 Hi everyone, I'm Jake Embedda and I really really want to welcome you to the 2022 IBM Quantum Summit This is our signature event. We want to bring you the latest and greatest from IBM Quantum We have a lot to share today The team has worked really really hard and I'm very proud of actually what we've done and what we're going to show you And of course, it's great to do this in person again I like to start all my talks with the reason we're doing it as you can see This is the planet Earth We have a lot of big problems. We have to solve climate change We have to work out how we're going to continue to feed the growing population We need to counter emergent diseases and we need to work out how we're going to solve and manage Volatile economies these are big problems, but they're not impossible For instance, if we can come up with better ways to do molecular Simulations we could discover new materials that could aid in carbon capture Or we could come up with better ways to come up with fertilizer if we could work out how to do more with complex data We could come up with better ways of managing financial problems and even work out how we could get drugs to people faster We believe quantum computing will be useful in solving some of these problems There's still a lot to do, but that is what our mission is Our mission as Dario said is to fault We want to make sure that we can bring useful quantum computing to the world And we also at the same time want to make sure that we can make the world safe as we keep making advances in quantum computing So where are we on that mission? Simply put we're getting that as Dario mentioned Last year we said we'd break the 100 qubit barrier and launch the 127 Eagle quantum processor And we did that we also said that in our software and services We'd make it a hundred times faster and we did that with the release of the kizkit runtime this year We said we'd bring you the 433 qubit processor and Dynamic circuits and I'm proud to announce that we've accomplished both of these We're going to take you through a walkthrough and explain these in much more detail today Along with ten more breakthroughs and announcements and that I'm very excited to share with you So to get started I would like to invite Jerry Chow to the stage who's going to take you through the announcements in performance Thank you, Jay Now before I get to the big news about our osprey processor, let's just take a step back and talk about performance again Now to remind us all this is how we define performance with three key metrics First we have scale which we defined by the number of qubits Second we have quality we measure it using quantum volume Which is a widely adopted benchmark of circuit fidelity that we introduced to the world in 2017 and In third is speed This is a measure of how fast our systems can actually solve a problem And we use a metric that we define called clops or circuit layer operations per second So first let's start with scale and talk about osprey Now we've been committed to provide a processor every year and in 2019 We introduced the 27 qubit Falcon processor in 2020 the 65 qubit hummingbird last year over a hundred qubits with Eagle And now in 2022 we're introducing the world's largest and most advanced quantum processor yet again Introducing the IBM quantum osprey weighing in at a remarkable 433 qubits over three times the qubit count of Eagle and I'm gonna invite my assistant J To actually show it to you all so Here it is you can really see the size of osprey and how far we've come from the days of Two qubit devices in the past The what you're looking at is actually the the osprey chip inside of the printed circuit board package And it's really this large so that we can actually bring all the signal wiring that we need to actually control 433 qubits Thanks, Joe. You guys have done an amazing job Thanks, Jay Now let's take a peek under the hood though So we have all 433 qubits arrange in our heavy hex lattice topology and We introduced this concept and technology of multi-layer wiring last year already with Eagle and that performs the critical function of providing flexibility for the signal wiring as well as Optimal device layout and with osprey to push out out to 400 plus qubits We've had to make a lot of further advances within there as well as adding an integrated filtering to reduce noise and improve stability And Yes, it's alive and being tested as we speak Here's a connectivity map of this osprey and a histogram of our coherence times now much like many of our first generations of large birds We find these coherence times at the moment between 70 to 80 microseconds median t1 times now at 433 qubits there's a lot to measure so please stay tuned for further calibration updates in the months to come So let's add that as our first breakthrough for today 433 qubits with our latest processor osprey I want to shift gears and talk about that second element of performance quality With our development roadmap and our new birds every single year they did they drive our scale Dimension, but it's also critically important that we continue to drive quality improvements in the background And what we achieve that using our agile hardware development process Where we're effectively always moving taking lessons learned from our highest performing birds Carrying that through into our newest device region revisions and pushing them into larger and larger and more advanced birds And so for example here's the state of the art that we had in 2021 Which were with our falcons and our eagle processors with coherence times in the hundred microsecond range We improve the coherence of Falcon when we went from our r5 revision to r8 by a factor of 3 And we quickly were able to take that learning and feed it into a new revision of eagle and engineer a new eagle r3 with three times those t1s as well from our original first generation and In fact, we work extremely fast We already have a new revision of osprey and this is just coming right off the Experimental pipeline here where we're seeing a significant coherence time improvements