 Good morning everybody. I come from Teri, the energy and resources institute from New Delhi. So as Diane has already told that I'll be discussing about two cities, the work in two cities that we have done under the Asian Cities Climate Change Resilience Network. This is of course a part of the Rockefeller initiative in ten Asian cities. It started with ten Asian cities and now the replication and scaling up is going on. So Teri was the national partner to ACCRN as a policy advisor to start with from the year 2009, where we were looking at how the policy could be steered, could be developed in the sense that mainstreaming of resilient strategies that are being prepared under the ACCRN initiative could be brought about in the policy arena and there should be learning and you know some kind of development in the policy at the policy level in the central level as well as the state level in cities in India. So as part of that way we made a synthesis review of all the policies, regulations that were present in India at that time which were steering urban development processes, environmental planning processes in Indian cities. The synthesis review is right now available at the ACCRN website. Later on we moved on to bring out some case studies where we could actually showcase how mainstreaming can be done in cities which have resilience plans and which do not have resilience plans. So considering this particular factor we started with two cities. One was one of the core ACCRN cities which is Gorakhpur and the other was a new city that we picked Gohati. So for Gorakhpur there was already a resilient strategy that was prepared in the ACCRN phase one and we did an institutional analysis, a regulatory review of bylaws and legislations and policies for this city and gave them a mainstreaming plan where they could implement a resilient strategy. The notion being that the city when we interacted with the city government the question that was arising every now and then was yes, we know that there is a resilient strategy but we don't know in the absence of a national policy or a state level policy to bring in resilience planning in city climate, resilience planning in cities, the city said that we do not know how to do it. So there were various adaptation options that were discovered and brought out and the resilient strategy was propagating them in various urban sectors but the people in the government did not know how to implement them because there was no law or policy through which they could propagate those adaptation mechanism or bring in finance to help do so. In the new city of Gohati we started off from scratch doing the risk and vulnerability analysis. We did the climate modeling through our supercomputing facility that we have in Terry. I used the regional models to do the climate modeling framework for the city and bring out a detailed resilience planning strategy. This time you know collaborating the resilient strategy with the mainstreaming plan as well. So these are the two cities that we worked with. I will briefly go through what we have done in these two cities. Gorakhpur is in the eastern part of India. It's a medium-sized city in Uttar Pradesh. It has a very typical geographical location. It's a bold-shaped city. It recites at the Tarai region, Himalayan Tarai region and the frequency of floods is very high and because of various reasons like the very poorly developed urban services, the bad urban planning practices, uncontrolled urban sprawl has led to the situation that some of the areas of the city remain waterlogged for about seven to eight months in a year. So these are some of the pictures which show what happens to Gorakhpur in monsoon season and the rainy season and also a few months beyond rainy season as well. And a lot of health problems every year about 300 to 400 children die because of encephalitis that spreads in the city and the lack of health facilities. The situation is very bad in the city during that time. So in ACCRN phase one, basically some other NGO, which is a local partner with the ACCRN, the Gorakhpur Environment Action Group, they did the climate scenario building and detailed risk and vulnerability assessment and they prepared the resilient strategy for the city. The resilient strategy was basically an evolutionary resilient strategy which focused on capacity building of the city as well as the community. It targeted physical and institutional actions to improve the drainage system, the housing, health and communication systems, all those sectors that were not only vulnerable but also inefficient in their services and urban management aspect. The resilient strategy also calls for information, data and knowledge focused activities to establish the evidence base required for long-term planning. It was based on shared learning dialogue, which is one of the mechanisms which is very important under the ACCRN framework where the communities are involved, people are involved and their aspirations and demands are understood and their perceptions of the future of the cities are analysed and then brought out in the resilient strategy. So this was phase one and then that was the time when Terry stepped in to propose the mainstreaming of this resilient strategy because what happened was that the resilient strategy was made and then the Rockefeller Foundation supported some of the pilot projects that were identified as adaptation projects within the city itself. However, the resilient strategy had a lot more to do with only these pilot projects and to have this resilient strategy mainstream implemented in a holistic manner, it was necessary for, we felt it necessary that the city should know how they can bring in, if not all, then most of the options that are being, you know, that have been developed through this resilience process. So we did a very extensive literature review of the resilient strategy of the vulnerability report that were present, prepared. The University of Gorakhpur had prepared during this process a very detailed hydrological study of the city, which was a