 I welcome you all once again to my channel Explore Education and I am Dr. Rashmi Singh, Assistant Professor Department of Education, SS Kanna Girls Tribal College, University of Lahabar. And it is my email ID. We are in the process of discussing theories of personality nowadays and today I am going to take a very important theory of personality that is Raymond Cattle's theory of personality. And the lecture will be in bilingual mode and subscribe my channel to get all videos and this lecture will be useful for various teaching examinations. So let's start and be attentive. First of all, Raymond Cattle. We are talking about Cattle's theory. When we were studying intelligence, we studied Cattle's theory. If you put a little bit of effort into it, then we studied Cattle's theory of intelligence, feud intelligence and crystal intelligence theory. And his personality is also useful and it is very important. I think personality is more important than intelligence. And in personality, all of us who have studied psychology or educational psychology, we have studied Cattle's 16 personality factor questionnaires. We have done it in the name of HSPQ and it is called HSPQ, High School Personality Questionnaire. So let's see how Raymond Cattle reached there. So who was he? Cattle was eager to apply the scientific methods to the human mind and personality. He was very upset because his background was not psychological, he was scientific. He had a scientific subject. We have seen a lot of things that we get in intelligence personality. Psychologists are mainly multicyclists. They are sent to another school and then they do such work. So this is a very good thing. So Cattle was eager to apply the scientific methods to the human mind and personality. He thought, why don't we study personality from a scientific method? Why should we keep him as a mystery and try to make him a little bit empirical? So according to him, through scientific studies, human characteristics and behavior could be predicted based on underlying personality traits. He said that if we study the human characteristics and behavior from a scientific method, then we cannot predict how a particular person will behave. On the basis of his personality traits. Then Cattle worked with Psychologist Charles Spearman. We have also studied Spearman in intelligence. In intelligence, we study Spearman in two-factor theory, G-factor and S-factor. So Cattle worked with Psychologist Charles Spearman, who was known for his pioneering work in statistics. Charles Spearman is known for his work in statistics. And Cattle would later use the factor analysis techniques developed by Spearman to create his own personality taxonomy. Look, we have heard a lot about the name of the factor analysis. Moulta, he started it and then Spearman did a lot of work on it. So let's talk about the factor analysis. So Cattle tried to make his personality taxonomy based on factor analysis. Okay, we are talking about the trade theory. We have also studied Isengh in the trade theory and we also have to study Cattle in the trade theory. I would like to make a change here. In the last video, I told you by mistake that the type theory is the newer version and the trade theory is the old one. Please, please, please rectify it. I left it by mistake. Trade theories are newer and the type theories are old. Look, Moulta can also explain the meaning of the type theory that they have told us that it is introvert and extrovert. So it has so many characteristics in the introvert that it has a deeper division and a broader classification type. So the type that we study in personality is the type theory and as it is refining, the trade theory is being made. So please, please, please rectify this mistake in the last lecture. That the type theories were older and the trade theories were newer. Then, Cattle on personality. How are we defining personality? Cattle offered a rather simple definition of personality. They are giving a very simple definition of personality. How are they giving personality? Personality is that. They are saying that personality is something that permits a prediction of what a person will do in a given situation. Only this is the definition of personality. They said that personality is something that we can predict. We can predict the future. We can predict the future and tell you how we will behave in a particular situation in your life. What does it mean? It means that we behave according to our personality in any particular situation. Just like our personality. There is no such behavior in us. Okay. Then, he is the trade theory of personality. We mainly study in trade theory. Mainly, Alpert, Isink and Cattle are studied. And according to him, human personality is comprised of a number of broad trades and dispositions. They are saying that the personality of a person is made up of broad, clear trades, i.e. shields and dispositions. Then, Cattle described a trade. How are they defining a trade? Trade as a collection of reactions and responses. We get stimulus in our life. Whenever we get stimulus, we react as we react. Or we give a response. There is a collection of that. There is a bound by some sort of unity. There is also unity in that. Thus, allowing the responses to be covered by one term and treated similarly in more situations. It means that