Even on a subset of these qubits that we've started to measure on this second generation osprey device Now this all comes together in that we actually need to have performance measured via quantum volume and last year We introduced a new tunable coupling architecture that's been described in these research papers that allow us to push our falcon revision 10 devices to tend to the negative three error rates for two cubic gates We typically refer to this as three nines in terms of the fidelity that we hit Now with Falcon r10 we were able to actually double our quantum volume not once but twice this past year first at 256 and then again at 512 with our IBM Prague back end So our innovations in tunable coupling architecture have allowed us to drive a forex increase in quality Which is our second breakthrough for today now finally let us talk about that third element speed and Here the capacity to actually run a large number of circuits is absolutely critical for targeting Quantity as well as applications down the road and so the overhead of error mitigation also added on top of that And eventually for error correction speed is absolutely important looking into the future Now we set ourselves a really challenging goal this year to go from 1.4 thousand clops to 10,000 clops by the end of 2022 And we tackled this by increasing speed in three different ways First by improvements to the runtime compiler the quantum engine and our hardware control systems and In June we introduced code pipelining followed by huge improvements in our control systems and quantum engine And I'm proud to announce that not only have we hit our mark of 10,000 clops that we've surpassed it at 15,000 clops And so that's our third breakthrough for today a 10x improvement over our fastest integrated system last year And so on top of all these breakthroughs We can also take our development roadmap and tick off a major milestone off of it Osprey at 433 qubits Back to Jay Thanks, sir So I hope you see that we've made a lot of improvements in performance But now I want to start to talk about something that we call creating value with all the progress we've made in hardware and software We think it's important that we actually start to make our software easier to use and able to do more We call our process towards getting quantum advantage We call it the non knows the non nonsense path to quantum advantage and in this path. We believe it's pretty simple Actually, there's quite a lot to do but Fundamentally, there's two simple things that we want to focus on we want to work out how we can run Quantum circuits faster on quantum hardware and software and to we need to work out what interesting problems Can we map to those circuits? We're going to cover point to later in this tour later in the sessions today and Fundamentally, I do believe we have to do this together as a community to work out What are those right circuits that we want to investigate for quantum advantage? But in the meantime, please welcome Blake Johnson to the stage who's going to talk through our progress in point one Thanks Thanks, Jay Earlier this year we told you the error mitigation offers the potential to deliver Quantum advantage at lower total resource cost than a fully error-critic solution in particular We know that many applications require accurate estimates of large quantum observables And we now see a way to deliver unbiased estimates of such observables using error mitigation So now I want to tell you about our work in this area building upon the performance enhancements that Jerry has just described What we're after is delivering value to our users We believe the value requires coupling great performance with advanced capabilities Delivering that in a frictionless experience today. I have three announcements that advance this goal first on performance At a foundational level our ability to deliver value in quantum computing rests upon faithful execution of quantum circuits in Practice though we have to contend with the presence of errors Fortunately, we have powerful tools to deal with these errors One category of tool is error suppression and reduces errors in circuits By modifying the underlying circuits without changing their meaning. For instance, we can inject additional gates that echo away certain error sources Another category of tools error mitigation error mitigation can deliver accurate expectation values by Excelling collections or ensembles of related circuits and combining their outputs in post-processing Air mitigation is powerful. In fact earlier this year We showed how error mitigation can deliver unbiased estimates from noisy quantum computers And we'll be talking about this more later today But error mitigation also comes at a cost and that cost is exponential with the form you see on the screens here and critically it depends on Critical parameters that base this exponent gamma bar, which is a measure of the collective quantum noise of a quantum circuit Critically then error mitigation depends depends on the performance metrics that Jerry has described before tying together scale quality and speed Consequently error mitigation is not practical without holistic performance So we know the problem in front of us and we also know we have some powerful tools to help address it Now the question becomes how we're going to make those tools easy to use and accessible to everyone in other words How are we going to make it frictionless? Our answer builds upon the kiss-get runtime primitives We launched primitives earlier this year and they elevate the fundamental abstraction for interfacing with quantum hardware to directly expose the kinds of queries That are relevant to quantum applications These more abstract interfaces allow us to expose error suppression and error mitigation through simple to configure options And when we do it right it can have a major impact For example this work from our partners at Lawrence Berkeley national laboratories Studied a circuit that they called wormhole inspired teleportation And in this example error suppression is sufficient to convert