very important document to understand the problems that the city was facing and the reasons why they were facing. Then we moved on to do a very, very detailed review of the institutional and regulatory environment within the city at the state level and at the national level, because all these three levels are integrated and none of the level can work without knowing or without, you know, having an access to the other level. So national level policies are made at state level, the acts are there, state level planning acts are there, the town planning acts are there, which are, you know, driving development in cities and at city level they have various bylaws, development regulations, master plans, city development plans, through which they are, you know, taking up planning actions. So we did that review and we engaged into a lot of consultation exercise with the community, with the people in the city, the city officials, municipal corporation, health officials, people in the department. So all the stakeholders and we took up with that and gave a very detailed sectoral mainstreaming actions with supporting regulations and institutions and also action plans to the city of Gorakhpur as to how they can mainstream climate resilience. Guwahati is another city in Assam in the northeast part of India, where we took up, we've made a framework for risk assessment, which basically involved hazard identification and risk and vulnerability assessment for the city. This was then, you know, kind of additionally we did the climate projection analysis for the city as to how the climate will be changing to understand how this risk will change then with the changing climate and made a resilient strategy for the city, giving them also the mainstreaming plan. So these are some of the photographs that you can see during the monsoon season last year in Guwahati, which is again, Guwahati again is a developing city. If you look at the population, it has just doubled in the last 10 years. We also did a lot of GIS based modeling on the city, the urban sprawl, the bareness index, the vegetation index, which has changed considerably in the last 10 years. Vulnerability analysis included, you know, doing a layer analysis through GIS on how the flooded areas, the location of the slums, how the transport systems is being hampered, the eco sensitive zones are being hampered because of the flooding system and water logging is taking place in the city. Again, city consultation, shared the learning dialogues, involvement of the community, people, citizens was one of the main elements of this study. And a resilient strategy, which gave inputs on housing, ecologically based urban planning, the urban services and infrastructure, disaster resilience, through structural measures, regulatory support, institutional supports and community participation. A mainstreaming action plan was given to the city as well, with existing policies and regulations. This is my last line. So if I come to the observations and wave forward of all this process that we did, ACCRN, I would say that it is an external agent that, you know, kind of drive, drove this kind of change in these two cities. However, if we are thinking about mainstreaming urban resilience planning in other cities in India, their application and the scalability of these kind of options, it is very essential that the government or the city itself has that kind of capacity to come up with their own plans and can do these exercise. And how can we do, what are the challenges in doing that and how can we do that? One is that we see that the communities are moving away from indigenous knowledge from the traditional practices and it has become fashionable to use, you know, imitated west or something that is not very fit for planning and construction in the city's context. And Gaurakpur and Guwahati, both the cities are stark examples of this kind of practices and creating Hawaks in the city. There are regulations in India which include community participation which talk about, in fact, there is a whole Constitution Amendment Act, 74th Constitution Amendment Act, that decentralizes powers and functions to the urban local bodies. However, it has not been implemented in its true spirit. There is a community participation law which the cities have to, you know, implement, the state have to implement. However, it is not, again, taken up into its true spirit and people are not, and the aspirations and the demands of people are not coming into the planning processes. Of course, lack of political will is one of the main reasons. Then the third problem that we recognized was urban adaptation or resilience planning. In the lack of a policy, a national policy or the state level policy, there is no recognition at the level of the cities. Because we are talking about medium cities, the smaller towns are even worse. So then lack of state and national level policies. So urban development planning is a state subject in India. So even if there are policies at the national level, until and unless they are recognized at a state level, and the corresponding state regulations are processed or acts are processed, it is difficult for the cities to even start implementing any of these. So some of the recommendations that we are giving to the cities for scalability and replication of these resilience planning is inclusion in national policy to see that the state's buy-in is there to increase or build the capacity of the city, not only of the city officials, but also the community. Awareness and drive is very, very essential because so that the community can demand for themselves and engagement of the community. So developing various forums through which community can come forward and tell the government so that kind of interaction between the government and community has to be established. So that the overall facility that is provided is not only community driven, but it is also taking into account the environmental factors and other you know research inputs from the local people itself. Thank you very much. Thank you, Divya.