 Good morning and welcome everybody. Thank you for joining this early morning session at the World Economic Forum 2023 It's great to have you here in the room and thanks and warm welcome for everybody who is following the stream and following this session live This year's Davos annual meeting marks the world's leader's biggest post-pandemic gathering it was three years ago when in January 2020 the World Health Organization declared a public health emergency of international Concern and despite many efforts to learn from the pandemic during these three years and some of the world leaders declaring the end of it It still represents a big risk and surely does not seem like it is over During this session we will evaluate the state of the pandemic the increase in cases globally as well as the Consequences and impact on the healthcare system worldwide It's my great honor to introduce the speakers of the session here with me. We have Maria Lipton president European research council set Berkeley chief executive officer gavi the vaccine Alliance Stefan Bansal chief executive officer at Moderna and Michelle Williams the Dean of the faculty Harvard Chan School of Public Health by the end of the session We're gonna also hear the closing remarks about Shyam Bishan had Shaping the future of health and healthcare member of executive committee at the world economic forum My name is Sasha Vakulina with your renews, and I'm gonna be moderating this session by the end of it We're gonna have the possibility to get some questions from the audience So get ready you're gonna just need to raise your hand if you want to get in touch if you're with us Online you had used you can use the hashtag WAF 23 and the team will be able to to get to your view and comments on that Without further ado, let's just jump straight to the discussion and Michelle. I would like to start with you, please Let's set the scene here and let's try to evaluate the current state of the pandemic globally and the risks of these Rather premature claims that the pandemic is over. Yeah, sure. Thank you Sasha Good morning, everyone, and I'm really delighted to see this room full because it means that you know COVID fatigue has not fully set in and that people are still interested and eager and Committed to appreciating that this pandemic is not over far from it actually and I would say that We have to also be grateful that You know advances in therapeutics and vaccines Have really allowed us to reopen our society And I think part of the enthusiasm comes from the fact that we are able to have gatherings like this again After a long period of disruption So setting the context We still in the United States have five hundred and twenty six deaths per year From today per day. Sorry per day from Kobe and and that's up since November October where we were in the four hundred Now what's really disappointing is nine out of ten of those deaths could be averted if we took our vaccines and boosters and practice the other behavioral aspects Ventilation mask wearing when appropriate distance and so on and so for me as a as a public health person Knowing that we could have hurt nine out of ten of those deaths Reminds me of the fact that we have to avoid Prematurely talking about this pandemic being over. I also think that the context in when we talk about context We must also discuss the more chronic Implications of this pandemic we must discuss the fact that there's in the US alone over seven a hundred and seventy four thousand COVID infants Will have a life life course that's impacted by this pandemic we also have to consider the fact that that long COVID is a reality and It's not only going to be impacting individuals and families, but the economic impact of long COVID as Quantified by Larry Summers and and David Cutler both of Harvard is that it's going to cost us $3.7 trillion And that's going to have financial impacts. So my bottom line is this pandemic is far from over Thanks to therapeutics and diagnostics and vaccines. We are able to reclaim You know much of a civil society and our economy and our educational system Our health care system is still under stress and what I hope people will understand is the vaccine not only protects individuals from transmission and Severity, but it protects our health systems We're able to have a functional or almost functional health system Because we don't have the kinds of severe disease that we were facing in 2020 And we need to also recognize that our health systems have to recover as well we have burnout from our health care workers and We have case mixes of chronic diseases that are worse now and require more intensive Medical intervention than before so the impact and the context is diverse and wide wide spread and Also, we have to think about the chronic implications on our health systems and our financial systems work for us Absolutely, and we're gonna discuss that a little later to go into more details Because as you said such an important aspect with the total if I may say calling it the burnout of the whole of the health system generally, let's Let's talk a little about vaccination and I want to Go for the next question to Seth Berkeley Let's assess the results of the COVID-19 vaccine delivery partnership because this is the initiative from Garvey the vaccine Alliance UNICEF the World Health Organization to support and accelerate Vaccine delivery in low and middle income countries. This is such an important issue. Let's try to To see where we are there with with this program for Seth So, thanks Sasha and let me start first of all, it's great to be back in person Three years ago. We sat here in Davos and we didn't know where this was gonna go There were some political leaders saying, you know, it's going nowhere But Stefan was part of the conversation and Richard Hatchett and I sat down and said the last pandemic with flu The developing world got no vaccines. They were all brought up by wealthy countries So we knew that was what was gonna happen if this turned into a global pandemic And