 If I'd like to extend my warm welcome to everybody here, it's great to see everybody and to meet some new people. My name is Mark Thornton. I'm going to be the moderator of the authors panel this year. And it's my pleasure to introduce Patrick Newman, a multi-time summer fellow. And he's going to tell us a little bit about what he's found in the Rothbard archives. Well, thank you, everyone, for being here. It's an honor to speak at the Supporter Summit. It's an honor to have the first talk, at least about what I've been doing in the Rothbard archives. So as the authors panel, I'm going to be talking about two books that I'm not actually the author of, but I've edited. And they're both two books of Murray Rothbard's that have been published after his death on books that he never finished or one book that he actually completely finished. So the first book I'll be talking about briefly is Rothbard's The Progressive Era, which came out with the Mises Institute in the fall of 2017. And it was an unpublished and unfinished book on the Progressive Era, combined with his later essays. So it has a complete overarching analysis of the Progressive Era. And you can buy that downstairs now. And then the second book I'll be talking about, which is something I'm currently working on, is Rothbard's fifth volume of Conceived in Liberty. If you'd like, you can buy the complete four volume book, this very fat book that can almost be used as a weapon to sort of bludgeon someone. It's over thousands of pages. Believe it or not, there's actually another 300 pages to go on that. So I'll be talking about that in a second. So the man keeps on writing. He has an enormous amount of publications well after his death. And I think that really just highlights his enormous output in his intellect and all his various research interests. So the first book, as Dr. Thornton mentioned, I was a Mises Fellow multiple years. And some of the things that I've worked on while I was a Mises Fellow was in the Rothbard Archives, which I can really only, I highly encourage you to visit the archives upstairs. In fact, you can actually see some of Rothbard's handwritten pages for the fifth volume of Conceived in Liberty, which I'll be talking about. Really the only way I can describe the Rothbard Archives, at least working in the archives, is being a kid in a candy store, where you wake up and you say, I'm going to the Rothbard Archives. I'm reading Rothbard's letters. I'm reading his manuscripts. I'm reading stuff that he's corresponded with people or he might have been the only person to see. And that's all I'm gonna do today. And while there's frankly nothing else I'd rather do today. So you have to drag me away when it's lunch or when Barbara leaves the archives, et cetera. I mean, it's absolutely thrilling to be there and to work there. So the Progressive Era, we had some Rothbard in the 1970s was commissioned to write a full length book on the Progressive Era, which he was really working on in the late 1970s. And in this book, he sort of, if anyone's ever listened to his lectures, the American economy, the end of laissez-faire from the 1870s to World War II, you can find it online. He really basically just goes through, it's his analysis of that period in a book. So he starts from the railroad interventions, the 1860s to the Interstate Commerce Commission to the merger movement up to the end of the fall of the laissez-faire Grover Cleveland Democrats in 1896 and through the Theodore Roosevelt administration. And he never finished the book but he did sort of informally finish it by writing essays on material he wanted to cover, such as World War I, the Federal Reserve, the welfare state, et cetera. So this book, the completed book, has the manuscript nine chapters, as well as six later essays, so sort of 15 chapters in total, along with an editor's introduction, and it sort of goes through his overarching analysis of the Progressive Era. So if you want to get an understanding of, okay, how the government, sort of from a minimal, relatively minimal government in the 19th century, moved to the heavily interventionist government of today, highly recommend you read the book. And the traditional analysis of the Progressive Era is that, well, it's a period of these sort of enlightened reformers, the Paul Krugmans, the Elizabeth Warrens of the day, the public interest, they had the right ideas in mind, and then they were just the entrenched businesses, the selfish interests, they fought them. Rothbard's analysis, it's really the Progressive Era. It's a return of sort of the mercantilism of before where actually it was really more of special interests, bureaucracies looking to enhance their own power, large businesses trying to shackle their smaller competitors, et cetera. So I would tell you more about it, but if I tell you too much, then no one's gonna buy the book, so I have to at least leave a little bit hanging. Now, the project I'm currently working on is, as I mentioned, the fifth