuing the vaccine drives. So, these are some of the information with reference to the analysis of this editorial article. Now, let's move on to next article. This news article states that 4G internet is restored in entire union territory of Jammu and Kashmir for the first time since the erstwhile state has been bifurcated into two union territories. So, in analyzing this article, let us see the basic differences between various generations of mobile networks. See, as you can see, the internet speeds will exponentially increase with each generation of mobile network. The letter G associated with cellular networks, it stands for generation. For example, 5G is the fifth and newest generation of cellular network technology and it should expand the capacity of mobile networks and should allow more devices to use the network than in the previous cases. If you take 1980s, in this period, there was first generation or 1G of networks where there was voice only analog service. The top speed of data transmission on a 1G network, it reached around 2.4 Kbps. In coming to 2G network, it began in 1991. This allowed cell phones to move into the digital world. 2G allowed for call and text encryption and also short messaging service, SMS, picture messaging and multimedia messaging service. The maximum speed for 2G was about 50 Kbps. See, 3G network came in the year 1998. This allowed for more data, video calling and also mobile internet. The 3G networks reached 2 Mbps speed on stationary devices that is on non-moving devices and 384 Kbps on devices in moving vehicles. Now, if you come to the current standard of cellular networks, what is called as 4G, this was released in late 2000s and it is 500 times faster than 3G. This supports high definition mobile television, video conferencing and even more. When a device is moving, for example when you are walking with your phone or when you are in a car, the top speed can be tens of Mbps and when the device is stationary, it can be hundreds of Mbps. If you take the 20 MHz bandwidth sector, it has peak capacity of 400 Mbps. However, because users are sharing the available sector capacity, the observable speed experienced by users are typically in tens to hundreds of Mbps. And as more people get access to mobile devices and with the expansion of internet of things, it is expected that as many as 24 billion devices will need cellular network support by the year 2024 and this is why our fifth generation comes in. Now, let us see some of the key differences between 4G and 5G. See, one of the biggest differences will be the peak capacity and the other we can say latency. For example, peak capacity of 5G is in GBBS gigabyte per second compared to 4G in megabyte per second. Also, if you take latency which refers to the time that passes from the moment information is sent from a device till it is received by a receiver, will be greatly reduced on 5G networks. This time refers to the time after pressing the send button till the time it is actually received. See, on 5G networks, latency will be greatly reduced. It will be low or lesser and this will allow faster upload and download speeds and it will also enable quicker data transfer. If you have played PUBG, you would know that high latency is not suitable for gaming, so 5G with low or less latency will further enhance the gaming experience. Now, coming to India, 5G is yet to be launched and probably by next year, we are expecting that many Metro cities would be having 5G connectivity. So, these are some of the information with reference to the analysis of this news article. We saw about the difference between one generation 2G, 3G, 4G and 5G. Now, let us move on to next news article. This news article is about the recent developments regarding the Pradhan Mandri Fasal Bhima Yojana. It says that number of farmers whose crop insurance claims that were rejected by insurance companies under the scheme has multiplied by 10 times in 2 years. Between 2018-19 to 2019-20, there was an increase of 900% in the rejections. In this context, let us see some important features of the scheme. See, it is a crop insurance scheme that was launched in 2016. It replaced the National Agricultural Insurance scheme and the Modified National Agricultural Insurance scheme. See, the scheme is currently implemented by Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers' Welfare. Now, coming to its important objectives, see, it provides insurance coverage and financial support to the farmers in the event of failure of any notified crop because of natural calamities, pests and diseases. We could see other objectives such as stabilizing the income of farmers, source to ensure their continuance in farming, then to encourage farmers to adopt innovative and modern agricultural practices, then also to ensure flow of credit to the agricultural sector. Know that all farmers growing notified crops in a notified area during a season who have insurable interest in a particular crop, they are eligible for the coverage. But the scheme is compulsory for certain sector of farmers. For example, farmers in the notified area who possess a crop loan account or who possess a Kisan credit card account. For them, the credit limit is sanctioned or renewed for the notified crop during the particular crop season. Then the scheme covers yield losses because of non-preventable risks. When we say non-preventable risk, these refers to natural fire, lightning, storm, hail storm, cyclone, typhoon, pests, diseases. It also covers losses because of prevented sowing. So, see, this happens when majority of insured farmers of a notified area have incurred expenditure because of their intent to sow. However, they are prevented from sowing due to adverse weather conditions. This is covered. Then the scheme also covers post-harvest losses. See, localized risks, we could say risks due to hail storm, landslide, inundation affecting isolated farms. They are also insured under this. Some exclusions we could see losses because of perils like war, nuclear risk, riots, malacious damage, theft, act of enmity, destruction by domestic and wild animals. These are excluded from the coverage. The premium rates that are to be paid by the farmers have been given here for your reference. The remaining will be paid by center and states. Note that the central subsidy is limited for premium rates up to 30 percent for unirrigated areas or crops and up to 25 percent for irrigated areas or crops. For this purpose, districts having 50 percent or more irrigated area will be considered as irrigated area or district. And in addition to this, the scheme also provides technological solutions for easy claims. Now, despite these features, it is found that the number of farmers whose crop insurance claims were rejected by the insurance companies are increasing, particularly it was observed in last two years. So, these are some of the information with reference to the analysis of this news article. Now, let's move on to next part of the discussion. We have come to the last session, the practice questions discussion session. See this question. He's considered as one of the pillars of Bengal Renaissance. His book, Barno Podikai, refined the Bengali language and made it accessible to the common people. Here it is a description about Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar. So, this question is with reference to Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bhima Yojana. The question reads, the Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bhima Yojana provides insurance coverage and financial support to the farmers in the event of failure of any of the notified crop. Which of the following events is not covered under it? Crop loss due to pest attacks, loss due to prevented sowing, post harvest losses. See, all these are covered under it. Your correct answer is option D, none of the above. This is a previous question with reference to communication technologies. What is or are the difference or differences between long term evolution and voice over long term evolution? LTE is commonly marketed as 3G and voice over long term evolution is commonly marketed as advanced 4G. See, the first statement is incorrect because LTE is commonly marketed as 4G and voice over long term evolution is an advanced version over long term evolution. See, LTE does not provide good quality voice call while we are using data services. On the contrary, voice over long term evolution allows users to make voice calling even while using data services and the voice quality is not changing. This is an advantage of Vault over LTE. Both are data communication systems. While voice over long term evolution always supports data and voice call services at the same time, LTE may or may not support data and voice call services at the same time. See, Vault supports HD quality voice calling while using data services and it does not turn off data connection while making voice calls. On the contrary, LTE turns off data connection while making voice calls. Vault is now most widely used or preferred in these days. Now come to the second statement. LTE is data only technology and Vault is voice only technology. While LTE could be stated as data only technology because both data and voice calls are not handled simultaneously, but Vault is voice come data technology. Therefore, the correct answer for this question is option D as neither of the statements are correct. We have given you two practice main questions. You may write the answers and post it in the comment section. With this, we come to the end of today's the Hindu News Analysis and in some time by 7 PM we will be having SI paper discussion. Stay tuned. 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