so we started this concept of covax Which we brought lots of other people into and the idea was to try to solve that problem First of all, the science was amazing. I'm sure Stefan will talk about that 327 days if you had asked us we had thought maybe we could get there 18 months two years So extraordinary, you know advancements in in the science But on the policy side as well We we did our first dose in the developing world 39 days after the first dose was done in a wealthy country Of course, it should be the same day, but that's you know a record and what we were able to do then was to bring Doses to the developing world now. It wasn't smooth. It didn't go well But in the first year, we had put a goal together of 950 million doses because that's what we thought we could get for for a low and lower middle income countries and we ended up with about 930 million doses. So we came close to that today The lower income countries the half of the countries that are lower income have a coverage rate of 53% of primary vaccination as opposed to a global total of 64 percent So absolutely not equity and particularly in the elderly a 66 percent coverage should be way higher Health workers better 81 percent coverage But to answer your question on on we realize that given the disparities were still there at the beginning of 2022 there were 34 countries with less than 10 percent coverage and we intensified a program Both providing finance and technical assistance and today there are seven countries with less than 10 percent coverage And and as you can imagine six of those are quite fragile countries with fragile health systems So one of the challenges is how to take a system that we you know We at Gavi provide vaccines for about half of the world's children But those are mostly pediatric vaccines We do campaigns for yellow fever and and epidemic diseases in in older populations But for routine there is no routine system for adults So what countries had to do is adapt their systems use their health workers. It's one of the reasons there's burnout Of course, there were also a lot of health worker deaths and and these are challenges that we should talk about The problem we have right now is since the beginning of 2022 We've had enough vaccines to provide whatever countries want The challenge has been getting the demand part of it as the world says, you know We're done with with with COVID of course the virus is not done with us as Michelle said And what we really need to do is make sure that policy makers understand that, you know We're continuing to see new variants and we've been lucky that we haven't had one with very severe disease or one that can Escape existing immunity, but there's no reason to think that that may not happen So the best thing we can do is use the preventive methods, but also make sure we vaccinate our high-risk populations So they're protected against severe disease and death Let's go more a little bit into the new variants and sub variants and I'm gonna go with the staff and ban So let's talk about vaccine development because we've heard how it happened obviously with COVID-19 starting from 2022 And how extraordinary the process was also in terms of the speed How is development adoption and scaling of vaccine going on when it comes for different variants and sub variants because this is one of the big concerns As we as we're all here now and we're discussing when we understand the context and this is a great deal Sure. Good morning and thank you for having me on the panel So the great news versus 2020 where we are today is we have manufacturing capacity as Seth knows When the pandemic happened More than I had made 100,000 doors in 2019 for the whole year And I remember walking after Davos into the office of my other manufacturing and I say how we make a billion doors next year And you look at me a bit funny. Say what I say, I wouldn't make a billion doors next year. There's gonna be a pandemic And so where we are now is you know, we have plants in the US and in Switzerland We've shown this summer that we're able to adapt to variants very quickly If you think about it, you know in the US Peter Marx told us on June 28, we want for the US to be a five Omicron Booster and By early September on label the week and he was in US pharmacies Which kind of 60 days which kind of in the old world of vaccines Would I be yours? Yeah, I'm thinking ball And I was just saying Seth before this discussion that I'm very excited that over Christmas More than about a Japanese company That has developed a new technology and new science from Tokyo University to shrink by two more weeks The time to get from deciding the sequence to having products ready So he will not be ready for this summer for the booster that we're gonna need in the fall of 23 But potentially by the fall of 24 he might be ready And so we keep on working on technologies to improve that there appears that we are working on or so Because Seth and I had many many discussions over the last three years as you can imagine Is how do we? Build manufacturing capacity around the world, you know, we had a lot of export restriction during the pandemic Which was really painful for a lot of obvious reasons Even from countries who say we will not limit exports. Trust me. They were And so We're very excited now that we are building a factory in Canada. We already brought ground in the fall We're building a factory in Australia We are going to start a factory this quarter in the UK and we're also going to start being a factor in Kenya We're talking to a couple more countries because I would really like on every continent to have MRA capacity Because the amazing thing about MRA is you can use the same facility the same plant the same machines to Make any vaccine you want. For example, you know last night we announced we have positive data on our RSV vaccine for phase 3 With a very high 84 percent in efficacy on the vaccine as many of you know There's no vaccine against RSV and too many people get sick and and die every every year of