 Good afternoon. So it's a tiny bit early and let's get started anyway. So this is a session on physics in Africa and the real speaker is Omalolu Kinojo that's here, but I'm going to take my few minutes to say something about the school I've been involved with, SESMA, and and it fits in with what he will say but but I wanted to give a little background and some some parts that's orthogonal I think to what Omalolu will say so First of all, I want to say that This is something I believe that that all of us can feel Theoretical physics is equations and it's much more and and we all can appreciate that We can appreciate well-to-cones Fingers into this. He in fact was one of the people on the International Advisory Panel. He was one. It was quite active, made suggestions and I point out in particular the two institutions that were most important in initiating and funding SESMA, the ICTP and the IUPEP, which is this organization that covers all the national organizations for physics and they were endorsed SESMA Oh Sorry, I forgot that I wanted to say this next and particularly I wanted to point out that one of the supporters is the Thomas Young Center And here's the contact person that I that I contacted several times I didn't know him very well personally but I got to know him through his his interest and and through his humanity that that he really supported the the efforts of a SESMA and he got people at the Thomas Young Center involved and they were just marvelous supporters all along Now to get back to what is a SESMA? I should Give you a little information especially for people that that haven't heard of this before It is a 10-year program that was endorsed by the IUPEP the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics and and the the the goal was well the means was to have a school every two years with the idea that you build up a research community and And that means more than just a school but to try to be involved Continuously and help people come together so we're at the end of the two years ten years and now we're at the stage for For the next Cycle for what to do? This is an opportunity to build on what's been done so I should say something about what's been done and Build up something that can be larger and more effective and the idea is to do something that will make a difference and There are new developments that that have come along that can really We can work with for example the East African Institute that Amaluru will describe so What is it? It's the Built on the idea that computation is important and you can do computation that relates that brings people together from different fields of research and it and it's Something you can do without that much equipment like like experimental physics The choice of topics was density functional theory because that's something that's that's so useful and and has real fundamental physics all the way from the beginning up through Applications that that can bring people together from different fields that that are involved and in the Applications or in chemistry. There's many things that we can can Relate to the idea is to have something that's small enough to be a community and something as large enough to have effect in other fields and the typical two-week school is something that would have lectures and information on on Methods and the things that would would help people intero ops enter the field and And as well as hands-on computing there would be a full Part of this the first week and then the second week Oriented on projects that would really involve ideas and and computation of things that what at a research level that could Continue after the school and To say a little bit about how it started. Why did it happen? the the there was a workshop In South Africa on this very subject organized by Nithya Cheddy foremost who was in South Africa Sandro Scandalo and myself and That was the place where Nithya in particular and central I assume Realized that us that a series would would is a thing that could help bring people together So that's what I've got proposed and endorsed and the ICTP has been just Totally important in this for for supporting it through funds and through people like Sandro So the jobs were apportioned and the reason that I'm standing up here is that I've been a person that was was getting lecturers and then involve people in Europe United States and Asia and and so I'm sort of the face of a sesame to to a lot of people, but it's the other people that do their the real work and the What a sesame is all about one thing? I just want to point out that an innovation was mentors young people or postdocs students or postdocs that that can come they can help the the participants of a sesame to to You know just much better than just sitting at a lecture to have someone that you can talk to and this is this is one of our Things that can involve young people Many of you in the audience if you if you if you want to be involved Okay, so here's what's happened over these ten years. There have been schools in each of these places and and So the idea is that we cover sub-Saharan Africa and up to now there have been 201 individual participants from 22 different countries and the Many of these have been returning and the idea is that that's how you bring people into the field and how you keep a fuel going and And and a sesame is people this is a this is The illustration of things that's larger than just theoretical physics and theoretical equations So there are many people from a sesame here. Well, everyone who has been a participant at a sesame at any time Please stand up. Oh look Well anyone who is a has been a lecturer at a sesame at any time Anyone who has been on an advisory board for a sesame and there's in the back It's exciting that you are all here and you have made a difference so The first people who stood up the participants are of course the important ones and