 I ask those who are leaving the chamber to do so as quickly and as quietly as possible. Can I also remind members that Covid-related measures are still in place in the chamber around the Holyrood campus? Face coverings should be worn when moving around the chamber and accessing your seat. The final item of business is a member's business debate on motion 1042, in the name of Michael Marra, on action on brain injury and football. The debate will be concluded without any questions being put. Would those members wish to speak in the debate, please press their request-to-speak buttons now or as soon as possible, or if they are joining us remotely press R in the chat function? I call on Michael Marra to open the debate for a generous seven minutes, Mr Marra. Thank you, Deputy Presiding Officer, and thank you to all those members from all five parties who supported the motion and my Labour colleagues for allowing me to lead the debate. Cross-party support is a very small reminder of the universality of football, our national sport, our national obsession and a force that, at its best, can bring unity and joy, the beautiful game. A few years ago, headlines relating the dementia suffered by a Scottish football great were shocking. Now we see them every few weeks. The late great Billy McNeill was a player that would have led any team in any era. His skill was considerable but he was also a man blessed with strategic understanding, tactical cunning and a depth of emotional intelligence. He was articulate, funny and a born leader. We knew instinctively what the cause of his dementia had been. From the snippets of news, the mention of Geoff Astel's name, that great header of the ball from West Brom, who had suffered dementia, a vague idea that the number of diagnoses was growing. Now we hear of them constantly. Gordon Wallace scored Dundee's 1973 league cup winner. Gordon McQueen headed Scotland to victory at Wembley in 1977. The greatest, perhaps the greatest, Dennis Law, our most powerful centre forward, dominant in the air for Manchester United and Scotland. All have gone public with their diagnosis in recent weeks. We will hear more in the weeks, months and years to come. That is now inevitable. For these are the ones that we know of. Many families of household names choose to preserve their privacy, to maintain their public dignity when dementia has stripped them of so much. Then there are those whose names would not command headlines but who played, entertained, loved the game and who now suffer. The research undertaken by Dr Willie Stewart of the University of Glasgow is very clear. A professional goalkeeper has the same chance of developing dementia as any citizen. A striker is three and a half times more likely to suffer and a defender five times more likely. Dennis Law said of his own diagnosis, what else would it be? That was what caused damage to the brain. You were heading the ball, which was quite heavy in those days, but you did not think about it. We just thought it was normal. This is not, and we must be clear, a debate about concussion. The medical condition here comes from repeated brain trauma from the repeated heading of a football on the pitch and in training. The striker Chris Sutton, who lost his beloved footballer father to dementia, estimates his own repetitive trauma amounting to 70,000 times heading the ball across his career. Chris has backed this campaign and is calling on Scotland to show leadership. Simply put, for a generation of our greats, this is injury time and time is running out. Our injury time campaign, launched on Sunday before the Dundee Derby and ahead of today's debate, has three demands for the Scottish Government and Scottish footballing authorities. Classify brain injury and football as an industrial injury. Fund research into the practical and preventative support that is needed in the game. Establish a working group to consider the issues around brain injury and dementia, including in the grass-roots game. Brian Whittle, I am very grateful for taking interventionists as a subject. I have a great interest in what I spoke about in the last session. Do you agree that there is a lot more research to be done here, especially around the impact in pre-16, when bone density is not fully formed compared to laterally? In advancements in technology, in terms of how heavy the ball is, there is a lot more research to be done here. Perhaps the way forward, just now, is that what we have done in the US is to stop the under-16s from heading the ball and training. Michael Marra. I would certainly agree that there is a significant amount more research that is required. Dr Willie Stewart, whom I met last week, compared the repeated heading of the ball to the punches from a sparring partner in boxing repeatedly, every day, all day in training many, many times. For a young person, some of that impact is just the same as it would be for an adult, but much more needs to be done to model the impact of that and better understand it. In training, heading of the ball for under-12 has already been prevented as banned. As a youth football coach, I know that we do not do heading drills. In the game, you cannot head the ball, but you do not have repeated drills. I think that there is a big debate about young people, and I will come on to speak a little bit more about that in the participation in it. I thank you for the question. On those who have suffered already, the issue pertains to the idea of industrial injury and people who have been professionals. The Industrial Injuries Advisory Council advises UK ministers on which injuries should be recognised in the industrial injuries disablement benefits. Those benefits are devolved but are being run by the Department of Work and Pensions under an agency agreement at this moment in time. In a paper considering Covid as an occupational disease, the council noted that, in considering the