 persönlichen Interesse gesellschaftlichen Betriebssystem ja schönen guten Tag also es ist ja schon wissen of us mentioned in the introduction of wisdom of us that might be a title that's not immediately obvious so please allow me to tell an interesting history and telling story interesting story about how this was first debated and taken up and I think it's cool to add nerdy recursion layer I was invited to speak about this on a conference on the digitization of education and I had to smile because I was I used to be involved in many student associations and this was the counterpart that always wanted to make universities more economically minded and that's why I thought that we have to go there and tell them our opinion and then I saw the next part of the invitation where they asked me because this is a cross-subject conference to use my professional experience so I thought all right hold my beer there are many interesting ways that operating systems and education interact and so for the first part of my talk I will be looking at this from an in from a level of information science and I'm very happy to have one of the most reputable medias assorted sociologists folger grasmag mit mir when we're preparing this talk we enjoyed ourselves tremendously because ungeheuer unterhaltsam this way of thinking about it that was very close to brainstorming was very entertaining so I hope we'll be able to communicate some of that when I saw the invitation digitization of education I rekt like hello we were the first to digitize our communication we have millennia of experience as scientists where we were with the idea that knowledge grows when it is shared and the core part of the hacker spirit is much older than many people think is one of the foundational parts of scientific discourse so I thought I'd approach this step by step what does digitization mean and it can be helpful to focus on a technical point of view so I found two points that are very interesting because they look at various aspects there are two things you can see here first memory cost is going towards zero plus epsilon it's never going to reach zero but it would tend towards zero and the speed of communication grows towards infinity minus epsilon of course Douglas Adams taught us that nothing moves faster than the speed of light except for the spread of rumors this is less fancy than you may think because if you look at it if you look at current processor speeds we we are starting to realize that for some problems the speed of light is simply too slow we are trying to predict the way that code will execute so it there are many interesting questions already here about simultaneousness but what I want to emphasize is that these that the cost of memory is tending towards zero and the speed is growing towards infinity and that has consequences everybody always laughs at these people who still think that the internet is an ancient technology but but it's not limited to that because the largest hotel company in the world doesn't have any hotels the largest taxi operator in the world doesn't have any taxis so many things are being disrupted here complexity is rowing monotonously so it's getting more and more difficult to split things and that is where we should think about what this means for education because the world is getting more and more complex it's getting more and more important to share experiences across subjects and without spoiling the last slide I believe that the dialogue across subjects and everything that doesn't fit into a curriculum we need to have room for that so the main priority must the priority of shortening on study times is terrible in my opinion but I took some time and I have to admit this isn't from a science fiction perspective I like one part of HD Wells he wrote in 1938 überlegt hat kann man das wissen der a contribution named world brain where he wanted to check if resources can be allocated demokratically and Volker will be speaking a bit about this in more detail but I want to make you aware that there's an article on world brain in wikipedia which treats the topic and the question of whether or not wikipedia might be an implementation of world brain so I urge you to have a look at this and as a stubborn mathematician I especially enjoyed the fact that in his first work he doesn't really speak about networks instead he uses this argument that memory is getting less expensive so he proposes to store the world's knowledge on microfiche and distributed it's fun to think about this in abstract way he said we to distribute microfiche in black and white so this idea of using text for everything is very obvious and well it's colored when necessary so if it he says if it's interesting you can throw in some color as well that's a debate that will make some of you smile because the question of whether or not this is very necessary is a good one so I think we should keep in mind that local storage is very cheap at the moment the things we said at camp 20 years ago it's important to copy all the data because things disappear from the internet is still valid and looking at how storage costs have developed I'm a fan of downloading scientific papers I'm interested in and never deleting them because the cost of storing them is so low that the time of deciding whether or not to store things is more expensive so if memory if storage is getting less expensive then we can think about redistributing and if networks are getting more crowded and less stable then maybe it could be interesting to say that we should have the option and use the option of storing things locally more than we do today the next interesting part is Arthur C. Clark who also made some interesting predictions and some of you may remember 2001 and other things he did things that appear far later so if you want to make a metric of prophecy it's a bit disadvantages but I am invite you all to read