the response of something that looks just like noise What you see in orange to a response which closely tracks the noise model of the system what you see in blue So my first announcement is that as of today? We're launching a beta support for error suppression and the kiss-get runtime primitives through a simple optimization level in the API We can go further though and to do so we're going to introduce a new option that we're calling a resilience level This is a simple to use control That allows the user to adjust the cost-agricy trade-off of a primitive query At resilience level one we're going to turn out options that specifically address or methods that specifically address Errors in the readout operations We're going to adapt the choice of method to the specific context of sampling or estimating These methods have fairly minimal overheads. So we're making this the default resilience level in primitive queries We can go further by layering on other error mitigation approaches at higher resilience levels The resilience level two will enable zero noise extrapolation This can reduce error in an estimator, but doesn't come with a guarantee that the answer is unbiased Finally at resilience level three we turn on our most advanced error mitigation strategy, which is probabilistic error cancellation This method occurs a substantial overhead both in terms of noise model learning and circuit sampling But also comes with the most robust guarantees about the quality of the result For the developers in the audience here's what that looks like in code and to manipulate these resilience level in the new options interface and My next announcement to add to our chart is that we're also releasing a beta launch of This resilience feature in the kiss-get runtime primitives, which you can use today Finally, I want to tell you about a powerful new capability and important milestone achievement on our roadmap What I'm talking about is the ability to execute dynamic circuits and IBM quantum systems Dynamic circuits marry real-time classical computation with quantum operations Allowing feedback and feed forward of quantum measurements to steer the course of a computation What can you do with dynamic circuits? A lot of things but just to give one concrete use case We know that dynamic circuits offer new opportunities to reduce circuit depth For instance, there's a surprising result from Joza that any Clifford group operation can be implemented In constant depth at the cost of doubling the width of the circuit You can see an example of this on the screens here where a four qubit Clifford group operation is Reduced from depth 18 to depth depth six using this concept This is about one example, and we know that there are many more Today we enter a new phase of discovery for dynamic circuits by enabling their exploration on live quantum systems Our team is just now rolling out support for dynamic circuits And the matter of a few days will have support on 18 IBM quantum systems These are those systems which were built for fast readout, which we first introduced with the Falcon R5 processor As a result projects like this research prototype from our team Which previously required working side-by-side with the hardware engineers can now be written and executed with a few simple lines of Kiske code So the third announcement to add to the chart is that we're launching support for dynamic circuits on IBM quantum systems And I also am excited to check off another major milestone along our quantum roadmap All right with that I'm going to pass it back to Jay Thanks Blake There's a lot to on back here I expect many questions and lots of user feedback as you start to work with these innovations. I Fully expect with these abstraction levels of the stack the quantum industry will go into overdrive So that's the next thing I want to talk about It may surprise you but our objective is not just to build our quantum program Our aim is to grow a quantum industry growing in its growing and a quantum industry is the only way We're going to make quantum computing succeed. We need to nurture different kinds of industries Some may even compete with us. We accept that and actually we encourage it. What's good for everyone is good for all of us So based on the industry building efforts, we focus on five different areas The first is we want to keep as you heard advancing quantum from day one We've always focused on doing open science open source as well as how do we work together to understand when quantum? Advantage can occur the second is growing that workforce through the many quantum innovation centers that we partner with how do we create a sustainable future the third is We need to make sure we're solving relevant industry questions So how do we actually understand what matters for industry industry and how do we get industry adoption? The fourth which I think is very exciting and is going to start to kick off very soon with all the progress that you Just heard from Jerry and Blake on how do we actually start to integrate? Application services into the services we provide to make it easier to do more with quantum and Finally, we need to make sure as we go forward We are always thinking about how we keep clients data secure with the quantum safe So with this in mind, I want to welcome Scott Crowder to the stage to talk about how we're driving adoption and creating this industry Thanks Thanks, Jay So as Jay mentioned, we're trying to foster a global quantum computing industry That's why driving adoption of quantum computing is so fundamental to our mission And adoption begins by laying the groundwork for tomorrow's quantum workforce through education initiatives The energy we've seen from learners of all ages is absolutely amazing over 460,000 registered users have taken advantage of IBM Quantum's open access and these emerging quantum developers Have run more than 2.3 trillion circuits on real quantum computers As we work to build the future quantum workforce We want to ensure it reflects our full potential by focusing on building skills and populations That are currently