question of prescription, the council searches for a practical way to demonstrate in the individual case that the disease can be attributed to occupational exposure with reasonable confidence. For this purpose, reasonable confidence is interpreted as being based on the balance of probabilities. In this instance, the balance of probabilities test has been met. The Scottish Government must classify dementia former footballers as an industrial injury when it assumes responsibility for that benefit. What of now, a generation of footballers recently retired know that this is coming for many of them? How can we best support them, advise them to take their own preventative action in the coming years? Urgent research is required on that issue also. What of our children who love the game, like my Riverside West End 2013s, their passion for the game is unlike anything I have ever seen. They dream of goals and the joy they have when they score them lights me up. We have banned heading for under-12s, but what happens next? What steps will we take to protect them? What of the women's game and what can we do to ensure that protections are in place for them as their game continues its rapid and very welcome growth? The wise old men of Mount Florida created the modern game by playing the ball on the ground. They passed it rather than hoofing it long like English contemporaries. Had God intended football to be played in the air, he would have put grass in the clouds. Now may be the moment for Scotland to reinvent the game again. Let us start by honouring all those memories, by honouring heroes who suffered for having entertained us. I want to close with Frank Cappell and his widow Amanda, who first watched her childhood sweetheart at the age of 10, heading the ball against the wall of his house hour after hour. She followed his career from Manchester United to my own club Dundee United. She watched as he scored a goal for the ages against Anderlecht under the great Jim McLean. Amanda nursed Frankie through dementia, fought for justice for Frankie and those who suffered as he did, and she cradled Frankie in her arms as he breathed his last. That is undoubtedly, indisputably, industrial injury. I hope that the Scottish Government recognises that tonight and we can start the work of getting these men and their families the support that they deserve. I thank Michael Marra for bringing this motion forward today. I have a rugby family and have also been a child protection officer for a local rugby club in Aberdeen for many years. I am very sensitive and very supportive of the work to improve safety in sport. As members will recall, I asked a question on this very issue earlier this month following the news that Dennis Law, Scotland's joint all-time leading football scorer, had confirmed his own diagnosis of mixed dementia. The beautiful game is an essential part of life for many, generations of boys and girls, idolising their favourite players, posters on bedroom walls, stickers swapped at school and players reinvented as characters in computer games. But behind the glamour, however, football players are first and foremost human beings with friends and families who love and support them. I know the emotion felt when a pal, a brother, a father is diagnosed with dementia. As a constituency MSP in Aberdeen, my thoughts turned to two individuals in particular. Firstly, Jimmy Calderwood, Aberdeen team manager for five years during the 2000s, leading the team into the later stages of a European competition. Mr Calderwood went public with his own diagnosis of Alzheimer's in 2017 but maintained a very positive attitude in managing his condition and enjoying life. I understand that he is open minded that heading the ball may have been a factor behind his diagnosis. Don's fans through the 1970s will remember Chick McClelland, who made over 150 appearances for Aberdeen but sadly suffered from early onset dementia for 10 years. I am aware that Mr McClelland's family believed that football may well have played a part in his diagnosis. I note the research that Michael Marra referred to by Professor Willie Stewart, who found that former football players are three and a half times more likely to die of neurodegenerative disease compared to non-footballers. Outfield players are four times more likely to suffer from brain disease and defenders—the position played by Mr McClelland were found to be five times more likely to suffer from dementia. Sadly, it would appear that Mr McClelland's family had good reason to believe that heading footballs contributed to his condition. Likewise, having played as a midfielder, Mr Calderwood's risk may have been increased, too. In her answer to my question, the Minister for Public Health, Women's Health and Sport confirmed the Scottish Government as in regular contact with the SFA. I was encouraged to hear that the SFA has produced guidance on heading for clubs and coaches to follow. To know that there are specific guidance for primary and secondary school children is reassuring so that future generations of footballers do not face the same risks as those in the past or, indeed, the present. I also welcomed the Scottish Government plans to substantially increase funding for Scotland's NHS and social care system to ensure that older people, including football players, living with dementia receive the care that they need. We all know how important it is to encourage people, especially children and young people, to participate in sporting activities. I commend the work of researchers in the field of brain injury and sport and many others who have helped to raise the profile of this important issue and worked so hard to improve safety in football and other similar sports. It is vital that this work is supported and continued. To conclude, Presiding Officer, I am pleased to support Michael Marra in bringing this issue to the attention of the Scottish