RSV Both in the elderly and also it's a big problem for toddlers And so we can use exactly the same machines in the same plant to make the other vaccine So the flexibility is what I think also give me hopes not only for the variants that nature might throw at us But also for all the vaccines Well, it's interesting how you say that you know three years ago some of this speed and some of those days and how you say this And now we can speed it up even more something like that was not even possible or thinkable to be discussed three years ago Even when we went into COVID, right? But Maria, let's I want to bring it to a little bit of a different aspect with you here because COVID-19 pandemic illustrated also the difficulties and the risks of science denial and three years into it We're still having lots of that and this is such an important issue here The highlighted importance of science and I know you're passionate about that How do you see the situation now? Has it improved or not? I Wish it had improved. I am passionate about science and it's an interesting question Perhaps interestingly To the countries which were most successful in getting good coverage of vaccination Based this not at all on getting their citizens to try and understand the science one is butan which Where they were very successful in preparing a campaign and involved they asked they they were sensitive to the country's needs to the citizens needs involved in Informing the religious establishment and in fact using them in finding the right time and date and they got fantastic coverage No science was explained. The other example. I know of is Portugal where the Campaign was handed to a retired army general and the army general just Treated the country as his troops and he rallied the troops He declared it as a war that the country in patriotic passion was going to fight together and they had up there I think they were leading in Europe if not the world so No science. Let's remember that good planning good You know thinking and integration in one country and the right sort of attitude in another Um Scientists we scientists and I'm totally behind the scientists who were asked constantly at the beginning of the campaign We did what scientists do we expressed our knowledge and our uncertainty I mean the the the the spoof on this and don't look up was wonderful, you know 93 percent certain means seven percent possible that the comet won't why should we worry and So I don't blame any of the scientists neither in my own country Germany nor Fauci in America or any of the scientists who pronounced publicly The trouble is that many citizens don't understand Uncertainty as part of the scientific method and if I say today This is my best belief with that uncertainty and somebody else says tomorrow you didn't do that experiment, right? You didn't that's the way we are so we've got to go so profoundly into Educating citizens about the scientific method if we want better trust in science and the bad news is who's it going to be It's not going to be us because we're the ones who are mistrusted. I'm now a Brussels scientific official You represent academia can never trust them industry even worse I mean maybe Seth is the only one who can be halfway tested up. Yeah. Yeah, right So what I'm saying is if we want to address those who don't Who have this mistrust in science? We're the wrong ones and we've got to start somewhere completely else But let's expand this it's such an important issue when it comes to the distrust in science And I want to address all the speakers here if that's not up to you Who can do that better and how can we make this more of an organized way to get better result at the end? Let me let me let me start because I think it's really important the worst thing we did in the US Was when people expressed hesitancy or curiosity We basically said to them follow the science and that's the absolute wrong thing to do What you have to do if you're really interested in communicating Information that will motivate people to change their behavior You have to take the approach of it meeting them where they are Explaining it and presenting the information in a way where they will adopt the desirable behavior and feel good about it and maybe that was the secret sauce to what happened in Portugal and in Bhutan Health communicators and scientists worked to communicate the risks and what we understand today and In doing that help people understand that the scientific process is iterative and Not all of us are math literate. So when we speak in probability, we are going to lose our audience So all of us have to begin to realize that we have to stop our professional scientific speak or Engage others who can translate for us and meet people where they are if we do that it'll be the stepping stone of building trust Governance we're getting regulation and governance and national leadership really did not help us But I mean it also was I mean if you look at vaccine hesitancy in a normal time frame People think this is a problem in the developing world It tended not to be a problem in the developing world because you know you look to your Friends and colleagues and you see the diseases and so every parent every person wants the protection the big problem was in places where vaccines were so effective that the diseases had disappeared and then you can say well Do I want to take this vaccine that has a side effect or is it organic or does it have this or that and and that was where We were that was so was so interesting what what you didn't mention was The intentionality the politicization of the process. There was also, you know attacks that were done There were you know bots in social media that were putting out misinformation on both sides And lastly and this is what's completely different is today a rumor spreads literally at the speed of a light So what happens is you have in you know my own country Michelle's talking about the US I'm obviously American although I live in Switzerland It was amazing the amount of misinformation