underrepresented in STEM At the high school level, we've been working with Q by Q bit to reach more than 12,000 students Of which about 70% come from underrepresented populations At the university level, we're seeing rapid growth and interest in learning about and studying quantum computing And Qiskit and IBM Quantum has been used in over 375 university classrooms And we continue to capture the wider interest that's out there with over 5 million learners accessing Qiskit digital learning content So as a community, we've together provided access to real quantum computers We've helped train a generation of quantum native developers and we've provided new capabilities As a result, we've seen a rapid rise in the use of real quantum computers for research And we've seen over 1,750 research papers published since 2016 using IBM Quantum and Qiskit technology alone This growth and adoption could not be possible without access to our technology Back in 2016, we started with one 5 qubit system in a research lab in Yorktown Heights IBM Research We have now cumulatively deployed 60 systems via the cloud That includes deployments in our Poughkeepsie New York data center Plus global computation center deployments to support our Quantum Innovation Center partners Fraunhofer in Einingen, Germany, the University of Tokyo in Shin-Kawasaki, Japan And coming soon to support our Quantum Innovation Center partners Cleveland Clinic in Ohio, Pink in Quebec, and Yonsei University in South Korea In total, we now have more than 200 members in our IBM Quantum network all using these systems These members range from Quantum Innovation Centers and industry partners to startups building out the commercial ecosystem to individual researchers advancing the quantum field And we now have a global network of 34 Quantum Innovation Centers that provide access to quantum computing, advance quantum research development, support development of a quantum workforce, and drive the economic development of their regions We're constantly welcoming new Quantum Innovation Centers to our Quantum Network Since the last summit, we have added institutions across the globe such as Arizona State University, who's building a center of excellence focused on quantum computing education and research Desi, who's applying quantum computing to enhance their high energy physics mission IHU Madras, our first Quantum Innovation Center in India, and Uptown Basel, who aims to accelerate innovation in areas like life sciences, manufacturing, sustainability by enhancing the Swiss ecosystem of quantum technologies We're also seeing rapid growth in industry activity exploring the potential of Quantum for real world problems Our partners have investigated over 45 different industry applications These span topics from simulating nature to processing data with complex structure to search and optimization And we're excited to announce a number of new industry partners today, industry leaders who are expanding our understanding of how quantum computing can bring value to business and society Bosch, with whom we're jointly researching the use of quantum computing for material science Credit Mutual to explore the applicability of quantum computing for finance Ersted Digital is working with IBM to become quantum ready for applications such as risk management and fraud detection And Vodafone is joining the IBM Quantum Network to explore use cases for telecommunications as well as collaborating on quantum safe cryptography Welcome We're also working with startups and software vendors to provide new capabilities to industry workflows by integrating Qiskit Runtime as a service into their application services For example, as you'll hear in more detail later today, Qnass has used Qiskit Runtime primitives and error mitigation tools to easily port simulations of quantum circuits to quantum hardware for their work with JSR As Jay mentioned, this is going to be really critically important to us working together to build a quantum industry We've learned a lot over the last six years. We've learned that through our deep collaborations with our partners, the successful adoption requires three basic components The first is access to real quantum computers The second is access to a quantum runtime environment, some place where you can run quantum programs, preferably based on an underlying open source staff for stack And the third is training and education to build skills All of our offerings are based on these three aspects We continue to provide open and free access to Qiskit Runtime as a service as well as open learning material all based on Qiskit, the leading open source quantum software development kit in community We also offer two paid plans for Qiskit Runtime as a service, which provide access to our more advanced quantum systems and capabilities The first is a pay as you go plan, available today from IBM cloud, which is a standard serverless cloud model that you're charged by the amount of time you use The second is premium plan, which is a reserve capacity model that includes access to Qiskit Runtime as a service and has been developed for longer term deeper partnerships This includes access to our entire fleet of systems, including our exploratory systems, making the latest technology available to our partners It also includes more advanced technical support and training and membership in the IBM quantum network And we offer the quantum accelerator to help our clients build their skills together, deeply investigate the use of quantum computing for relevant business problems and understand the implications of quantum computing for their industry It's aborted by a mix of deep quantum and deep industry expertise and includes customized technical support and skill building Of course, unlocking the potential of quantum comes with important considerations A future quantum computer much more powerful than today's systems will be capable of cracking today's public key encryption and digital signature algorithms This means we need to find new classical methods of encryption and we need to go find and change