Government. I will be following developments very closely and doing what I can to ensure that this work continues, not just at national level but also at international level. The history of democracy in this country is a story of converting privileges into rights, the right to equality, the right to access to the justice system and even the right to vote itself. All that history tells us is that each generation has got to fight many of the same battles over and over again. As our forebears fought for the recognition of asbestosis and mesothelioma as industrial diseases, that pneumoconeosis was caused by hazardous working conditions, that deafness among factory workers resulted from a failed duty of care to them, so today we are fighting for a recognition that there is a direct link between playing professional football and a dramatically heightened risk of dementia. We will no doubt hear from the minister that we need more research, that we need to prove and prove absolutely cause and effect, and the minister will tell us that she is exploring links and considering further inquiry. However, I have to say that it is simply not fast enough, far enough or good enough to simply say that we cannot act until we get more research. There is enough of a link proved already, so my question is how many families, how many former footballers are going to have to suffer before we see action. In my view, it can no longer be denied that there is a direct link between a career in football and a heightened risk of dementia. It may be head impact, it may be head injury, it may be neither, it may be both. Of course, even in the grimest of situations, humour can be found. I am reminded of one of the late John Lambie's stories. One of his partic thistle players was injured after a head knock and when the physio shouted over to the bench, he must be concussed. He is asking who he is, Lambie shouted back, tell him his peli and get him playing again. Of course, the serious point here, the powerful fact is that the status of a professional footballer is different to an amateur footballer. The players that we are predominantly talking about in this debate were professional and so were party to a contract of employment. That means that their employer had a duty of care to them, but it also meant that they were in a master-servant relationship. The relations of power were and still are very unequal. That for me is the clinching argument. I will take an intervention. I agree with a lot of what is being said here, but I think that we had this conversation before in private that the issue here will be, from a legal perspective, not from proving that heading a ball can cause dementia or as a contributing dementia, but from proving that it was done during a professional contract and that the issue that we have to face here is how do we make sure that a professional footballer is taken into account when a legal team may argue that the contributing factor was when he was an amateur beforehand? How do we square that circle? I am very happy to recompense the time there, Mr Leonard. Those are not insurmountable problems because we face them with mesothelioma and asbestosis. I draw on a personal example of a friend of mine who worked in several industries in the Royal Navy. When his case came to court, the insurers of the employer he was pursuing said, how do you know it is us? How do you know it is not the navy? How do you know it is not this former employer? In the end, they conceded the ground and made the compensatory payment. Those are not insurmountable to any good personal injury lawyer to pursue and to track down. I am pretty clear that the case that we are making tonight, which is the start of a campaign and not the end of a campaign, is one that is worth pursuing. The long-established industrial injuries disablement benefit, which has been transferred under the Scotland Act 2016 to this Parliament, we hope, as early as next year, in the shape of a devolved employment injury assistance payment, makes it all the more relevant that we are debating this tonight, because we are at a junction where action can be taken, where a decisive intervention can be made by the Minister and the Scottish Government. I say to the Government that if they do not act, then today will definitely not be the end of the campaign, but it will simply be the beginning of the campaign. Mr Leonard, I call Maurice Golden, who will be followed by Mark Griffin again around four minutes. Thank you, Deputy Presiding Officer. I thank Michael Marra for bringing this important debate to the chamber. I grew up playing youth football and then 22 seasons of amateur football amassing around 800 games, but until recently there was no indication or general awareness that every time a footballer headed the ball it could be contributing to a permanent brain injury. That an action so central to the game itself could have had such significant long-term consequences is deeply worrying. I commend all the research undertaken on the subject to shine a light on the issue, including from Dr Stuart from Glasgow University, whose leading research found that professional footballers were up to five times more likely to die of a degenerative brain disease than the general population. Scottish footballers, including Billy McNeill, Dennis Law, Gordon Wallace and countless others, have been affected by the issue. That includes Frank Cappell, whose eventual death, caused by dementia, led to the introduction of Frank's law, thanks to the tireless campaigning of his wife, Amanda. Amanda has now turned her attention to leading the injury time campaign that we are here to debate today, a call to action that we must give serious attention to. As for funding research into the practical and preventative support that is needed in the game, the Scottish football authorities and the Scottish Government have a leading role to play. However, that