they're the people you can talk to to see if If if this is making a difference or not So there's a great advisory board. I just put that up just so you can see and if if these slides are available you can see the names and And I want to say this is the committee That's in in in charge of of now this starting the new 10-year period Oh, excuse me the new period which may be 10 years but it's long term whatever it is and one of the things that you can see from from this is that The people just look at their faces. They're friendly You can see that they are You know that there are people that are dedicated, you know from from the other things you're seeing and they involve young people People middle-aged where there's people that not on the picture that are that are more senior and and at all stages that that People can be involved and this is going to go forward for the future So just to leave one more thing at the last meeting Well, I was looking for pictures to show you and and I'm looking through through the You know found me through on the computer and I found it a tweet That one of the mentors had set out that was showing How many computational physicists does it take to use a projector and there is me Omolulu who will be on the next speaker and and Nicola Siriani who is the chair of a sesame of going forward. So There you are. I'm now I have the opportunity to to introduce the real speaker of this session Omolulu Akeen Ojo who is ahead of the East African Institute for fundamental research And that's an exciting development and but he has a lot more experience to share with you. So, I'm a little Good afternoon, everybody. So I'll be talking to you about total energy and forces in Africa and I'll start by showing this slide where We have like 54 countries in Africa I'll quickly highlight a few countries Sudan, Ethiopia, Rwanda, Sudan, Ethiopia, Tanzania, Nigeria and finally Rwanda and the efforts we are doing in Rwanda So like it's difficult to talk about total energy and forces in Africa without talking about Assessments, so it has been going on for the past 10 years as Richard mentioned So here I just show a picture from Assessments in 2012 at Kenya This one is a mini Assessments That was head of Sudan. They've had at least two in Sudan Like Richard said, one of the things that typically happens is you have people Practically instructing people and showing people how to do this computation So it's not just somebody standing in front and lecturing, but there are hands-on sessions that they have and This is the recent one that happened in Ethiopia and putting up a sign So so far Assessments has been a success. There have been a total number of individual Participants of 201. So meaning of this 243 some came other ones to the program and A good number of lecturers, a good number of mentors have been involved in this and the good thing is Quite a number of people have been published by people that have been participant at Assessments So I'm not saying that through Assessments they published these papers But they came into contact with Assessments and in their future they publish this paper. Some of them with They are contacted with Assessments, some of them they are contacted with other people And about 22 countries in total have been part of Assessments. So living like 32 more in Africa In other places also people have been doing computational work in Africa So here I show a slide from 2018 that happened in Nigeria with Professor Adebayo who is here Professor Kratzer from Germany and actually Dr. Waid Adebayo was also there instructing people on Computational methods and then also recently there was one that happened in Tanzania, which is part of East Africa Student Daniel Shadrach was there and then Elisa Fratini who used to be a postdoc here and Hassan Ali and quite a number of people and I forgot to say this one had support from Volkswagen and from ICTP So ICTP gave funding and some of the personnel from ICTP like Hassan Ali helped Remotely actually This one Hassan Ali was there and so some money came from ICTP and OE So one of the things that happens is when you have this kind of programs It's good if they Lead to a sustained research culture. Okay, well, fortunately not all the time does it lead to a sustained research group or culture you have to really push things to have Sustained research culture in this places. So it's not enough to just Have the classes and leave assessment tries to do that by Getting these mentors to keep in touch with the Participants and to keep working on projects. So this is very important But it's not in all cases that you have a sustained research and culture or sustained research group a few things in Africa that Prevents this is many of the people that Lecturers and maybe they come for assessment. They have a high teaching load So if you have to teach a lot then research suffers There's limited access to journals although in some ways that's improving. There's low computational power and This one we are directly addressing limited training But we also need to address the issue of limited collaboration Okay, so one of the things that we are doing in Rwanda is to set up an institute that will help to address these problems and even go beyond and really Meet a lot of needs in Africa So we are setting up this East Africa Institute for fundamental research It's funded by the government of Rwanda, but is supported a lot by ICTP so we A partner Institute of the International Center for theoretical physics. So ICTP gives us funding For our students and in terms of personnel and equipment and books. So we are grateful to ICTP and University of Rwanda also helps because there are many rules we need to abide by so they help us with procurement they help us with Accounting and things like that. So the institute is a category to UNESCO Institute meaning is governed by UNESCO rules, but it's not funded by UNESCO. Okay, so