our current cryptography to those new methods This is not going to be easy. It will be like Y2K, but in some ways much more complex But there is good news Since 2016, IBM has worked with standard bodies to define new quantum safe cryptography to prepare for this new era In fact, back in July, NIST selected four quantum safe algorithms for standardization Three of the four selected were proposed by IBM researchers and their collaborators The US government has also begun to establish timelines to transition to these new algorithms And at IBM we've already begun the transition For example, building our newest generation Z16 to be quantum safe from the firmware up But we know we cannot execute a transformation of this complexity alone It will take industry ecosystems and it will take government industry and supply chain providers to cooperate At Mobile World Congress, the GSMA post quantum telco network task force was formed And they tapped IBM and Vodafone as initial members to support the industry's transition to quantum safe cryptography We're also announcing IBM Quantum Safe Services to support our client's transformation to quantum safe cryptography The new quantum safe service offers IBM expertise to help you prepare and discover your cryptographic needs Then plan your transformation to quantum safe cryptography While building in the agility and observability to make future transformations simpler and more cost efficient So now I'm excited to add two more announcements to the list Our continuing growth of the quantum network to over 200 members including the announcement of Bosch Uptown Basel and Credit Mutual And our new IBM Quantum Safe offering and collaboration with Vodafone to help the telecommunications industry transformation to quantum safe cryptography And now back to Jay So that's our state of the union as it stands today I hope you've seen that there's tremendous progress in performance in scale, quality and speed That we've extended what we can do in our software by integrating error suppression, error mitigation and dynamic circuits into our software We've seen the quantum network grow to over 200 members And we've just announced the Quantum Safe offering to be added to our already simplified way of experiencing what IBM Quantum has But I want to change a little bit and think about what is next So if we go back, top line we're hitting our golds and we're hitting that roadmap The industry is growing But what is the future going to bring? What is the next thing in quantum? And for that I would like to invite Katie to the stage to talk through what we're seeing next Go for it Katie Thank you Jay So now we get to talk about what's next which is going to be quite fun So the first major goal for next year is Condor Condor will be the first processor to break the 1000 qubit mark This is a huge feat and will push all the limits of scale like no other quantum chip has previously We also see Condor as a test of the limits of the single chip technology and it really will help us show the path forward So moving on from just talking about processors, we've made a lot of progress this year understanding how to push the limits of quantum using our software But we're finding there's many waves that we can weave quantum and classical together to extend what we can achieve And we call this our circuit knitting toolbox Let's take a look So first we discovered we can embed quantum simulations inside larger classical problems We use quantum to treat pieces of the problem and use classical to approximate the rest Also with things like entanglement forging we can break the problem down into smaller circuits and run the smaller quantum circuits on the quantum hardware and then reconstruct them classically Which allows us to double the size of what we could do otherwise And with circuit cutting we really cut the less entangled connections into subsystems We commute the global energy by classically coupling each of the answers and each of the results from the QPUs And so I'm happy to announce today that we're also releasing the alpha version of the circuit knitting toolbox So check it out in the cloud session later and you can start using it So this brings us to the third thing we want to talk about today All these tools have a very common approach They do decompose the problem, they run a lot of kids kit run times in parallel and they reconstruct the outcomes into a single answer And we hear from our users like all of you that you really want access to this but you don't want to worry about the underlying infrastructure You just want to run your code So to this end I'm even happier to announce today that we're also releasing an alpha version of quantum serverless as well And as an example last year you heard us say that we were able to speed up a molecular simulation 120 times using kids kit run time Now with quantum serverless we can run the same problem in times faster than that And so with three quantum systems we could have a 360 times speed up So as I mentioned we're learning to make the most of this parallelization But we need to build it into the systems and the primitives So next year we're doing this using multiple Heron processors And we're calling the threaded run time extensions We're really excited about Heron It's not only going to be the first processor to employ this multi-QPU model But it's also going to be the first processor with more than 100 qubits to beat the 3 9s threshold with all the advances that Jerry talked about So looking forward I'm happy to say that everything is on track for next year Now I didn't have a ton of time to talk about the applications but Jamie is going to go into more detail in her session later on developing applications So I get to add another breakthrough to our list The alpha release of both circuit knitting toolbox and the quantum serverless Back to you Jay Thanks Katie I hope you didn't mind that we added two more announcements Quantum serverless and the circuit knitting toolbox Along with error mitigation built into the run time and dynamic circuits and the 433 cooper processor We're