that was there and that information then went straight to the rest of the world And so all of a sudden you have the way we normally deal with misinformation as we get the local chief the local religious leader The local health care workers who are trusted but all of a sudden they're like but look at what's going on in Germany or in the US Or in other places and here's what I'm getting in my you know my social media and that has been a real problem So the trust goes even broader. We don't trust the institutions. We have misinformation and it's getting worse Not better the extent of this misinformation when it came when it comes to vaccination I think has as a somebody who works in the media I mean that was just overwhelming to see all of that across all the channels, right? Yes, and I exactly agree with panelists, which is I think in some countries, you know You saw scientific debate in national TV prime time. So you can imagine how people were scared You know Ben has said in a lot of political debate in some countries and the US was kind of a maybe one of the worst place In the world and you saw the differences of countries where all the parties would say, you know This has been approved by the regulators Clinical studies have been done. You should get your your your vaccines and so on and then as I've said, I mean the social media was just terrible Just terrible and so at a time of uncertainty where people were scared for their loved ones, you know Many people, you know locked downs It was very hard for everybody from just mental health standpoint When you you couple is with all that environment you could see some countries where your scientific debate and political debate And social media those three things have a vaccine rate very very low Absolutely, and now let's go into what Michelle just mentioned Let's talk a bit more about the health governance because at the end of the day This is the bigger picture that has so many elements into it We nobody I think in this room can deny the importance of health governments and yet it's not perfect What are the next steps and elements needed to improve it as much as it is possible? Yeah, you know, I would argue Just opening this response is we have to really embrace ourselves and engage in Rethinking taking the lessons learned and transforming our systems On global health governance, we know this and we knew this before the pandemic that The WHO has a mandate that far exceeds the budget to execute on that mandate But it's not just funding. It's the multilateral agreements that have to be brought forward So there has to be mindset shifting in what it means to engage in multilateral agreements around global health issues And there has to be real improvements in the infrastructure and the finances and the workforce and that's going to take leadership and it's going to take a commitment to true multilateral engagement and We have to have people who are committed to the exercise of global health diplomacy and It's a science and an art But it also has to be a commitment for all humanity Because we know and we knew this since 2014 with Ebola that it only takes eight hours for a threat from over there to be a threat here and so we have to realize not just in rhetoric but in practice of leaders that We're all in this together. It's not just, you know, rhetoric The other thing is we have to be really pragmatic in appreciating that our public health workforce Our health care workforce is under strain and stress We have to have governance that recognizes the need to radical investments in the pipeline of Professionals and inter-professionals who work together. The science is really important I am a molecular biologist and an epidemiologist But governance has to realize that they have been underfunding science in behavioral understanding human behavior and they have under invested in the Implementation of the scientific knowledge and the tools That we have so we have to get to a level where governance is appreciating funding communities funding regional health officers equipping them with tools and Engaging in creating a safety net that goes from knowledge creation and creation of vaccines and therapeutics to explaining and motivating and cultivating that environment of trust for Adopting behaviors that promote health for individuals communities families in the world so governance needs to step up in a lot of ways not just in material ways, but also in bringing resources to under Served in underdeveloped areas and one last thing we have to deal with the disparities governance together have to work on addressing disparities between countries and within countries because we know from this pandemic that the vulnerable populations will be at risk for a Pathogen or climate and if we don't have a governance structure that's looking out for maintaining Mitigating the risks in that population again all of us will will be at risk Yeah, maybe beyond where Michelle is because I agree with all that she said But we also have to keep in mind there are limits to where the governance structure can go And I think we have that practical experience now because when we formed covax We had to put in place 50 odd innovations things like indemnification and liability no fault compensation We had a work on you know the export bands that existed and some of them were very public of vaccines But there was also materials that were in being shared And so one of the questions is how far can we go with governance and you know Dr. Tedros and WHO is trying to come up with a pandemic treaty that will help us move some of these forward but the question is can you legislate all of it and one of the things we learned is there were countries who were Supporting us giving us money cheering us on and then going to the countries that were producing the vaccines and buying them for themselves And using them and and you know at the end a national government is supposed to protect its population That's its job and and when we said you're only safe if we're all safe what