volume of Conceived in Liberty. So Rothbard wrote four volumes on Colonial America from basically the founding of Jamestown, early 1600s, 1607, all the way to the end of the American Revolution. He sort of ends at 1784. He had an unpublished fifth volume that dealt with the Constitution, sort of his concluding volume of this period, so he was gonna talk about the economy in the 1780s under the relatively decentralized Articles of Confederation, and then he would go through the Constitutional Convention and then the ratifying process of the Constitution as well as the ratifying process of the Bill of Rights. So Rothbard considered the American Revolution to sort of be this radical movement, it was sort of libertarian, and it was this large impulse, it was sort of one of the, you could say, he said the just wars, the Constitution, but sometimes it's very revered by libertarians. Rothbard had a very different interpretation. He said it was sort of a conservative counter-revolution, as he said, it was the Articles of Confederation, excuse me, they were too decentralized. There was basically, in a sense he said a coup to have by the nationalist forces, so guys like James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, et cetera, who wanted to install a stronger government that would allow for uniform tariffs, would allow for essential taxing power to assume the public debt occurred after the civil, excuse me, incurred after the Revolutionary War, et cetera. So this is a period that, not a lot of people talk about when you read in your American history textbooks, they kind of say, all right, you had the American Revolution, and then the 1780s, and there were some kind of problems, so then although, yeah, here we are, we're at the Constitution, 1789, George Washington's elected president, and then here we go. Rothbard sort of says, well, hold on, we have to analyze how we actually got there. And it's a really fascinating analysis of the era. He wrote it in the 1960s. He was originally commissioned to write a multi-volume history, a multi-volume American history work from a libertarian perspective. So I guess in classic Rothbard fashion, he wrote this massive book on economics, and then that was in the 50s, and then in the 60s, he's gonna kind of switch gears a little bit, and it was originally supposed to be three volumes, covering basically all of American history up to 1960, roughly. And what happened is that as Rothbard has enact to do, his projects get larger and larger, so instead he had enough material for five volumes just for the first volume. And so what happened was he would handwrite the volumes, and then he would dictate them onto a recording machine. And as time went on, he first wanted to get the first four volumes out. He wanted to publish them, and the recording machine basically got more and more outdated until, in the end, it was sort of broken by, say, 1980. And he just had a massive stack of this handwritten volume of about 500 pages of actually handwriting things with block quotes, with citations, and everything. So I don't even know, his hand must have just been burning at that point. I don't know how he did it. And the problem is, and don't take my word for it, please either look at his books and read his marginalia or go upstairs. His handwriting is very, very hard to read. I almost felt as though I was dealing with one of the founding fathers in the way they would write the cursive, very flowing and all this stuff. And you look at the pages, I almost felt this was the Declaration of Independence. But so over the summer, I was able to basically decipher Rothbard's handwriting. And a lot of people say sometimes that, oh, you know, you hear about textual exegesis. Like, what are the words mean? Well, I was actually doing a literal text of exegesis. Like, what are the words? Like, what do they mean? But what are the words? What did he write? And so I was able to basically work on that over the summer. And my goal is, I would like to have the book, the fourth volume of Conceived in Liberty was published in 1979, so the American Revolution. And I think it would be really great to have the fifth volume come out in 2019. It was only about a 40 year delay, but you know, it was roughly 40 year anniversary, you know, somewhere around then. I think it would be really good. It's a great analysis of a period that doesn't get a whole lot of, you know, just sort of discussion. And I think it really has a great example. The Constitution was not a voluntary social contract. This is something Rothbard tries to get through. Rothbard has this theory, the states are coercive. It was a conquest theory of the state. We're all familiar with that. And he really tries to go through the Constitution was a coup. It wasn't sort of a fair election. The majority of the people did not support it. The Federalists used an enormous amount of propaganda that had control of all the newspapers. They had control of Google and Facebook and Twitter. Sorry, that's