really setting up ourselves up for the future But there's a catch If you look at the roadmap you can see it Obviously you can see that we need to keep expanding and doing and implementing the technology to make this roadmap happen But it's more than that In 2023 marks the point where everything changes The future is no longer a continuation of all the great progress that you saw and we just announced It's actually what we think of as the next wave in quantum computing Hence the name for this theme summit, the next wave Today we build single processors But we realize the path ahead is multiple processors Today we build bespoke infrastructure solutions which aren't fast enough Aren't scalable and they cost too much In the future we need scalable controls Today we're employing classical compute to enhance quantum hardware But next we will develop what we're calling middleware for quantum that will enhance it further This next wave is what we are calling quantum centric supercomputing To me a quantum centric supercomputer is a modular computing architecture which will enable scaling It will use communication to increase the computational capacity And it will use a hybrid cloud middleware to seamlessly integrate quantum and classical workflows This is going to be a lot, but now I want to bring Jerry back to the stage to explain modularity for quantum in a lot more detail Thanks Jayvon, let's start with that piece of quantum centric supercomputing with modularity for quantum Now this photo is striking, but it's really a relic of the past in some sense I know it's just right out there and you can take a look at our chandelier But a lot of the wiring that you see within it is there and built by hand It's handcrafted, it's bespoke, and at 100 qubits with a few hundred cables I can convince our team to actually do that busy work But when we push this to 400 or 1000 and we need to hand tighten all the different bolts, this becomes impractical And it's simply not cost effective and not nearly dense enough for the solutions that we need in the future It has to change And so we're really excited to show the next evolution of high density control signal delivery with cryogenic flex wiring This is going to make it easier to wire hundreds to thousands of lines And it's absolutely critical for the reliability of our deployed systems Now today it's already 70% more dense and five times cheaper And we have plans to make this even better Besides scalable signal delivery we also need to look forward with our cryogenic platforms Last year we introduced the world towards Qidae, a modular cryogenic platform from our friends at Blue Force Now here's a sneak peek into their manufacturing lab in Helsinki where we can see their exciting progress You can see it's real, it's big, it's literally a walk-in cryostat And when I saw it I thought it was a walk-in freezer for meat and ice cream But it's actually for milli Kelvin temperatures and qubits All with the potential for modularity and scalability for the future Now another challenge for scaling is control I've been thinking back to the first cloud system that we put online with five qubits And it was quite amazing that we got it all together using zip ties and dundafloss But we didn't think too much about all the cost and space that it would take to make it We just wanted to get it running We used a full rack of electronics that were commercially available to control five qubits Quickly we realized that we had to replace it With our Gen 1 control systems it was a big deal because we were able to actually make one rack control 20 qubits Did everything that the commercial solutions did but less expensively and a smaller footprint But then we realized that we had to add in new capabilities With generation 2 and 2020 we focused on adding in dynamic circuits like those capabilities that Blake had mentioned earlier And also it continued to drive down cost in footprint But now I'm excited to show you guys Gen 3 control systems this year is yet another huge step forward By working with experts in control we really put this into hyperdrive Our new rack controls 400 qubits at an even lower price point So 400 qubits of control in just a single rack And that's not all we've been working to make these systems easier to use Flexible, reliable and certainly more serviceable With hundreds and thousands of qubits coming in soon The probability of something going wrong is really not negligible And we need to be able to actually replace parts while other parts of the system remain live And so you're looking at just that in the video Our engineers working on a hot swap of our Gen 3 control system That's impressive but still not enough We want to go even one step further And here's what we're working on next This is a CMOS qubit controller And we designed it to control 4 qubits for the chip that's the size of my fingernail And we've already used it to control 2 qubits to produce high fidelity gates Now it can also be placed inside the cryostat at a balmy 4 Kelvin Which allows us to further reduce the line density and latency even further So there's still a lot of work to do here But I certainly expect that there are going to be aspects of this type of CMOS technology That will make it into our next generation scalable 4th generation control systems Now on that's besides modularity on the second front for quantum centric supergroup computing I want to talk a little bit about the communication aspects for computation Now as Katie had said with regards to the circuit knitting toolbox It's going to be important to be able to squeeze out our systems to the limits But here the issue is going to be time Considering that we want to use circuit cutting and cut a large circuit 14 times And assuming our current run times and a repetition rate of around 4 kilohertz This would actually take around 181 years Not a time that I want to wait But with the kind of parallelization that Katie was talking about We can bring this down to 1.8 years Adding in classical communication in terms of dynamic circuits between the processors And now