we were talking about is yes Protect your high-risk populations, but then protect other high-risk populations and instead many countries said well I don't you know forget about others We're just going to do our own and then we saw these waves of disease and people realized it is really a global commons So one of the things we have to think about is how do we on top of governance? First of all learn those lessons really be honest about those lessons and then second What can we do to mitigate those as much as possible so Stefan talked about one of them So if we diversify more manufacturing still doesn't guarantee that you'll be able to provide everybody But it makes it more likely that you won't have lockdown everywhere. How do we put an example would be materials to make the vaccines? I mean India had the capacity to make the vaccines didn't have the raw materials They need well they made two billion doses, but of course they use them mostly for India So I think the challenge in doing this is is to be pragmatic and to be honest about what actually needs to happen And that conversation gets quite complicated because it can be very theoretical You know, there is a a flu Treaty that says that one out of every ten doses produced is going to go to developing countries now Whether it should be 50% of the population lives there whether she won at a ten But will that work if there is a bad flu coming out and how do we set up other? You know systems to be able to do that Seven Point on the governance, we are trying to really work with a lot of entities, you know CP you know WTO and others on how do we do better next time even though I said I mean this was kind of a world record of vaccine development timelines I still believe we can do much better with a lot of things we've learned about us or how we scale the companies And so one other thing for example we're doing I was just disagreeing with Richard Hatch that we run CP before this meeting is Trying to get into the clinic all the 15 Vaccine against the 15 high priority Viruses defined by WTO and CP to be able to get clinical data on those Because if we had known the dose of our vaccine against the corona virus in January 2020 We might have seven or three months So think about the number of lives that could have been saved with a vaccine launch in August versus you know in December And so we're trying to figure out a lot of things that we can do to just Collaborate with academics around the world to open the monologue platform We actually launched in March and my access which is basically academics from Oxford or Australia or anywhere in the world You know the team in Tunisia is working to make a new rabies vaccine So how do we really get this collaboration across the communities around the world? To get those tools ready so they can either be used when we have you know outbreaks of it can can be used You know God forbid if we have another pandemic and to really be even better ready so we can go even faster on the Clinical side of the house and then manufacturing as we said by having all those plants and the capacity It's not even number of plants for the export restriction, but also the capacity No, we had no capacity in January 2020 You know when the vaccine was approved it was actually a sad day for us. We shipped only 20 million doses That's all we had we emptied everything we spent six months to make 20 million doses think about where we are now No, three four billion doses. So in six months if you could launch much faster You could actually the day of launch ship two billion doses around the world I will make such a difference in the number of lives. Let me just give you an example practically We just had an Ebola Sudan outbreak in Uganda We had an Ebola Zaire vaccine We actually launched it here at the World Economic Forum an advanced purchase agreement in 2015 And that vaccine has been used in all the Ebola outbreaks, but Sudan is a different strain It turns out that almost spun completely out of control. It went to nine districts in Uganda including the capital city now Thank goodness They were well-trained public health practitioners and what they were able to do was bring it under control but the reason I bring this up is Ultimately vaccines got delivered but it got delivered after 80 days had it spun out of control You know, we would have had a worldwide epidemic or even pandemic What we need is those vaccines in vials ready to go for the clinical trials or doing as much testing as you can ahead of time And the challenge with that is you know, if you don't have a Sudan those those vaccines are going to expire and so it's a few million dollars and and so you know the point here is We don't spend the money because we're worried about wasting those few million dollars for something that could I mean This this pandemic has been a probably a 12 to 15 trillion dollar pandemic We need in peacetime to make those investments If you don't suspect what I worry about now is a lot of countries are forgetting the pandemic is still ongoing Still as we say no a lot of people are dying every day But a lot of governments are moved to other things and that's a problem because we need investments in public health infrastructure In healthcare workers in genomic surveillance. There's so many pieces that need to happen I mean in industry can do so so much But we need the governments to really keep at it because we all know there's gonna be over outbreaks There's gonna be because forbidden of a pandemic and we need to be much better prepared at that time Maria, I would like to ask you about that specifically on the need of that investment and the importance of not forgetting For to have a better future pandemic preparedness because as you said to be ready for whatever is whatever's coming next Yeah, so before I was negative about our ability to do the necessary to in education Against the science disbelief in science here I'm much more positive and I have to say I think we did extremely well We've heard it both from the logistic but also