another thing, I apologize. This is a different time period. But anyway, I'd love to talk more about it. I'll be sort of mentioning more of my work with the Rothbard Archives in my later talk. We'll be happy to talk about it after. And thank you very much for listening. Thank you, Patrick. I did see some of the manuscript pages, and it really is difficult to understand what Murray was saying. Until you look at Patrick's text, then it reads fairly smoothly. Our next speaker, Connor Boyek, is the author of the Tuttle Twin series. And I've always been an advocate of educating and re-educating people at a very young age, the youngest age possible. And Connor has done a great service for liberty with his series on the Tuttle Twins. And he's here to speak to us today about his latest of the Tuttle Twins and the fate of the future. Connor? Thank you. Just so I know who I'm speaking to in the audience here, who here has no shame or anything? Who has not yet heard of the Tuttle Twins books? Maybe we got like two. All right, I got a little bit of work to do. If the Mises faithful don't yet know about these books. So by way of brief introduction. So my name is Connor Boyek. I run a libertarian think tank in Utah called the Libertas Institute, and we're more of a do tank. We change hearts, minds, and laws. And so we've changed a number of laws on a wide range of issues. And I'm a father of two young children. And four years ago, I found myself wanting to help my children understand what that does all day when he's typing on his computer and when he's lobbying up at the Capitol. And so like anyone in my position, I went on Amazon and I Googled, you know, libertarian kids books. And sadly, there were no results. There was a little stuff about the Constitution. There was some random coloring books, but there was really nothing to serve this market for children to help them understand the ideas of a free society. So I spent about a week being bummed. And then I realized, you dolt, you talk about entrepreneurship all the time and filling market voids. Why not actually do that? So I teamed up with a friend of mine, who's an illustrator, and we've been going gangbusters ever since. I should mention, actually, it was at Freedom Fest in Vegas, I believe four years ago, where we published the first book. So this is The Tuttle Twins Learn About the Law. And this is based on The Law by Frederick Bostia. So the whole concept of our books is that each book is based on a classic text or essay. We take the key ideas from that work and we wrap it in a fun story. And then it's fully illustrated, about 60 pages long, so that kids can really, just through kind of a fun experience, be exposed to these ideas. So for us, this was a bit of a market test. We wanted to see, would other people be interested in this? And the response was overwhelmingly positive. It was really fun and awesome. And so we decided to keep it going. So I'm gonna briefly walk you through each of the books in our series. These are all, I think, available right here in the bookstore. If you wanna get them signed for a child, a grandchild, or for one or two of you, a great-grandchild, I'd be happy to do that while we're here. So be sure and pick them up. And then, of course, I'll talk about the book that we have coming out in a few weeks, which is based on one of Rothbard's books that I'll tell you about in a moment. So for us, the idea here was that there, I mean, look around you on these walls. There's so many books, there's so many works, so many classics that we could draw from. And what we found, actually, I should mention momentarily, I had a moment to speak with Dr. Paul last night, and he said, you know, on the campaign, he found it so interesting that young people would gravitate to these ideas, and then they would teach their parents. And what we found, and I'll tell you it, literally multiple times a week, I get emails from parents saying, yeah, I bought your books, because so-and-so in my homeschool group, or in my church group, or whatever, said that they teach kids important values. But these are not Rothbardians. These parents are not part of our movement. They've not heard of these ideas before. They just heard that these are good books for kids to teach them values they don't learn in schools. And this happens, I would say, easily 75% of our audience are not the faithful among us who are trying to transmit the ideas to the next generation. What happens then, as Dr. Paul said, these ideas percolate up. All these emails we get from parents say, yeah, my kid asked me, why taxation is theft? Or what? Or we have, I'll share in a moment, but a creature from Jekyll Island, like what's this federal reserve stuff my four-year-old keeps talking about? And so it's fun, it puts pressure on the parents to be like, what is this, right? And in fact, just three days ago, I got an email from a 64-year-old woman. And we have a little marketing thing where every time someone gets the books, they