him it's fascinating that he proposed two steps first a word library a lexicon or encyclopedia for all and he writes that the next step would be something like a network that thinks an intelligent network and that might be enough but what I find almost uncanny is that he says that towards the 2000 we will have an encyclopedia and then we will reach artificial intelligence and he predicted it nearly down to the year I mean it's it's the case that there are some interesting predictions here where does this come from why is that as a mathematician I can add another story by Alan Kay the best way to predict the future is to invent it and Alan Kay is the person who started object orienting as a concept he's very unhappy about about object-oriented languages he was at the forefront of graphical user interfaces and notebook concepts and he developed these concepts already in the 1970s even programming languages such as small talk so these are technologies that turned out to be all encompassing decades later and it's fascinating to see that these were first conceived in the 1970s and there too we find the idea that's part of the hacker spirit if we want to predict the future we should massively try to invent it let's define some terms education as an operating system made be grinned at first what is an operating system it is a hardware interface which means that it organizes that things don't get in the way of each other memory management and stuff and a user interface who get a nicer interface and what is education it is an interface to scientific results this should be very hard very accurate but it should also be an interface to humans so education as an operating system has some interesting thoughts but I said I'd cut down no I'd have a bit of a longer technical part and that's easy for me because except for Windows which is a slightly different case and I want to talk about less about this partly also because it's not really relevant for mobile platforms but all the other operating systems has a very close connection to education Minix was one of the first systems from 1987 which influenced the development of Linux so Linus Chauval's learned from the Minix book it was the first book that took operating systems seriously and saying that it it's a topic that might not be very exciting mathematically but it's very important and we're going to do it and we're also adding in some code and that was a pioneering book and it was in the interesting slot of time so it that it became the blueprint for Linux we have new which is which is part of basically two important operating systems first emacs which I use for my slides and then new Linux which is an interesting operating system though it's not as widespread as Minix or Linux and if you laugh wait for two slides and one more thing that's important is something that tells well it's interesting because minor changes can redefine an entire world I'm under some time pressure so that's hurried through this Minix was developed in 1987 in Amsterdam and was crucial the license was a an annex to a an educational book so it was uncertain if this could be distributed it was a very important system and it was in the market in 1877 the only thing that was done wrong was the use of a wrong license so most of you may not even know about Minix or at least most people which is an interesting application another important license which Volker is going to treat it some more length is GPL developed by Richard Stolmann which he first published in 89 at the MIT and we can say that GPL software is the backbone of digitization even Java and trade conflicts don't escalate entirely because parts of it are under GPL some more this later and I want to talk about Linux which is the technological foundation of all Android systems and everything that happens in the smart home let's go get to BSD it's the BSD license is the foundation of the Apple system it's a license and I'm going to show you a license in its entirety which is bad idea pedagogically one two three done so it's only three parts and if you couldn't follow along then I want to go one level of regression deeper the new minix 3 license was a BSD license and tenbaum writes that it's a clone of the BSD license essentially mean this means that you can do whatever you want to it's apart from suing us and if you know history you know that if you say please don't sue us it always takes just a few days until the first lawsuit comes in and of course this is true in BSD as well what's funny though and I almost dropped everything when I heard about this is there were these drinking games in 2017 whenever you have to somebody says Russian hackers you have to drink because Russian hackers were apparently to blame for everything I read that they're hacking Intel ME and it turns out Intel ME uses minix I don't want to be disrespectful but a badly phrased englisch error message was part of both minix and this management engine and I want to make you aware that minix 3 runs on more operating and more computers than windows and macOS together because it's part of all Intel systems that went to market after 2014 and I have to take a Shortcut hier it was also ich auch describing hacker ethics at length which was another very important part of education that I contributed let's get to the final slides here and this is interesting because it's a philosophical question as well does science have to be useful and as a mathematician my favorite quote is one which has been going around for a while and it says that if mathematics is the queen of science which nobody should doubt then arithmatics or the theory of numbers is the queen of mathematics and of course the reasoning is lovely because of the supreme uselessness so yes the supreme uselessness and this is the work by Mr. Hardy from 1940s I think and he said it's so honorable and so so pure so there's no well a few few years later