from the scientific side The basic science was there and it was science that had been funded for completely different reasons so two of the European researchers Who whose work led to vaccines Adrian Hill and Oxford and who was a team in Germany had been funded? by a funder named the ERC for their fundamental science to do something different and Let's not even talk about Katalin Kariko who'd been working on this for 20 years So we've been we did extremely well. It was right there We've heard the logistics the production the underlying science happened in record time without Needing a warp speed funding from above that did well, but the science was there So my plea is keep investing in the basic science. Let's not forget that the next pandemic May be different. We don't even know. I mean nature can come up with anything We're prepared in many ways and I'm very glad to hear from all of my colleagues about the ways in which we are Prepared and which we've learned, you know the production great But so we've done the basic molecular biology epidemiology production, etc. I Love what Michelle said understanding behavior so a completely different aspect of Understanding and research we need. I'm very glad to say that the ERC funds that kind of research And it's a it's a really privilege to work for a funding entity that recognizes the Need to fund the humanities and the social sciences that I think needs a push and I'm glad you brought it up I would say that we have learned and so but Because we need all the other aspects that my colleagues have Said and that are obviously recognizable. I want to say don't restrict funding to the fundamental sciences in their full breadth You'll never know what we'll need for the next outbreak Thank you so much. We're gonna take a few questions from the audience if you could raise your hand Can we have a question here first and then we're gonna get there? Yeah Peter Davis from New Zealand health sociologist I'm wondering what happened to the debate over the trips IP waiver None of you have mentioned this as being was it an important discussion to have will it still be an important discussion to have a future Epidemics in order to ensure that we get drugs out quickly to low and middle-income countries Wanted to us to take it. I'm happy to take it Yeah So as we say that the time this was announced we think he was Politically driven it will not have added one dose of vaccines because IP is only one part and During the pandemic we actually said publicly in the fall of 2020 that will not sue anybody would use our IP IP is on the internet you can go and read all of our pattern. They're all there all our papers have been out there To be able to get products you need manufacturing capacity you need equipment you need trained people you need raw materials and those things were all lacking We did not make more vaccine because we don't want to we didn't make a more vaccine because we couldn't and our teams work literally seven days a week All of 2020 and into 2021 and so that was the issue which is for a money technology There was no capacity in the world. There was capacity in the world for protein technology because it's a 50 plus year old technology So a lot of capacity, but I mean there was just no plans So it will not have helped and one more vaccine Here we have a question there yet the lady Megan Greenfield from McKinsey have a question we talked about the distrust in science and that the few examples of successful vaccination You know, we're actually not focused on science What would you recommend that countries do today to address the stagnating interest in vaccination? And what would you recommend doing differently in the next pandemic? Oh, let me take a start Say what you will Tony Fauci did a great deal In communicating the risk and the opportunities for mitigating risk at a national level I think what we all have to recognize is In a diverse society you're going to need to have layers and layers of communicators and Different styles and ways of communicating So I think the one thing that we should all learn is we make real investment in understanding The populations and the communities we're serving Wrecking with the reasons there is distrust and then work collaboratively and respectfully In addressing the appropriate message And messenger to really promote the change and that's where A better understanding and behavioral sciences are going to help us. I mean, you know pre-covid Aspen and Saban institutes came together to work on trust even before You know, we really had to deal with the trust deficit And part of it has to do with understanding who we're serving And marketing I mean, I hate to use the word but it is a kind of marketing for public health Where you're encouraging people to do the thing in their best interest society's best interest and making them feel good about it Thank you Sorry, I just want to if I can just have one other point is I mean one of the challenges is um And as you remember this, um the the number of experts that appeared in vaccines and had opinions It was unbelievable how and and and and one of the challenges is when you have the intentional misinformation I mean, it's interesting the us scored there was a Scoring system for pandemic preparedness and the us and the uk scored the highest in the world in terms of being prepared And yet if you look at what actually happened I mean, you know a third of americans aren't vaccinated and two thirds aren't boosted That is not about the preparedness that existed It's about the political climate and and misinformation that was spread and that's really unfortunate because it shows the power of those systems To trump some of the work that was being done And I I think one of the things we have to think about is how we also deal deal with that and and even other External experts who might have been able to help were then also demonized And so it became very political and that's I worry about intentional Politicization of science versus as Michelle said, you know, rightfully