we're grateful to UNESCO also and I Okay, so this is the building In Izinkigali Rwanda very safe and very nice place at 1 a.m. You can walk on the streets No problem 2 a.m. You can walk on the streets. No problem For now we occupy the top three floors We hope as we grow to Occupy the next floor and the floor after that We really want this place to be a hub in Africa for science So science hub for Africa where people come in from all over the world And it should we want it to be a place where people come in from the developed world They come in and they interact with people In Africa even at this place. So this is one of the things you really want to happen For now our goal is to carry out research and make important discoveries for African development and advancement Make this risk to do this research and make this discoveries we want a lot of collaborations both within Africa and from outside Africa so and We also Having a strong visit us program where people from within Africa can come visit do research with us And people from outside Africa can also come visit do research the good thing about Rwanda is you can just pack your bag today and Fly to Rwanda. You don't need a process to get a visa. You get there you pay $30. They let you in for 30 days Okay, you want to stay longer For 90 days you pay $100, but then they give you the advantage. You can go to Kenya without VISA or Rwanda on the same visa. So it's good And it encourages a lot of visits and collaboration At the same time we are training Masters and PhD students to carry out research and make important discoveries for African development and advancement And then we also have workshops and short courses workshops in data science machine learning workshops in solar cells Any kind of workshop related to science Because we are part of UNESCO, we also have this idea of promoting Gender equality and so promoting women's science. So in October we had a women's science workshop Shobana was there and it was a Good program So we have these different workshops that we'll do throughout the year in this in a sense it to be like a mini ICTP but in Africa. Okay, so this is The goal where everybody could come together do important research We'll try also to give back to the community through our treatise So we have master students now ten of them five from Rwanda five from outside Rwanda And they're excited about doing our treatise to secondary schools That is important for us from a selfish point of view because we want to have a steady stream of young people coming in to do science but also Our students will help them to do well In everything we are doing we find that we are actually addressing quite a number of issues in the sustainable Development goals that many countries are great to Definitely quality education is something we are pursuing to have a master's program and a previous program at the highest level We also strive for gender equality. So we really Have programs that I get towards women. So actually last year there were two programs that we had WSD in March had a program and then in October then there was this remaining sense And then from our research we expect to address problems like clean water sanitation good health and well-being Clean affordable and clean energy and climate action Things to help the climate So one of the problems you will solve with research is this problem of Cooking flaws in Africa. So now I'm telling you a bit of the problems you will solve in Africa So many people all over the world like three billion people cook with biomass The fumes cost a lot of death is equivalent of smoking. It's maybe like two packs of cigarettes every day or something So any Rob's girls of school time. So there is I have ideas on how we could Possibly help to create hydrogen gas that can be used to But this is one of the issues that need to be solved in Africa and the problem of water also Pre-referring water in Africa is a problem to be solved also and actually this problem You can solve them using computational methods. Okay, so that's the interesting thing Health problems are also problems you can solve using computational methods in Africa. So this is the work of a student that I had in Nigeria before I moved and Working on cisplatin is an anti-cancer drug and he was studying how the drug binds to different proteins You can do this research to Functionalize a drug so that it acts in a certain way or it doesn't act in a certain way and also to reduce drug resistance So he was working on that but later on The hope is to work on neglected tropical diseases and you can do all these things computationally Use quantum chemistry methods to develop Drugs or to study the mechanism of drug actions a long-term thing will be to also work on Back on activity. I had a student who was working on superconductivity before Superconductivity will help to make better MRIs Cheaper MRIs actually, but unfortunately my students he got poached by Michigan State so in August he left for Michigan State is a good thing for him and Good thing in general for Africa For me. Okay. I'll look for another student So I'll tell you really about one of the problems in Africa and how a little bit more details on how We are solving it At the Institute by no means this is the This are not the only problems that we are working on at the Institute I'll show you some of the ones that you are working on. So this is the world at night generally Okay, don't worry how the picture was taken. Okay, but how the picture But the interesting thing is North America is bright Europe is bright. This parts are bright. It's really South Africa and My vision is to make it into something like this Okay, so there's a way we can do it and that is by Gathering the power in the daytime and using it at night. So solar cells. So it's important to make cheap efficiency solar cells and One could think why don't just take the whole Sahara