the usable usability of relativity was demonstrated in an optically unpleasant way let's get to the things that I want to carry along there are two technologies that are not entirely unimportant the worldwide web I don't know if it's going to turn out important but it was an issue of san and cloud computing got some important input from the foundation of research at CERN which is foundational research that is that philosophy makes clear it should be completely useless so now I want to throw some humboldt at you the useless science is the most useful because it offers solutions for for problems that you may not have thought of and that that science focus on usefulness would never have dreamed imagine so as a final slide I have a summary we need more long-term students of various genders the university should not become more like a school in order to tackle the challenges of digitization and I want to make you understand that the dialogue across subjects where mathematicians and information scientists should talk with social scientists but this can only happen when you have time and space of this during your studies instead of having to constantly focus on exams and this doesn't mean that everybody should study forever without getting a degree but I want to emphasize that large part of science is done by long-term students who got stuck in academia and kept programming in badly paid employment so we should strive towards the science as defined by humboldt thank you for your attention and I hand over to Volker yeah well I'm part 2 this is my subtitle our main title is wisdom of us and obviously it's an allusion to the wizard of us it was his suggestion not mine but I'm obviously jumping on it gladly but the moment we thought of it we realized that's been exactly 20 years since wizard of us one happened can you see it yeah when I invited Richard Stolman he was asking if OS is open source and he was saying he wouldn't come but I could successfully convince him that it was about a operating system and as you can see he was there he had his mainframe hard disk as a as a halo and gave his speeches as send ignitius and the unix wizard was the inspiration which was an unofficial job title in the 80s und Ken Thompson obviously alluding to Ken Thompson and Richie und obviously another inspiration was the glorious rise of GNU linux to the operating system of the digital age on at least on the server side and it was about operating systems for sure but also the first visit of ours it was also about more for example digital property the same as you saw Richard Stolman and you should you should probably not mention that that phrase in Stolman's presence that has bad consequences usually but it's about this conglomerate economics culture computers and about control of the DNA war mal freie Journalist herlin was a free journalist for the tats and 84 89 he was in the european parliament and it was the second election of the parliament at all and it wasn't as important in germany back then and both benny herlin and Krakner were in in jail at that time because they were in the unregistered for a newspaper called radical that was prosecuted under 129 a which is advertising for a terrorist organization so they were in jail the the german greens put them on the list for a seat at the european parliament and it happened that they actually went straight from jail to the parliament and there he was looking at genetics and found that the genetic interest network he was the coordinator of the genetic engineering campaign of greenpeace and the title of his talk was the source code of life monsanto the main or public domain also a topic that is still very much relevant today we he's already talked about htls for him education was of paramount he was he had a picture of the human in his mind that we are learning creatures and very important for the current developments and for the networking of humans that we experienced the measures of inter communication and and help and impairment have developed quite significantly he was thinking about radio the the united nations the war he was a proponent of world peace he saw the system of money and intellectual property as something to be reformed a world brain if you look at it closely is a network of all the institutions of all the institutions that concern themselves with research and with teaching and it's it's not so much about yeah a brain in itself and the political stance that he was holding is expressed quite clearly we don't want oligarchical parties or a dominance of class we want a very spread out world intelligence that is aware of itself which is alluding to the new sphere i'm going to talk about later it needs a public opinion that is informed with information and the debate and then it will basically slur it will mix it it will become the super university and a worldwide encyclopedia that is being overhauled and reformed updated with always the latest science results and research results which connected well with the internet immediately one of the first things that happened was called interpedia by rig gates in 1993 he was a librarian that gained prominence that he was one of the proponents of the internet hand where he put out a question in the net that was to be answered with and also referenced with internet sources and only internet sources so that people could understand the way the information was gained and found so back then that was using it ftp go for talent web browsers didn't exist back then well 93 dann he he posted to a newsnet news group and suggested to create an encyclopedia which created a lot of noise but didn't actually go anywhere and similar fate was to held for which is somens project new pedia in 99 and actually the same project hat the same thing happened to jimmy wales first project new pedia together very single so the idea was that experts are writing articles and other