is a global issue. Facing the sport and effective funding for that would be small change for the likes of FIFA and UEFA and the major leagues around the world, and I would call them to do more. I would be very supportive of the establishment of a working group to consider the issues around brain injury and dementia, and I would be particularly supportive of including the grass-root scheme. The impacts of that are starting to be understood among ex-professional footballers, and they are likely to be heading the ball with more frequency and ferocity than the recreational counterparts. However, there are tens of thousands of Scots who play football at lower levels, whereby Saturday and Sunday football has been a way of life for them since childhood. Sometimes they are playing their way well into their forties or even fifties. For some, the frequency of heading the ball may not be dissimilar to their professional counterparts, particularly for centre-backs. In terms of classifying brain injury as an industrial injury, that is an area that I would like to see more detail on, particularly the nuances and impacts of the lower levels of professional, semi-professional and junior game. I thank the member for giving way. Does he agree that there is an opportunity here for the Scottish Government to establish something social security Scotland to model a new way of doing this? In current circumstances, we would take test cases, the kind of legal action that Mr Whittle described previously, that we can do that in a better way and a more dignified way in Scotland and consider the medical evidence in the round and have a more speedy decision. Is that an opportunity that he would support? I think that it is an opportunity that we need to explore further. There are a number of nuances. I can think of players who I played with who played professionally, perhaps for only one game, for example, and then went to play amateur for the rest of the time. There are some issues, particularly legal issues, around who would be liable in such a case to work out, but we absolutely should be looking into this to see if those legal minds can work that through. Certainly, there is more. You have got Dave Nairie for Dundee United, played for one club for the vast majority of his career until Wraith Rovers, and you could see a far more compliant link in that case. The importance of football to our fabric of our nation and national psyche is significance, and the importance of the game for those who play and love it cannot be overstated. However, the issue of brain injury is a critical issue in sport and one that needs to be better understood. Thank you very much, Mr Golden. I now call Mark Griffin, who joins us remotely. Again, Mr Griffin, around four minutes please. Thank you, Presiding Officer. Sorry, I cannot be in the chamber with everyone for this debate this afternoon, but I fully support Malcolm R's motion and welcome the opportunity to ensure that the trauma of our footballers does not go unheard. I think that establishing a working group is a vital step. There is not a body in Scotland that could consider the evidence on brain injury and make recommendations to support and protect former and current players. As the motion says, we must get together the sports governing bodies, consider the issues and consider the growing body of it of research, which is clearly urgent. I am particularly keen that we agree that brain injury should be an industrial disease. We have new major powers that could be focused to provide support to those suffering now through Social Security Scotland. Dr William Stewart's findings, as Michael Marra highlighted, there is a three and a half times more chance of death from a neurodegenerative disease and a fivefold increase in Alzheimer's disease amongst those who wear former footballers substantiates the growing link between former professional footballers and conditions such as dementia. When evidence does emerge and we see heart-breaking experiences like that of Dennis Law and Billy McNeill and the other examples that we have heard, we should use that knowledge to act. Just yesterday, I re-logged my proposal for a Scottish employment injuries advisory council bill to establish an independent body that researches, shapes and scrutinises the benefits that are available to those who are injured through their work, because there is no such body set up in Scotland right now. Although the funding for any such payment runs through the Scottish budget, our powers over industrial injuries, disablement and benefit are not being exploited in any practical sense at all nor is the Scottish Government thinking about the illnesses and diseases acquired in modern workplaces affecting workers right now. However, Michael Marra is right that evidence is clear and on the balance of probabilities tests, where incidents of a disease and a specific occupation is twice the rate of another, that has clearly been met. However, the Scottish Government does not seem to be prepared to classify dementia among professional footballers as an industrial injury. Given that the current scheme is increasingly outdated, out-of-depth with modern work, with modern working patterns and the harms encountered by workers, there is much more that can be done to support people injured through their work. When I asked the First Minister in December about prescribing long Covid as an industrial disease, the Government deferred to waiting on the view of the UK advisory council, which advised the UK Government not yet. However, that should have been a Scottish advisory council that was asked, one with mandated trade union membership, along with scientists and legal experts who can scrutinise the evidence and advise on changes to Scotland's benefit system. However, no such council has been established. Unions, including the GMB, UNITE, USDO and others, including the Royal Society