put solar cells there and it doesn't matter whether they're efficient or not You have a large area and then Distribute the energy, but there's a problem and that's the problem of distribution. Okay In Africa Many people do not have phones when it was landline But when it became cell phones and you could have one everywhere like everybody has one even in Nigeria they have to like one cell one line works and The other company may not be working and stuff like that But the thing is that when it's distributed many people can have it and this is one thing we hope that can happen For that to happen you need to capture the right amount of Sunlight the right part of the light So you need to have a material that has a correct band gap so you can tune the band gap Well, you do that it's possible to do that using quantum dots and to make the quantum dots that you want You can do calculations to really find the Band gap of this material that you make the problem with The problem with quantum dots is that It's hard to know the band gap and the absorption spectra that you get for a given size shape and even the matrix of the The material okay, so for instance silicon has a band gap of 1.2 electron volt. That's the bulk one When you nano size it is hard to know whether you increase the band gap or decrease it if you want an optimal Solar cells you need to have something that has a band gap of like 1.4 Just like Gallium arsenide And then you can also put solar cells in tandem. So Here If you have only one junction solar cell you have an efficiency of 34% But if you put many of them in tandem if you put two you have 42% But 9% all the way to 68% you can achieve that by using materials of different band gaps, okay? The good thing about quantum dots is that you can tune the material change the band gap by changing the size The shape well, like I said number is hard to know what band gap you will get With the difference size and shape. So one thing I'm doing with this student His name is Ezekiel is to be able to calculate the absorption spectra for big systems For big systems So the highest we have done now is on the single processor we can calculate the absorption spectra for a material that has 7.79 atoms silicon cluster that has 7.79 atom with TDFT You cannot well unless you work in the National Lab in the US and you have all this computer power to use But in Africa we want to be able to do this so our goal is actually to So on this axis I have the effort to put in on this axis I have the accuracy the goal is to be able to Put in little effort computational effort, but have very high Efficiency of accuracy just like you have for UMCCSD that Frank spoke about this afternoon this morning and GWRB SSC method TDDFT all put around here There's a semi-perical method that is has lower accuracy and lower thoughts, but I Show this picture. Okay partly because I like Dirac very intelligent person. Well, also And then I learned that he was here does a sick is named after him Well, one of the things he said is that we know the laws of chemistry and the only problem is that the exact Application of this laws list the equations that are too complicated to be solu soluble So it becomes irresistible that approximate practical methods for applying quantum mechanics should be developed Which can lead to an explanation of the main features of the complex atomic systems without too much computation Okay, so this is one of the things we aim for we don't have a lot of computing power So we think a lot we are able to do something that is useful and helpful So what So here I show a slide on UMCCSD just like Frank showed earlier I won't go into the details, but this is the Hatchifork wave function and this is an excitation operator then you do no excitation one excitation and double excitation and This will give you this wave function with Excitation up to double excitation then there's also this configuration interaction with singles is equivalent to TDAHF time-dependent Hatchifork But in the Tandakov approximation, so in that case you only have the ground state plus single excitation as I reason why I'm showing you this so what So like Frank said in the morning, this is very expensive. UMCCSD actually goes as into the sixth Okay, because there's no CCSD of T so You double the side of the system. You have to apply 64 times the same amount of effort So what we have done is to parametrize the semi empirical model so F is the fork matrix C is the Wave vector and E is the energy so we parametrize this Hamiltonian but based on UMCCSD results. Okay, this is the core Hamiltonian and this part depends on the Density and some integrals. Okay, this is the Coulomb integral and this exchange integral one of this so this method is called Indo intermediate neglect of differential overlap method and it's Actually helps you to be able to calculate the energies of big systems very cheaply But you need to do a lot of parametrization one of the parameters is like this gamma a bit that you have to parametrize This you mu mu is also a parameter. You have to parametrize The way Indo does the savings is first you use frozen core So if you have silicon that has 14 electrons the 10 electrons are frozen And then you only have billions of betas for them use a minimal basis. That saves a lot You'll also neglect integral systematically. So three and four center integrals are neglected and then to Incorporate electron correlation you parametrize the integrals then on top of this we now do CIS okay So what we did was for Two silicon atoms at different separations 1.4 angstrom to 3 angstroms. We calculated excitation energies Okay, so the excitation energies at 1.6 angstroms and at 1.8 angstroms We calculated it excitation energies and then we parametrize this so that the Indo Hamiltonian together with CIS reproduces the Excitation energies, these are the parameters we got not too important So the fit gives us a