this becomes just 18 hours And so this is why our Heron target for next year is so important To bring in this classical parallelization Looking even further If we bring in quantum interconnects between the different processors And build in some of the 1 meter coherent L coupler links that we're planning to use with our Flamingo in 2024 We can bring this down to just milliseconds Now assuming all this works Then in fact the next bottleneck becomes the locked in configurations of all the connected fridges These connected configurations of processors would actually tie us down to specific topologies And it'd be great if we could reconfigure it without having to actually physically move fridges around And so if we look long term in the future what we want to use is use transduction Tied together with optical connections to enable reconfigurable networks So in terms of communication for quantum there's a lot to look forward to Next as Jay said the third part of quantum eccentric supercomputing is middleware for quantum And I'm going to bring Katie back to the stage to tell you about it Thanks Jerry Thanks Jerry Okay Middleware for quantum is what will make quantum useful And with the overheads Jerry spoke about it's really time for us to define what quantum in the cloud means It's definitely nothing like you see from us today or our competitors But simply put we see the future really driven by quantum middleware That will bring the best solutions from any cloud provider together with our kids kit runtime as a service So I'm going to show you a video that explains multi-cloud and quantum And how middleware will make life easier for the users There's three steps as I explained earlier decompose run in parallel and reconstruct Each of these can be built on whatever cloud provides the best solution So here we're considering a machine learning algorithm which we call quantum kernels And combining it with a circuit knitting toolbox I talked about earlier First we need to define the circuit and set up the clouds the multi-cloud environment to run on Then the quantum serverless tools will handle all the orchestration for you Next we compile the higher level circuits and map them to the physical circuits And the circuit knitting I described earlier before using the circuit cutting method Decomposes this into four smaller circuits Thanks to the serverless and kids kit runtime these sub circuits can be sent in parallel They're executed using the primitives air mitigation and suppression as Blake talked about are applied And the results are sent back to kids kit runtime as a service Then these reliable results can be combined in any other cloud for the final answer And just like that sent to the user Here's the code and you can see how it distributes work over three different clouds And how simple it is So we have all these wonderful innovations in quantum middleware and a clear version for what we believe is the next wave of quantum computing But the question is how do we make a quantum centric supercomputer What will the system need to create to hold all the innovations And so now we're going to talk about system two which we do believe is a building block for quantum centric supercomputing This has been a huge challenge in industrial design And I'm going to invite David Bryant on stage to talk about it Hey, thanks Good morning Thanks Casey So if you're taking anything away from today It would be that nothing in quantum computing is that easy And that would extend to the industrial design of the system The brief was challenging to say the least When you have a challenging brief like this it's always a good idea to work with brilliant people So I do want to give a shout out to our design partners MAP Universal Who have been working very closely with us on the project over the last year The brief was to design a quantum computing system capable of housing a three tiered chandelier Capable of holding three different processes or quantum processes held within a hexagonal cryostat Wearing about nine tons This cryostat maintains an almost perfect vacuum and temperature is colder than deep space In fact colder than anywhere in the known universe So the design brief was really to design the coolest thing in the universe So no pressure The requirements were also to have the control systems be physically close to the cryostat as possible to reduce signal latency And on top of this the control systems could only be a few feet away from the gas handling in the classical compute banks That handle the cryogenics and kizkit runtime respectively And on top of this we needed the system to be extensible So that we could add more control systems as the cubic counts of the processor increases Quantum system two is not just the standalone system it is designed to be the building block of quantum centric supercomputing So to this end we needed the system to be modular In other words it would be possible to connect the cryostats of multiple quantum system twos together with long range couplers connecting the processes By connecting two cryostats together we can create a system of 8,316 qubits By connecting three cryostats together we can create a system of 16,632 qubits in one system This modularity also extends to the computer gas handling bank We designed it to be 100% customizable So we can extend the computational capacity of the system by swapping out classical racks and AI racks and vice versa There are also human factors to consider as well Quantum system two is not the kind of system you can just drop in a data warehouse and just forget about The technology is nascent it requires human interaction So inspired by the idea of modular furniture we created a working environment that was considerate to engineers and technicians And on top of all of these requirements quantum system two, like quantum system one, needed to look absolutely beautiful and iconic Driving an emotional connection through the power of design In the words of TJ Watson, good design is good business As in system one the solid shapes that comprise of quantum system two are actually very