experts are reviewing it which was a long process and a bit tired some and a lot of people wanted to participate but we're actually frustrated quickly and a little later they discovered wiki wiki by Richard Cunningham and then what they said then was let's just create a wiki in parallel to the to the expert pedia which started as wikipedia.com and we all know the rest the rest is basically history and yes there's also another direct link to visit of us he's the number three in june 2004 it was where the wiki media germany registered foundation was was founded so there's a lot of complex problems and phenomena and a essential coin term for that is the Anthropocene basically we're living in a world now that is completely made and or manipulated by humans it was suggested in 2000 by two Dutch researchers and their idea was humans have become a geological factor and we have to take that into account somehow and the idea for calling out a human inspired geographical chapter had to be taken to count by by geo historians basically and they were arguing with climate change climate gases sour rain all of the environmental effects and they said ja the first results were published and discussed on a congress in 2016 with a timeline of getting the official term coined until 2021 so if you look at a mountain and you look at the different layers so all the way down there's the Precumbrium which was where the first animals were then in Europe you have the dinosaurs and the most top one is the Holocene that's the last 11,000 years the last a stable chapter after last ice age and then on top of that a very fine line is finished a hair which basically be the Anthropocene and the marker for this is the radioactive precipitation that happened after the nuclear weapons that we didn't in tests and in the world war two and that has expanded so much that we now have the great Pacific garbage patch we now have a news that microplastik can be found in newly formed snow they're so small that they basically go up into the atmosphere and come back down with the rain and the snow this is the carbon consumption that we have you can see 1950s basically where it took off so to ukulele you can see it better they're here in the socio-economic trends that you can see the graph begins 1970 I was cutting off the left because you can see again 1950s where it takes off tourism water consumption fertilizers urbanization all of these problems expand and explode basically this is the same in insta he was happy in the past this is him now ein weiteres ein weiterer anniversary almost a year ago is when Greta Thunberg set in front of the parliament and was on strike zu Zeiten von der was eins ging es um die freiheit in during the times of the was I was about operating systems and knowledge and the free OSes had their home and university as really go was saying and now it's it's about everything basically the sources of our human existence in our life our natural resources and the hope we can have is from is basically into the younger generation because we can see that they're not just interested in fortnight but also rebellious elements that really care about the environment and the the foundations for our future was die beiden jahrestage meint was the two anniversaries have in common is knowledge both come from institutions of teaching and research both your own and the society and knowledge can save lives as you know but we have a problem of complexity das ist etwas hier also hinterlater ready our computational capacity doubles every two years our data capacity every 18 months this is a systemic complexity that increases though much faster and this graph is from the digital manifest it has a lot of aspects that you have to take care of and our individual brain is just too small if we're being honest and it's a formative slide and you're already overloaded with all of the information on this slide but what is really important is all the text in the corners too much information not enough meaning need to act fast and a recipe for disaster for the individual brain reduction of complexity is unavodable in the worst case through simple answers populism leaders that tell you where to go but even in the best case we can not escape the cognitive bias except we put our heads together and this is where we come to the new sphere and we have to go back in history into the 20s in einem dreier gespräch wo wir haben a conversation between three people wo er die basically came up with that term we have the anthropologist we have the mathematician Edouard Leroy and the geologist and geochemist Vladimir Vernazki and the three of them were of an opinion that there's a basic model that you have the geosphere and the biosphere on top and on top of that there is a new sphere that is governed by knowledge and thinking and they developed it further when ask he was the for him it was the beginning was the discovering of the the atom and the radioactivity and the capability of gaining electricity through radioactive means or nuclear power plants for the jesu religious manjata it has a more a christian meaning basically the spirit leads the complexity and then there's two phases one of divergence and taking ownership of the earth and going into a versification of the human population and then there's another one of convergence where we have to get together all the reach out and give a hand where we have to work together to a hyper personal center that is the omega point i'm not gonna do an more christian propaganda but this is important because this guy called Walter Ong for all three of them that are originally involved communication was central to the development towards the new sphere so it was not surprising that this term also was used in in the media and it was picked up by Walter Ong. He wrote a very important book on the transition from spoken word to the written word and he was also brought it