get a little text or an email saying, hey, thanks for getting the books, hope you enjoy, and she said, oh no, these aren't for my grandkids, I actually got them for me. And that's quite common. So let me take you quickly through the books because we're low on time. So the next one we did is Eye Pencil by Leonard Reed. So the Tuttle Twins and the Miraculous Pencil, and this is how the pencil is made and how people throughout the world work together harmoniously despite religion, race, culture, et cetera. Of course, we have the creature from Jekyll Island all about the Fed, inflation, monetary policy, gold, we even have Bitcoin in here. We even have, I think, Euro-Pacific. Peter Schiff has one of his, you know, a little call-outs there. So, our age range is about five to 11. And what we actually find is the three or four-year-olds will kind of go along because they're fun stories and maybe if they don't get it. We get a lot of teenagers where this is beneath them a little bit, but the ideas are fresh and intoxicating. And so they'll maybe make an excuse like, yeah, I'll read to my younger kid, or younger sibling, but really they're interested by the ideas as well. The Tuddle Twins and the Food Truck Fiasco, this is based on economics in one lesson by Haslett. A lot in here about protectionism and so forth. Transientially, what was really funny is this story is all about how food trucks are being over-regulated and the restaurant owner teams up with the mayor and they're trying to control the economy and shut these guys out. And in Utah, just a few months after we published this, that literally happened. And in this story, the Tuddle Twins are trying to overturn the law, create a lot of public support for food trucks and go and kick the protectionist out of town. And that's basically what happened just a few months later. So this was a bit of weird foreshadowing that we... We actually passed in Utah the nation's first food truck freedom law. So maybe I should write more books that will then turn into positive reforms. The Tuddle Twins on the road to Serfdom, except our Serfdom is a U, not an E. And so it's a town, Serfdom, where the city uses eminent domain to steal a bunch of land and through central planning, try and create a beach destination resort community called Serfdom. And so, if you know Ben Swan at all, he makes an appearance in here. So that was a lot of fun. There's so many Easter eggs in here and really it's only the people in this crowd that would probably be able to identify a lot of these Easter eggs. For example, if you go to the Tuddle Twins Learn About the Law, I would invite you to go open a copy in the bookstore and I think it's on page 13. They go into the neighbor's house who's named Fred after Frederick Bastiat. And he has to, you can't see it, but he has to go fetch a book from his bookshelf. And if you read closely and you see all these titles on the bookshelf, you will see a lot of commonalities with the bookshelves here. The Tuddle Twins and the Golden Rule. So this is based on a foreign policy of freedom by Dr. Paul all about the non-aggression principle applied to interpersonal relationships for kids to be able to understand why the Golden Rule is actually quite related to some of the broader non-aggression principle and other axioms that we believe in. Ayn Rand makes an appearance. The Tuddle Twins and the Search for Atlas. So this is basically Atlas shrug for kids. Yes, we pulled it off. No, there's no objectivism in here. So we had to draw a line and there's no sex, you know, either. We have to dance around these things. Finally, a few months ago, our most recent title is The Tuddle Twins and the Spectacular Show Business. This is based on competition and entrepreneurship by Dr. Kirstner. And basically it's a fun way for us to expose kids to free market ideas through entrepreneurship, which is a really hot topic right now. Okay, low on time. So briefly, the next book that we have in a few months, and if this is of interest to you, the Mises Institute is gonna have plenty of copies here soon. So talk to Jeff, or a member of his staff, if you wanna reserve your copy. It's gonna be called The Tuddle Twins and the Fate of the Future, and it's Anatomy of the State by Rothbard. So yes, we will soon have a ton of anarcho-capitalist six-year-olds running around. We've been accused of propagandizing little children to which I say I plead guilty. So they've been propagandized in other ways for far too long. The whole concept for us though is to help children understand the key contrast between persuasion and coercion, between society and the state. And briefly, the way the story plays out is they have a monthly summer book club with them and their friends. And so each month they do a different topic. It's their turn to pick the topic. They go over to Fred's house and his amazing bookshelf. And lo and behold, they find a copy of Anatomy of the State and they had just the night before watched a dystopian movie. So