simple The central cryostat is basically a hexagonal prism and the rest of the systems are basically cuboids So we clad these geometric shapes with anodized polished aluminum or aluminium if you'd like to pronounce it correctly And a novel material, this is a very novel material it basically softly reflects the environment around it So in addition to this we encased the system in 70-30 glass which acts as both a mirror and a window to the system And they both reflect off each other This reflection creates a subtle hall of mirrors effect that we felt expressed the multi-dimensionality of the mathematics that we were trying to solve for And here's the side view of the system as you can see that very beautiful reflective quality of the material Now it is quite difficult to visualize these designs just using still images so we created a short film to give you a sense of the full system This has already been shared with you but we thought it bears repeating So we're excited to announce as Daria mentioned that we will have a live working system, quantum system two to share with you at next year's quantum summit in 2023 So that's two more announcements to add to our slide Quantum centric supercomputing is what we're seeing as the next wave of quantum computing technologies And IBM quantum system two is the building block for quantum centric technologies and supercomputing So the question is now, when we have a quantum system two next year, what are we going to do with it? And with that I'm going to hand back to Katie, thank you Me again, promises the last time So earlier Blake showed you this plot and he showed you how error mitigation can enable better results And he also told you that we wanted to simulate these circuits at a lower cost than classical computing And I told you how the middleware is going to orchestrate this and classical compute will allow us to extend what we can do So today we're setting out to build a tool that can push us in this direction But we're issuing a challenge to all of you We're calling it the 100 by 100 challenge and we're pledging that in 2024 we'll offer our partners and clients and all of you a system that will generate reliable outcomes running 100 qubits and a gate depth of 100 We've said we've had a two fold path to quantum computing We still have to make better hardware software and infrastructure and our users have to devise use cases And we see plenty of avenues to explore use cases using these reliable results like ground states, thermodynamic properties, quantum kernels and more But we need everyone's help here and in our network partnerships to really think about what circuits they'd want to run on a processor like this Why are we so confident that we can release hardware like this? I hope most of this morning help illuminate our excitement in the direction that we're going We've showed you the power of our error mitigation techniques and later today's Sarah and the team will also talk to you in our no-nonsense path to quantum advantage session about really some exciting demonstrations showing the power and scale of these techniques Returning these results with the circuits in less than a day's runtime means that we need a processor to compute the 100 qubits that have error rates better than the 3-9 threshold and that is really within reach based on what Jerry showed us today We also need the software infrastructure that can quickly process and read out the circuits in concert with the classical resources and we're really feeling confident that in 2024 we're going to have what it takes with Heron to do just that So it's one last announcement to add to our side and the first challenge to the audience, the 100 by 100 challenge Back to you Jay for the wrap up So we've shared a lot The big news is we have 433 qubit processor which will be making available to our clients in a few months We have dynamic circuits now integrated into our software and we shared a vision for the next wave of quantum computing technologies we're going to introduce in 2023 Today we shared no less than 12 breakthroughs and announcements Just to recap on them we've made tremendous progress in performance with 433 qubits pushing the quantum volume with the new architecture and driving the clocks by a factor of 10 We've made announcements of how we're going to integrate powerful techniques such as error suppression, error mitigation and dynamic circuits into our services We've launched a new offering quantum safe and we're already working with our clients and we've seen the quantum network grow to over 200 members with new clients just announced today Today we released the first tools in middleware for quantum, the quantum serverless package and the circuit knitting toolbox There will be many more tools to come but these tools will set us up for a future where multicloud and quantum will work together seamlessly We shared the next wave for quantum computing which we call quantum centric supercomputing and we showed a system that we're building which will be the building block for this, the IBM quantum system 2 And finally we announced the 100 by 100 challenge I've been doing quantum computing now for over 20 years and it really feels different when your hardware, developers, technicians and software really feel that they can achieve this So creating this 100 by 100 device will really allow us to set up a path to understand how can we get quantum advantage in these systems and lay a future going forward So as I said at the start of the session we talked about big problems we want to solve I think most of the people in the IBM quantum team they come up, they come to work every day because they want to serve this single mission That is how do we bring useful quantum computing to the world and at the same time make the world quantum safe We have a lot of science to do so we're going to take a coffee break Outside you'll get to see many of the things that we talked about today and we'll show you some of the software through a demonstration There's a lot more sessions later on so please join me in thanking everyone that talked