to the attention of his teacher Marshall McLuhan. He then took it in a very unchristian way and phrased it in that the TV radio satellite world all of this he then understood the new sphere as a cosmic membrane that has put itself around the globe through electrical extension of our senses something like a technical brain of the world and the term new sphere was then also applied to the internet obviously and there was a lot of discussion around open source software and you can you can think about Raymond what you want but this text was definitely important and seminal so here you can see a big open access repository that is called newsphere.ru so what is left to do we have Wikipedia we have the internet we have free free licenses that may solve the problem with the proprietary information and software but there's we still not at the omega point so there's a lot to be done for organizing the information for the new sphere so property rights that have seen a lot of change with the recent enactment of the European legislation around it but this is basically a foundation for a lot of these things for the platforms it has a provision for prohibiting general surveillance of the public for example and I use this picture because a self-control of content within a community can work for example Wikipedia has a miniscule number of dmca takedowns so the community is actually working quite well and can handle it by themselves which is a model that we also want to propose for the society as a whole here was again the idea we need a supplementation and extension a strong public sphere with debate and an informed opinion it's partly covered by a worldwide encyclopedia but it doesn't cover journalism but it's what is important for him it needs a common interpretation of reality that keeps society as a whole together without it there's no hope for getting it done and the best we have for this is public broadcast station which definitely are stuck in the old world and need to have their own digitalisation and end up in in the news platforms and spheres and here are some of the projects that want to create a public digital platform for discourse that is EU wide they're usually based on open software I'm gonna distribute the slides if so you if you're interested you don't have to know than the URLs now the decentralisation of the internet is another key element for the media 2015 a few experts published this manifest and they said we're at a turning point one of the ways is gonna go towards dictatorship and with central control of behavior of opinions and the other one is going to collective intelligence yes we need AI but not in the sense of artificial intelligence but as more in the sense of collective intelligence here a few examples for projects that you may know my fourth point is my fourth point is we need tools for thinking and for collaborating we don't need systems that think for us but rather systems that help us to think together and it's not hard at all with this very simple tool of the wiki word cunning ham allowed us to write webpages which is not revolutionary in itself but he enabled to create to make this to make this long-held dream of a public encyclopedia knowledge so here is a few tools that support this endeavor for example citizens assembly in Ireland where I'm really fascinated by next cloud next with every new project there is a question of what do we use and the sides usually we end up at some Google tools like Google Drive but then again we already have an alternative like library office and next cloud so my last point is education and an important topic here is the digital packed for school that basically provided 5 billion euros to schools to enable them in teaching hardware nets in cloud so if they use a cloud which providers is gonna be is it gonna be Microsoft Google has a platner Institute or next cloud maybe has a platner Institute also isn't a free system so the question is can we as a culture of free software to put alternatives out there like next cloud plus OER and lastly this is very dear to my heart a general frame for politics in Europe digital single market digital single market the market is at the very center and these three people got together and talked to a few other people and found an alternative that is called shared digital Europe with all of these four topics public institutions that need to be empowered decentralized infrastructure we see this as a framework for opera operationalizing the new sphere the wisdom of the operating systems what is it about so the idea is you doing you create an analogy in between the operating systems of technical and social systems and in both senses an infrastructure that sits on top of the other layers for example laws legislation than individual lawsuits and processes it we need to develop these operating system with a lot of wisdom and with understanding on the environment that creates this operating system free licenses are a key element for this and it needs farsight to be sustainable to be stable in being backwards compatible ein oder anderen Thema ohnehin dran a lot of you are already involved in one or more topics here already anyway but we're gonna keep working on it as well and we might actually talk about it some more in some other place but we hope we have given you an inspiration for going out into the broader zu den zu think about the broader picture and to see where you can fit in your own workings that you're inspired by and thanks so if we still have time then let's get to Q&A unfortunately not where already we've already gone beyond our allocated time so thank you to Ruedi and Volker your contact details were in the slides and you are you are attending camp so if you have any questions then I'm sure people will know how to reach you we'll be leaving through one of these entrances with whichever has more shade and you can find both of us online too