they're really worried about the future and oppressive government and the scary story. And at the end of every book club, after they talk about the ideas, they do an activity. And so in this book, the activity is going to be all of the kids with the Legos get to try and build a future that they envision. And while the other kids who are all growing up in status families are creating centralized, Lego systems of what the world should be like in the future, I'm not gonna spoil it right now, but at the end of the story, they use a bit of Legos to creatively come up with a future without the state and what that might look like. I'll briefly mention just as I close here, so we've sold about a quarter million copies of these books now. They're doing really well. Thank you. And I should mention that this was never a mastermind project. As I said, we kind of stumbled into this and this is a side project for me. My think tank stuff is what I spend most of my time on, but there's clearly a need for this and it's only grown and it's been tremendously humbling to see the response we get from families who can now actually communicate to their children about these ideas rather than waiting until their college students or adults to talk about these ideas. It's a very effective way to introduce a lot of the concepts that we believe in. So I hope they're useful to you. Please pick up some copies if you don't already have them. Last year, we decided that this wasn't enough. So yes, it's great that we're selling a lot, but there are so many people out there who need to hear these ideas. So many children who need to be exposed to these concepts and at least be made aware of them. So last year, we formed a new nonprofit called the Association for Teaching Kids Economics. We've partnered up with Fee where they're at kind of a high school college age now. We're working in the K through eight space. And so we're taking these books, we're building lesson plans around them and then we're getting them into the schools. Last year, we reached about 20,000 students through this different philanthropic model of getting directly into the classroom and it's been a tremendous success as a pilot test. So if that is of interest to you and trying to educate kids at all with these ideas, I'd love to talk to you this weekend. I'll be here until tomorrow midday. Very grateful for everything the Mises Institute is doing. They've been tremendous supporters of the book series. If you're not aware of them, I would encourage you to please go pick up some copies and then in a few weeks, stay tuned and we'll have Rothbard coming out for kids as well. And I thank you very much for your time. Thank you. Okay, our next presenter is Dr. David Gordon. He's a senior fellow with the Mises Institute and he's gonna talk to us this morning, giving us a preview of a forthcoming work book by the Institute called Rothbard A to Z. David? Oh, thank you. I'm very glad to be here at the Mises Institute but I do feel I'm, on this panel, I'm here under false pretenses in that not only am I not the author of Rothbard A to Z book consists of quotations from Murray Rothbard, but I'm not even the editor of the book. I have the only connection I have with the book is that I was asked to do an introduction to it, perhaps because Rothbard is the scholar who's influenced me the most in all matters, political and economic. And I knew him quite well over many years. What the book Rothbard A to Z consists of, as you will surmise, is a collection of quotations from Murray Rothbard. And the book was sent to the Mises Institute by Edward Fuller. I don't know Mr. Fuller, but he had the idea entirely on his own to do a compilation of quotations from Rothbard and he simply sent this into the Institute. There are two ways that one might attempt such a project and Mr. Fuller has selected the more difficult of these two ways. One way would be simply to go through Rothbard's works and select particular quotations that were especially sparkling or significant, but what Mr. Fuller has done, he's certainly done that, but he's gone beyond that. He's done a very comprehensive work. The manuscript is over 800 pages and he's given Rothbard's views on really any topic you might be interested in. Say if you wanted to find, he has Alvin Hansen leading American Keynesian. Anyone you would think even very obscure topics, we wanna know what Rothbard thought about the topic, you'll find it in this book. So what I'd like to do is just give you a few quotations from the book that will give you some idea of what the book is like. As you know, Murray Rothbard was a scholar of many different disciplines. He ranged perhaps more widely than nearly any other scholar over many fields, but he's best known as an economist and economic historian. That was his specialty. And as you will no doubt be aware, one of his main targets was the Keynesian economics. So I just give you a couple of comments on Keynes. He says Keynesianism has become the pure