whenever we get such a stimulus, we have given such a reaction. There is a consistency and unity in that. So, we give it a broader term. And we give it a type that we will react in a mostly similar situation. This is called trade. Then, according to Cattle, trades and types are not fundamentally different. Look, this is the type. The personality of a trade theory. So, Cattle is saying that trade and type are not different. But rather opposite extremes of the same statistical measure. In fact, there are two different types and trades of the same statistical measure. Okay. Then Cattle on trades. If we talk about the trade of Cattle, what did you say about the trade? So, they have classified us and told us that trade is surface versus source. Constitutional versus environmental. And ability, temperament and dynamic trade. And mainly, they talk about the source trade. Mainly, their personality questionnaires and factors are dependent on the source trade. They say that our personality is more powerful. Still, to study, surface versus source trade, constitutional versus environmental trade and ability, temperament and dynamic trade. What is ability trade? The skills such as intelligence, helping a person to deal with his environment and goals. Temperament means these stylistic characteristics in a person. Like easygoing, moody, irritable, etc. This is our temperament. And in dynamic trades, person's motivation and interest. Like path seeking, sports oriented, etc. And in this, attitude, sentiments and arcs. Okay. So, this is a big classification. Cattle on trades. Then, let's take a look at the theory of surface trade or central trade. What is that? They called surface trade as source trade versus source trade. So, surface trade means that it is on the surface, right? What will happen if it is on the surface? So, on the surface, half of the visible qualities of a personality, like kindness, honesty, helpfulness, generosity, etc. They are saying that this is the role of our person. The one who looks at us from the outside, like he is an animal, he is honest, he has a helping nature. So, there is no hiding for him. On further study, he found certain trades that appeared from time to time, which indicated some deeper, more general underlying factors of personality called as source trade. And he says that this is the surface trade that is visible in front of him. Then he says that there are some that he sometimes sees. It is not that he always sees. And for that, you have to go deeper. He says that it is source trade. Then, the basic structure of the personality of a person is made up of the source trade. Because I had already told you that the basic structure of the personality is made up of the source trade, not the surface trade. They are the unifying factors of a person's personality. What are they? They are unifying for the person. I mean, they are making it up to our personality that inter-cornerates the surface trade. And this inter-cornerates the surface trade. They are a few only, but they predict the behavior of the person. This is very common, but it can be predicted by your behavior. All of us have the source trade in us. We all have the source trade. For example, intelligence, such as intellect. Then, cattle made a distinction between source and surface trade. Surface trades are very obvious and can be easily identified, whereas not for source trades. He says that how can we distinguish between source and surface trade? The surface trade is obvious and easily visible. The source trade is not for source trade. It is neither as easily visible nor as obvious as it is. Today is the wedding season. I am crying a lot. Let me close the door in a minute. Factor analysis technique. We talk about factor analysis technique again and again. What is this factor analysis technique? One of the key theories of psychometric research is factor analysis. Whenever we talk about psychometric research, whether in intelligence or personality, we talk about factor analysis. Raymond Cattle helped to advance this statistical method in the 1920s as a way to improve current models of measurement in psychology. Raymond Cattle did this statistical method in 1920. He worked on it so that we can improve the model of the model that was running at the time of measurement psychology. Factor analysis is a method to find underlying correlations in large groups of data. It is not necessary to go into the details of this statistical technique, but we should know this much. What can we do with this? We have a large group of data. What can we do with this? We can find correlations in which we can find common factors. That is why factor analysis is called factor analysis. It is a great tool for simplifying very large amounts of data to find common characteristics. We can find common characteristics in a large group of data. The factor analysis method is what led Cattle to identify 16 soul traits. He often uses the term soul trait and factor interchangeably. With this factor analysis, Cattle reached 16 soul traits. We told you yesterday that Gordon Alpert talked about 4,000 factors. There were a lot of redundant factors and repetitive factors. There were a lot of overlapping factors. He used to work on them until 1971. Then he reduced them to 16. This is a great tool. These 16 factors are central to his