 Felly chi fod i лwydd yn yr hynna'r met define nhw a mewn eisiau gwnaeth Wah Simwyr yn mythau byddol ynddig árha ac sydd oes y fydd yn byw i'w fydd yw'r cyllidio'r meddymiaeth Cymru. Ac rydyn ni'n ddweud fe ddweud, ddweud angen o bwysig â'r rhagdol yn rhaid, ac dyna rhaid i ddweud arwaith iawn, ac oeddw i ddweud cymryd ddweud mewn meddymiaeth Cymru, a roedden nhw'n ddweud a bwyin i'w suits cerdd, rym ni'n ddweud yn cael ei ddweud y mae'r ffaith, ac rydyn ni'n ddweud mewn ddweud ar y mynd, I wanted to be James Hatton and do all things for all creatures. Great and small. I got to vet school and I got fascinated by science. I had an option at one point to intercollate. I did a research project on herpes virus in cows, bizarrely. But it didn't matter what the topic was because I was working with this awesome bunch of people who were enthusiastic about science. My project was terrible really. I mean, it didn't work well, but it was tremendous fun. Ond yn y gweithio, byddwn cael gweld, ond rydych chi'n meddwl, yn ddoch chi'n rho, nad yn gweithio i'ch gwahanol a ddechrau, nid fyddwn na'n gallwn drwg ffrinddo. Ond rhaid i gael ei wneud. Ond ddim yn gweithio arall o'r clonwyr. Rwyf yn Bean Cross i'r glwarmau, i nad yw i'r clonwyr iawn, ac yn cymdeithasol ei cynnig. Mae ydych yn ar мыfnad y mae'r llwyth yn rhaid i'r llwyddiol yn ceisio am gynghreifftol. I got one of those little ratty pieces of paper in my mailbox saying, hey, PhD-available, orthopedics, if you're interested, call me. And I did and the next day I had a PhD and it was as simple as that. I have no understanding what happened, why I did that. I knew I wanted to do research but I thought I wanted to do clinic then research and I went to do research and I'd just never look back and I never really regretted it. So that's kind of how I got here. And what speaks to you about research? Why, is it the man you're so passionate about? Well, one of the reasons is the exact antithesis of why I, so basically the reason why I don't do clinic. For me clinic, I'm very, I get very impatient with once I can do something and I can do it reasonably well, I want to move on to the next thing. So I'm driven by that in part, I'm impatient and I'm also incredibly curious and inquisitive and it sort of drives me crazy sometimes but it does just drive me. So I really want to know the answers. I want to know, I know people are doing things but I want to know why they're doing things and why they're not doing something else and does it work. And so to me it's just a curiosity that just I can't quench. So my topic was going to be, it was changed but my topic ended up being about essentially the potential for using translationally relevant animal models. So historically like a lot of research, my research has involved the use of what we call preclinical animal models. So the animal models often of normal animals where we use them to test particularly safety of devices and biological therapies. But increasingly there is public pressure to be accountable for the use of animals which is very reasonable and a realisation that a lot of our normal animals while they are very interesting for giving us information about safety aren't really very predictive of what happens in patients. And I'm in a very fortunate position because I work within a veterinary school where we have access to and a demand from clinical patients with many of the same diseases that we see in humans. So I'm in a very active condition particularly so in the musculoskeletal arena the areas I work in are infection, osteoarthritis and bone cancer. And the bone cancer in dogs is very analogous to bone cancer in kids. It's just a little bit more aggressive but that's what we work on. So I'm actually funded by a human charity in the UK to do bone cancer. We're doing a clinical trial in dogs because dog disease is such a good model and unfortunately the number of cases we see that we can do discovery much quicker. So that's basically what I end up doing and how I'm driven. Scientists have laboured under this illusion that we just do things on animals and it's convenient and lazy and it's easy and it's not very kind frankly. And I think the reality is from my perception is from being within it for 20 years now is actually that's not what scientists are about. There are some outliers who maybe aren't as appropriate as others but the vast majority of good people are trying to do good things in an ethical way. But I think that rather than wait for the public to demand legislation we really need to be taking care of business ourselves. We need to guide ourselves and so that's a lot of the initiative that I've been involved with through the ORS, the preclinical model section of ORS through my involvement with AOVET which is another big group that works in this area to try and just challenge scientists to challenge themselves to do the right thing to do good models to be sure that the techniques they're using are clinically relevant, are high standards of care and they're ethical. And if we can do that then I think the public will accept the fact that animals are regrettable and unfortunate but necessary part of what we do because they are the most predictive things we've got. And when you say ethical what does that mean when you drill down that word? Well for me it means honestly it simplistically means sleeping at night. It means an ability to know. The bottom line is this and I say this to all of my graduate students when I do a surgical procedure on an animal it is absolutely undesirable to me to do that. I would far rather not do that but what I try and do is apply the same approach as I do in the clinic. So for me surgery can be one of two things it can be a big bump in the road or it can be a flat bump and for me the animal has to go through an experience that's flat and as painless and as humane as possible and if I can apply clinical principles of analgesia and anesthesia do a good job technically it means practising beforehand on cadavers and making sure that when you go to surgery you do an exemplary job, after care you do an exemplary job then at the end of it I don't like doing it but I'm very comfortable that the cost benefit has been appropriate. So for me that's what it's about it's about living with myself and the fact that you do this work which is really undesirable by any metric I'd rather not be doing it but until there's really truly something better we do a lot of work with computational models so predictive computer models but all of those predictions come from looking at animals and then converting it back in today and when we've got more of that data we'll do more of that modelling we do a lot of cell culture work but when you do these complex things of interactions in biological systems particularly when you're dealing with immune systems and all of these other things you unfortunately still need to go into an animal but it's about designing the right model with the right number of animals so you answer it and for me I cannot get the answer that the sponsor of the study wants but we will get the right answer so the right answer being that if I do it or a colleague in Japan does it or a colleague in America does it it's the right answer and if we do it well and we get the right answer we never do it again that's the best thing we can do because then we don't waste animals. 10, 15 years ago it was very competitive and I think the realisation is that the depth of knowledge in individual areas is now so deep that each of us cannot be an expert and I talked to my students about when I was at vet school I went into a library and everything I needed to know was in that one room now I go into that room and there's a room off it that's just about bone and off that there's a room that's got cartilage stuff it's got tendon stuff it's just exponentially grown and you can't be an expert in all of it so to me I work extensively with engineers and I love it it challenges me intellectually but it also fulfills me because I can do things I could never even think about doing and so I think we've moved a little bit away from competition there's still competition but I think it's much healthier and the reality is collaboration if you do it right means collaborative grants so everybody wins but you can really leverage the strengths of other people and the first rule of these things is surround yourself with people smaller than you it's a winner