a lot of people ask, you know Hey, these vaccines were made really quick. Did we do the right things? Did we check the safety and the answer was yes, but we need to you know answer those concerns We're gonna briefly take the final go there I just on the same issue of the info demic basically I work for an organization that trains journalists around the world And we've trained a ton of journalists on the coverage of covet What are some of the bright spots that you saw with the news media? I know they were part of the problem But were there places that you saw some bright spots about how the news media covered the pandemic Thank you so much for this question from all the media organizations here anybody wants to take that for For the positive examples. Well, I I really think you know when we talk about Um Better understanding minds populations many say researchers should learn better how to communicate I think journalists should be given much greater access to um To us the scientists, I mean, there's one program in the world one program in the world The mcnight program at mit that helps journalists to that and we really need more of that There's two the neiman foundation as well And what I just learned because the pandemic made me think hard about how do we encourage My faculty faculty across universities to engage with journalists and it's building a relationship And it's also having programs like the night foundation like the neiman Come together and create fellowship opportunities The pandemic allowed me to do something as a dean of a school of public health that I never thought of doing before When we kept getting calls and our faculty mark lipstick for example, you know modeling In the night and talking to the media in the day We realized that we couldn't just have one journalist one scientist talk to each other So we actually set up You know press briefings where we had the professors available to speak with the journalists from anywhere And that helped and I think we should try to keep doing more of those The other thing I'd recognized is we had stopped investing in health journalists those jobs were disappearing So a sports journalist was covering the pandemic And that made it even more necessary for us to engage Yeah, I think everybody did everybody tried to do papers and no longer have absolutely employed Editors Science editors amazing I wish we had more time But we're gonna go now for the closing remarks by Shan Bishan had shaping the future of health and healthcare member of the executive Committee at the world economic forum The floor is yours for the closing remarks. Thank you, sir So on behalf of the world economic forum, I just wanted to take Two minutes to thank you Chhasa for moderating such a great session It's been wonderful discussion Wonderful conversation here. Thank you Maria state Michelle Stefan Great work great discussion here On the world from our side from world economic forum side ever since the pandemic started We have been trying to bring people together both public and private sector to respond to this We have been working on few initiatives Set and Stefan and Michelle are part of some of those initiatives We know That outbreaks will happen the way the population is increasing The way we live now we're getting closer to the woods Germs pathogens, they are getting closer to to us through animals and other sources So outbreaks will happen. How do we stop them from becoming full-blown pandemics? That's the question And that's where we are working on to see If we can monitor these pathogens catch them early on come up with medical countermeasures diagnostics vaccines treatments Sooner you do that better off you are So that's one thing. I think the world has the scientific and technical know how When you you see that here And we if we don't have it we can develop it very quickly We have the financial resources The idea is to bring this all together This needs an international collaboration. This needs partnership This needs both public and private Partnership we need the political will to bring all these things together So that's something that we want to work on we want to bring these people together to do this Development banks WHO Gavi Private sector They all have to be together working with the health ministers working with the finance ministers We had a great session yesterday on health care policy where we start to talk about how the finance ministers should treat Health care cost not as a cost anymore. It's an investment You must invest in health care now and you tackle these problems So that's one thing and in that area. We have actually created a Initiative called pathogen surveillance Initiative where we are working with Africa CDC We are working with other stakeholders to do just that make sure we have we create we have access to data Data is in one place Especially right now we are working on Africa continent and people have access to their data as soon as possible to again respond with medical countermeasures That's one initiative The other one that the forum is working on again with Seth and staphon is what you said myself To make sure that there are no disparities So making sure that there are no disparities in vaccine access We have an initiative called regionalized vaccine manufacturing collaborative that we are working with Oh, right now we have about 95 or 96 members in that make sure that there is vaccine manufacturing In every continent it's impossible to do it in every country But you can do it on every continent and that Manufacturing facility should be versatile. It can Take different technologies to make vaccines. So that's the thing we are working on. I know we are But but there are some things that we can do. I mean, there are a lot of things good things that have happened here Seth mentioned Gabby was created here Global fund many other things were created in Davos and we want to make sure we continue the the great work here Working with all of you. So, thank you. Thanks everyone for being here Thank you very much