for the Prevention of Accidents and academics, including Professor Andrew Waterson at Stirling University, back that bill that would propose that we assemble those experts and have a powerful statutory body independent of government with the authority and tools to secure an employment injury system for purpose. Like key workers in the NHS, social care shop workers and bus drivers or train staff with long Covid, our footballers' illness has arisen from their line of work, simply from doing their jobs. Securing changes to the new benefit for those who have unknowingly sacrificed their health for our entertainment would be a bold sign that we are willing to support all workers injured through their work. We have a generational chance to deliver an industrial injuries benefit system that is fit for the 21st century, reflecting the modern harms workers face and we should take it. I now call Carol Mocken, who will be the last speaker in the open debate. Thank you, Deputy Presiding Officer, and I also thank Michael for bringing this very important debate to the chamber. The increased number of former professional footballers speaking publicly about their dementia diagnosis in recent years has undoubtedly encouraged increased research into the links between playing sport professionally and being diagnosed with a neurodegenerative disease. Indeed, it is the bravery of those former professionals in speaking out that means that we can have this debate today. I therefore want to take this opportunity to encourage the Scottish Government to act purposefully to support those who are currently living with dementia and those who are currently playing the sport and may be worried about the impacts that may have in later life. Others have quoted the statistics around the increased link, so I will not repeat that. In my research, the University of Glasgow found that, although the likelihood of being diagnosed with a disease such as dementia may vary depending on career length, it does not vary depending on the era during which a player played, which confirms that perhaps we have made little progress to make the game safer, which is an important point. The diagnosis of those former footballers comes from an injury caused at work. That is the link. Football is today a global multibillion-pound industry where a decent career can ensure financial stability for life. However, for those playing in the 50s and 60s in the 70s, that was not always the case. Their commitment to football often only just managed to pay the bills and put food on the table. It is important that many professional footballers today are not paid the breathtaking figures that we read about in relation to high-profile players, and they continue to play football just like the rest of us do a job that makes them much more susceptible to conditions such as dementia than the average person. Wider discussions in the football and health communities need to be—they have to look at reducing the incidence of dementia among professional footballers in the future. As I have said, there is a clear link. That is an industrial injury. It is in the power of the Scottish Parliament right now to make a change to write a historic wrong, to lead the way and to classify such instances as cases of industrial injury. Doing so would be entitled to receive the industrial injury disabling benefit, as others have said, and to have that fact that they were injured at work recognised by the state an important step. It would be perhaps a small yet important step, and it is supported by the PFA Scotland and the GMB, as others have said. It would go towards helping former professionals who are affected and to take a great step for the future for people who may be worried at the moment. The personal stories of those former professionals and their families, we can all agree, are devastating. Too many lives have already been lost and too many more will unduly suffer if there is inaction. The Scottish Government has the power to act, and the interests of supporting and protecting our former, current and future professional players, I would support Michael's motion and hope that the Government will do more and with purpose before it is too late for many. I now call on Marie Todd to respond on behalf of the Scottish Government Minister around seven minutes, please. Thank you, Presiding Officer. I want to thank Michael Marra for raising this motion about a very important issue. Tonight's debate has raised a lot of questions which highlights just how complicated this issue is. The Scottish Government wants people to be able to take part in sport and physical activity within a safe environment, head injuries and sport has been a growing concern for a number of years, and I want to mention the changes and practices that our sporting governing bodies have implemented to protect their players of all ages and abilities. I am really proud that Scotland produced the first concussion national guidance and continues to refresh this using the latest international research. Dr Niall Elliott and his team at the Sports Scotland Institute for Sport, along with lead clinicians from our sporting governing bodies, came together to produce the guidelines and continue to review them. It is not as simple as just publishing guidance and leaving it there. Education is the best way to protect those participating in sport. Education for coaches, parents, medical staff and players alike is vital so that when someone receives a head knock, they get consistent advice on what to do and a pathway for getting the appropriate rest before considering going back to sport. A recent UK Parliament committee published a report into concussion where Scotland's approach was noted in a positive light. As one of the recommendations for the UK Government is to create a UK-wide set of guidelines, officials in active Scotland have already begun discussions with DCMS on how