economics of power. So see here how he can summarize just a few words, the essence of Keynesianism. As you will know in the Keynesian system, a great deal of stress is placed on aggregate spending as really the driver and mover of the economy. And in the Austrian view, this is not correct that the spending level is really the result of forces in the economic system, rather than the cause of what's happening. And Murray sums up this in a characteristic way. He says that Keynesians have the entire causal process bollocksed up. Now Rothbard was of course not only just an economist you're confined to economics, but he was a political thinker and one of the founder of the anarcho-capitalism. And he has some characteristic comments here that I'd like to share with you. One of them, which I think is really perhaps sums up his thought better than any other, he says the use of coercion is the legislation of immorality. This really reflects his whole way of thinking that in his view, the liberty is the highest political value and the use of coercion is what's to be opposed at all costs. And he says against those who talk about say, well, even if coercion is bad, we at least have to have government. We can't exist without a government preserving law and order. So although the free market is a good thing as a whole, we need a government to preserve order. He says government is no more necessary for providing vital protection services than it is necessary for providing anything else. So he rejects entirely the dichotomy that's found in some supporters of the free market who say, we have to make an exception for government. It's for Rothbard, it's the free market all the way. And in fact, this is how he became someone who became an anarchist in around 1949 or so, when he was at Columbia University as a graduate student, one of the objections raised his free market position was, well, of course, if you're right, why wouldn't we favor free market in government and protection services? Everybody would think that was nonsense. It was a reductio, an absurdum argument directed against Rothbard. And he thought about that and he thought, well, this argument is actually right. Why do we need a government? And he was thinking about that that really converted him to a free market anarchist position. And he says in connection with government intervening in the economy, he says interventionism is not only immoral and aggressive, it doesn't work. So he's against all types of interventionism. And he said, make all markets free and legal. Now, when we talk about non-intervention or having no government or having freeing all markets, one of the crucial dimensions of government policy is foreign policy. This is an area which Ron Paul has been especially concerned with in his career in Congress. And Rothbard says about foreign policy. He says, libertarians are opposed to mass murder and so believe in a peaceful foreign policy. This I think really sums up what the essence of foreign policy is. Simply, we don't want intervention because this leads to war and massacres. We want to avoid that. It seems a very simple statement, but it really solves, it really strikes at the essence of the matter. As you will know, there's been a controversy in much, in recent libertarianism between so-called left and right libertarians and there've been various discussions of what sort of social value is if any libertarians are committed to. And Rothbard, although he certainly didn't make this part of his definition of libertarianism, was himself someone who had quite conservative social values and he was opposed to the contemporary leftist measures that really try to regulate all manner of thought and action. And he says, for example, I am no fan of affirmative action in any sense. And the last quotation I'll give you really, to my mind, reflects his own marriage to Joey Rothbard, whom I knew very well. They were a very loving couple. They really were a great team. Murray called her the indispensable framework and he says, I am foresquare for the closed marriage, the marriage in which two partners live in trust and fidelity and that was certainly true of his own marriage to Joey. So I'm looking forward to when this book comes out and I'll be, I'm very pleased I was able to talk to you about the book even though it's one I have no real connection with. Thank you. Thank you very much, David. You might be wondering what in the world is a book of quotes useful for? What is the Institute doing publishing something that otherwise is a coffee table book? Well, I can tell you, I'm the editor of the Quotable Mises and that's been out for many years now so I have a lot of experience, a lot of feedback as to exactly how the book is used. The first use that I came to know and have seen many examples of it is students use the Quotable Mises to research a particular topic, they'll go to a particular section, they'll read the quotes that we've given amongst many possible other quotes and then they'll see