mean absolute error of 0.2 electron volt This is the U.M. U.M. C.C.S.D result and this is the semi empirical result and then Remember we only did this for U.M. C.C.S.D. for two Atoms and then we checked how well our method does for three atoms for four atoms and five atoms and we find is pretty much Transferable, okay, this is Indo Mike Zener's method but without an extra parameterization, okay, this the method we use now so OE is Optimized energy Indo method, okay, so we get this result our results are worse than B3 lip, so this is the difference between The excitation energies every difference between the excitation energies and U.M. C.C.S.D. result Our results are worse than TD-DFT, but this just takes like seconds to calculate Okay, TD-DFT will probably take a few minutes Similar results here and then we're able to calculate the absorption spectra also and then This is a system with 779 atoms and we're able to calculate the absorption spectra also. What we find is actually that as you Nanosize the system the bandgap actually goes to zero For silicon the bandgap drops, which is not something you expect and then we can also get the density of The first excited state minus the ground state and other excited states minus the ground state So at the Institute we expect what we want to do is to create a culture where people think a lot and carry out a Lot of Scientific work, okay want to establish a scientific thinking culture My goal is that by in 10 years time counting from the beginning of 2019 We will have like a hundred thousand people all over Africa that think deeply and work hard Meaning like 2,000 in every country, okay? At the end of 10 years to do that We need collaboration with the international community to be able to do it With deep thinking we hope to be able to achieve the results of Einstein and Dirac, not just individual people doing that but Like 2,000 people in every country doing that Looking for mathematical beauty, which will ultimately usually lead to physical results and derive new laws and Understand the universe create new devices here I show the Somebody that's familiar to some people here. So his name is dr. Machado Musso. He works on High energy stuff. So he works on the origins of the universe. This is something we'll do In other institutes also is important to do this and let people think also about it So for instance when there's an eclipse is not two gods that are fighting and it's just Natural things happening and it's important for everybody to learn this and we can even predict the next fight of the gods Because you can always predict where the next We already have a PhD program By research and these are details I can give later and there's an MSc program also by research You can give details later in high energy physics condensed matter and solid earth geophysics So how can you contribute? We'll really like you to come join us to visit if you want to visit You can send me an email and then we'll talk and then I can send you an invitation you come you have You appear at the airport you get your visa you come in Later on you can go see the gorillas actually seeing the gorillas is expensive, okay, but But it's good to Come and then the other thing also is for our students. We need scholarships for them also So it would be good if we if you know any funding agency that will be willing Okay, so I would like you to come join us and visit us Anytime you go the year has just started so you can plan and Come to see us. So I like to show you video at the end the video will take exactly Africa's huge population of young people has the potential to solve global problems including those that are prevalent in Africa Many of these problems can be solved through science and technology Physics represents an important bedrock of these solutions At the ICTP East African Institute of Fundamental Research We focus on using physics to make significant contributions to Africa at the same time we train others to do the same The ICTP East African Institute of Fundamental Research based in Kigali Rwanda was established to address Africa's need for better physics education training and advanced research Rwanda's policy of advancement through science makes it the natural location to host a world-class physics center The Institute is located at University of Rwanda and is a vibrant international science hub aimed to become the most important physics Institute in Africa The Institute offers a rich program of international scientific conferences Schools and workshops some in collaboration with top international physics institutes It will also act as a note for various physics networks in Africa The Institute's educational and research offerings include Masters of Science and PhD degree programs in physics Postdoctoral fellowships A visitors program that attracts world-renowned scientists to develop research capacity among African scientists Research investigating condensed matter physics geophysics and high energy cosmology and astroparticle physics workshops and short courses to build capacity in Africa The East African Institute for Fundamental Research is a partner institute of one of the world's foremost leaders in theoretical physics research and education the Abdus Salam International Center for theoretical physics based in Trieste, Italy ICTV was established in 1964 and since then has contributed to the development of many scientists and physicists receiving more than a hundred thousand scientists over the years The East African Institute for Fundamental Research receives generous support from the government of Rwanda And as part of that country's science and technology ecosystem It has been designated a UNESCO category two institute in recognition of its important role in building scientific capacity in Africa Join us in our efforts to build a prosperous future for Africa through science We have time for a couple of short questions