personality. For the factor analysis of his personality, we need to know the center of these factors. What is the theory of personality? What is the theory of personality? What is the theory of personality? The goal of Cattle's personality theory was to establish a common taxonomy of personality traits. This means that a person has to make a variety of traits. We are talking about taxonomy, hierarchy. What does this mean? That there are some primary factors, secondary factors, and sub-secondary factors. Then, Cattle regarded soul traits are more important in describing personality than surface traits. The surface traits are not necessary for us. Soul traits are more important in our personality prediction. According to Cattle, there is a continuum of personality traits. It is not a continuation of personality traits. It can be something less. It is a continuum. For example, intelligence. Less intelligence, more intelligence. This is a continuum. Extrovert to introvert, this is a continuum. In some cases, it is introvert, some other, extrovert. In other words, each person contains all of these 16 traits to a certain degree. All of these 16 traits are related to the same. All these 16 traits are related to the same. We have a different degree to each person. If you have something more than that, that is it. That is our unique personality. caring, attentive to others, and if it goes in low range, it will be reserved, impersonal, distant, it will be the most distant, it means it won't be warm. Similarly, if our reasoning is a factor, what will be its high range, we will be able to abstract thinking, we will be bright, we will be fast learners, but what will be its lower range, we can think concretely, we have lower mental capacity. By doing this, emotional stability, dominance, liveliness, rule consciousness, social boldness, sensitivity, vigilance, abstractedness, privateness, apprehension, openness to change, self-reliance, perfectionism, and tension. So much they have found a solo factor and told us that these are our primary scales. Later on, you can see these global scales below, they have not stopped working once and then they stop working on it, satat keeps working on it, many revisions keep coming to it, so in the 4th and 5th revisions, it has been found that we need global scales as well, then they have removed 5, extraversion, anxiety, neuroticism, tough-mindedness, independence, and self-control. Okay, so you will have to remember this. Then, 16 pf questionnaire. Kettle developed an assessment based on the 16 personality factor, which he made a questionnaire on the 16 personality factor. The test is known as the 16 pf personality questionnaire and it is still frequently used today, especially in career counseling, marital counseling, and in business for employee testing and selection. Then, the 16 pf eels scores on primary and second order global trades. He is saying that personality is high-rare, so the primary order trade is coming out, the second order trade is coming out, in this way, a multi-level description is going on for the individual, so that we can tell you exactly what type of personality you have. The 16 pf eels scores on primary and second order global trades, thereby allowing a multi-level description of each individual's unique personality profile. Okay, then Kettle and his co-workers also constructed downward extensions of the 16 pf, which means that those 16 pf personality questionnaires did not stop. In fact, he did a lot of work on it. For younger age ranges, he created HSPQ, a high school personality questionnaire, which is now known as the adolescent personality questionnaire, named APQ. Then, he made a children's personality questionnaire, he made an early school personality questionnaire, pre-school personality questionnaire. This is all HSPQ, APQ, CPQ, ESPQ, and PSPQ, in which HSPQ, which is now known as APQ, is very popular, in which we are told to take out personality from a 16 to 18 year old child, so we can easily take it out of HSPQ. Okay? Then, there are the conclusions, how do we conclude Kettle? So, what was the Isink card? They told him about two dimensions, Extrabuzin and Neuroticism, then they told him about Neuroticism. So, Kettle, from them, they do not understand their personality, such a complex thing, how can you tell through three dimensions? Kettle disagreed with Isink's view that personality can be understood, cannot be understood by looking at only two or three dimensions of behavior. Instead, he argued that it was necessary to look at a much larger number of traits in order to get a complete picture of someone's personality. And then he took out a 16-factor model, which is very close to our composite picture, but every theory has its own reasoning. How? The most apparent criticism of Kettle's 16-personality factor model is the fact that despite many attempts, this theory has never been entirely replicated. So, despite all the criticism of Kettle's hypothesis, his empirical findings led the way for investigation and later discovered the big five dimensions of personality. So, Kettle, Roger, Isink and Ericsson. Thank you and don't forget to like and subscribe my channel and to find this channel in telegram scan to join type explore education. Join my telegram group so that you can conversate with me there, done from my side.