 Dear students, in this module we are going to discuss Malthusian Theory of Population Growth. As you can see that Malthusian Theory of Population Growth predicted that the population is growing or growth rate of population is far more higher than the resources available on planet earth to sustain this population. So, he predicted that ultimately this would prove to be a population bomb for the existing resources on the planet earth and on the whole as a consequence the population would collapse. Malthusian Theory of Population Growth developed by Thomas Malthus in the late 18th century posits that population growth will outstrip the food production leading to famine and societal collapse. And he argued that the population growth is exponential while the food production is linear leading to a positive check on population growth through famine, disease and war. If we try to understand this as an example, for example, when two individuals get married and they have four children, then they have eight children and this way the population is multiplied. But when we talk about resources on the other hand, the resources on the planet earth are not increasing in that number, they are not being multiplied in that way. So, Malthus predicted that the population growth will outstrip the existing resources and then there will be a huge famine in the world which will make the population extinct. Malthusian Theory has been criticized for its pessimistic view on human progress and its failure to account for technological innovation and economic development. So, as Malthus predicted, it was not possible because the main reason was that Malthus failed to apprehend future possibilities like innovation or technological advancements. How will that change human life? In fact, it will take a change in the perspective of human beings and their marital life. So, in Pakistan, for example, Malthusian Theory has been used to justify the population control policies including the implementation of family planning programs and the promotion of contraception. In Pakistan, Malthusian Theory was introduced as a fear and this justification was given that if our population growth will not decrease and it will continue to increase, then our resources will soon be extinct and will end. And then at the end of the day, there will be a civil war in which people will fight each other for food and drink, for food and drink, for conflict. So, in a nutshell, they were asked to reduce their population as much as possible so that in the future, sufficient equitable resources can be created. The study of Malthusian Theory is essential for understanding the historical and contemporary debates surrounding the population growth and food production. So, the study of Malthusian Theory requires a multidisciplinary approach incorporating perspectives from sociology, economics, and history. By analyzing the complexities of Malthusian Theory, we can gain a deeper understanding of the ways in which population growth and food production shape the social relationships and impact the individual and collective well-being. Malthusian Theory can also inform policy decisions around the issue, such as resource allocation and environmental sustainability. If we look at this Malthusian Theory and if we still believe on Malthusian Theory, then we will feel that these predictions may be true in the coming days because the way the exponentially population growth is taking place at technological advancements, your fertility rate is falling, but the mortality rate is also going towards declines, and the life expectancy is rising. So, this is why this discussion is present in our time, that Malthusian Theory may prove to be true. In the coming times, the population growth will be exploded and our resources will deplete. So, in a nutshell, what we can conclude is that Malthusian Theory of population growth had a significant impact on population policies in the global countries of the world.