our guidelines were created and how a joined-up approach would work, ensuring that guidance can be amended to reflect changes in research. Although that is a positive step forward, a lot of discussions tonight have focused on the care for players who have retired from playing sport and in particular football. There has been a growing number, as many have mentioned, of former footballers who have bravely come forward to say that they have a diagnosis of dementia. My thoughts go out to them and their families. I commend those ex-players, including recently Dennis Law, whom my Aberdonian colleague has reminded me. He is still the only Scottish winner of the FIFA Ballon d'Or for taking that public step, which also helps not only to increase awareness of how the progression of dementia impacts on those infected and their families, but also helps to tackle the stigma. The Scottish Government is committed to increasing our knowledge of the possible links between neurodegenerative disease, including dementia and sports-related brain injury. We recognise a call to establish a working group on the issue, and we will respond to that in due course as part of our on-going consideration of the issue. A university of Glasgow study and lifelong health outcomes in former professional footballers, especially in relation to dementia, was published in 2019 and contained evidence of a possible increased risk of dementia for professional ex-footballers. Further work is under way to establish why footballers and rugby players might be at greater risk, and we will also give full consideration to the report that was published in August, led by Dr Willie Stewart. We remain in close contact with experts at the Sports Scotland Institute of Sport and the chief medical officer at the Scottish FF, and we will work with all partners, including PFA Scotland, to carefully consider emerging evidence and former footballers developing dementia. I want to quickly mention the guidance that the Scottish FF has issued on heading a football to all clubs and coaches, where heading is not permitted under 12s and is slowly introduced as the players get older. Again, guidance is there and it is there to be followed and adapted, and I would like to commend the Scottish FF and its partners for bringing in this change. I am also aware that, in this chamber, it has been asked whether the Scottish Government has plans to classify dementia, develop through sport, as an industrial disease. Unfortunately, the industrial injury's disablement benefit is still currently delivered by the UK Government, and I understand that they do not currently consider dementia as an industrial injury. Is this not an opportunity for the Scottish Government to show leadership in the area and to place its own process that would allow, as Mark Griffin described, those decisions to be taken in Scotland? The Scottish Government has promised a Social Security Scotland service that is different, that can give dignity to people. Is this not an opportunity to do that and to put in place a better system where those conclusions can be come to in Scotland on the basis of the evidence? You are absolutely right that it will be delivered by the Scottish Government in the future. When it is delivered by the Scottish Government, that will be after a full public consultation on how best to meet people's needs. I agree with Richard Leonard that it is a good thing that we are debating this issue in our Parliament. All of the points that have been raised this evening and many other times can be aired in that consultation with all of the complexities explored. We are, for the first time in Scotland, taking a specific national approach to dementia risk reduction and prevention within Public Health and Clinical Services. Brain Health Scotland was established by the Scottish Government and is hosted by Alzheimer Scotland. Scottish Government investment in that particular project is £1 million over five years. It will publish its first dementia population level, dementia risk reduction and prevention strategy in 2021. We will also be piloting brain health services to identify and support pre-symptomatic patients who may show clinical indicators of brain decline and dementia risk and to provide personalised risk reduction and prevention plans. There are several groups who may be at even greater risk of dementia than the background population, which the background risk is high, one in three over 80s. That includes people with a strong family history, people with a history of heart disease, diabetes, stroke and those who have had repetitive brain injury. Research led from Glasgow University has recognised the increased risk of dementia in retired football players. It is possibly also true in rugby too, and that requires more research. Research funded by the Alzheimer Society in the PFA Scotland led from Edinburgh University to prevent dementia rugby and football cohort is looking at identifying the underlying reasons why that link might exist. That high-risk group can be seen in clinical services absolutely identical to those in visits for the general population. Not only is this a high-risk group for dementia, but retired players in midlife and older are increasingly anxious about their brain health through awareness of high-profile cases being diagnosed with dementia on an increasingly frequent basis, as others have said. In conclusion, the Scottish Government is fully behind making sport safer, especially when it comes to the prevention and treatment of head injuries. As minister responsible for sport, I regularly meet the sport Scotland and governing bodies to discuss a range of topics, including safeguarding. I thank everyone who has contributed to the discussion tonight and also to Michael Marra for bringing that motion to the Parliament. Thank you very much minister. That concludes the debate and I close this meeting of Parliament.