the references, they'll go online to our website and get a PDF copy of the book and then read that section as part of their research paper, usually college paper. Academics use it in a very similar way, they're writing a paper on a particular subject and they get to a point where they want to have a quotation from Mises in my case or Rothbard in Ed's case and go and get that quote, look it up on our webpage, the context that the quote is made in and then use it in their own research. Of course, ordinary everyday citizens, educators use the book, the media uses the book when they want to quote Ludwig von Mises, the Quotable Mises is a very handy source for them to go to so they don't have to actually make contact with the institute and our scholars and so forth, they have an easy access and then there's the more diabolical use which I've come to know that many of you might have engaged in where you buy the quote, the Quotable Mises and then you surreptitiously put them in your condo rentals at the beach and waiting rooms at the office just hoping to lure somebody in to reading a couple of quotes of Ludwig von Mises and they are startling enough that people really pay attention to what they see. So it's a very valuable project, it affects people at all levels and I encourage you to support that effort. Now, my own book is The Skyscraper Curse. It's just recently been published by the Mises Institute and I'm very grateful, first of all to Jeff Deist, it was his idea in the first place and I think a most excellent one and most timely one. Several of you in the room have financially supported the publication of the book so I wanna thank you as well. Many of the scholars including David and Patrick and others have read earlier copies of the manuscripts so I wanna thank you and Floyd was extremely helpful. Judy Thomason, Magnificent as usual and so a lot of people deserve a lot of credit for bringing this book to four at this critical time that was discussed by David Stockman yesterday. Finally, Roger Garrison is in the audience, he was a professor of mine in graduate school and in a very unlikely meeting I think in the summer of 1981 Roger and I met at a conference and he's the one that introduced the concept of the Austrian business cycle theory to me so I just wanna lay all the blame there back on Roger. So what is The Skyscraper Curse? Well, it's the unlikely correlation between the building of the world's tallest skyscraper and an ensuing economic crisis. So it's really the Skyscraper Index which was first put forth by Andrew Lawrence, a real estate analyst in 1999 that I picked up on. It was published in all the financial press, Investors Business Daily, Business Week, Forbes, Fortune, East Asian Review so it caught a lot of people's attention but it quickly faded from the scene. Nobody really thought much of it, it was probably like other stock market indexes that come and go that succeed and then fail but the Skyscraper Curse has remained strong and let me point out to you that it's not the building of the skyscraper that causes the collapse, okay? Now, you might think that point is obvious but not obvious enough to three economists at Rutgers University who wrote a paper saying, Skyscraper Building does not cause economic crises and they had all this fancy econometrics and elaborate data sources to say that the Skyscraper Curse was a farce and that I was making the whole thing up, et cetera. And then, maybe the pinnacle of my career, the Economist Magazine reported in a lengthy editorial about that article saying that the Skyscraper Curse was just a fluke and that Skyscraper Building does not cause economic crises. Well, if they had bothered to read the original paper which the Economist did cite, they didn't mention my name and they got the date wrong but they did cite it. But it's fairly obvious that what I say in the paper is that monetary policy at the Federal Reserve, keeping interest rates too low for too long causes a lot of bad investments, a lot of speculative behavior and so on that is affiliated with the boom and at the pinnacle of these major swings, you see the building of the world's tallest building and that gives several examples of that. The World Trade Center in the early 70s, going back to the Great Depression when you saw the Chrysler Building and the Empire State Building, the record is fairly clear and I thought the paper was fairly clear. I certainly make it a lot clearer in the book and as a matter of fact in the introduction, I bring the reader's attention immediately to these economists at Rutgers University and the Economist Magazine and then I go to proceed to show what the original paper said which is that the Federal Reserve is causing the boom bus cycle and these buildings of the world record skyscrapers. So I wanna thank everybody that was involved in the project and who supported the project. I'm very grateful and we're very happy that the book has been able to come out at this critical time. Thank you.