 OK, this is a very general introduction about land use. Obviously, quite a few of you in here, specifically the people that are participating in the session actively, already have that concept in mind. But I think that a lot of people in archaeology are still a little bit trying to focus on what land use means. Actual land use is very easy. After land use, we see in here, for example, for the city of Barcelona, for the internal spray, we are off to Singapore. Actual land use is what kind of allocation use is given to a specific area of land. And in cities that can go from being construction, airport, to industrial, and in bigger areas, it could be grazing, cultivation of different types, extraction industry, and so on. But land use is not something that has happened in the last 100 or 200 years. Land use is something that happened fundamentally since human groups started inhabiting and using what was around them. We have hunting and gathering groups that fundamentally started to modify their environment some way, for instance, to support the growth of species that would be interesting because they are animals, or support the growth of species that are interested in relation to their fruits, or wood, or leaves, and so on. So obviously, the major change in land use happened fundamentally with the full-scale agriculture. And that is when we start seeing the transformation of the vegetation and the origination of the current anthropogenic biomes that we have, and we see all around us today. So this is an important process that happened everywhere. But there is, at the moment, a problem in terms of how the land use is incorporated into what are the dynamic vegetation models. And dynamic vegetation models are models that are interesting and important to understanding the land cover evolution beyond the land use to understand how the cover of our planet has changed over time. And indeed, part of it is also related to human-induced land cover. All these various models at a different level, from landscape model, ecosystem model, global models, and earth system models, they all incorporate models related on how vegetation has changed. And at the moment, they incorporate the most related to how vegetation has changed to a climate change. But there is not much incorporated in relation to how vegetation has changed in response to human-induced change. And also, there is a problem of integrating the various scales. This is a little bit beyond the archaeological side. But it's still important, because also, I think, for archaeology, it's important to look not only at the local or, let's say, continental level, but also at global level. An example of what means of having models and simulations related to the anthropogenic land cover change, then here, an example of three ways that illustrate changes in the vegetation cover at two times 6K and 0.2K, using three different ways of modeling that vegetation. One is the height, taking into consideration at least partially some human activity. The other one is the pay-pay 10, that is a model that takes actually quite an important step to introduce the human activity and also in terms of recent technologies and so on, and reveals, which is based only on pollen data. And what we can see is that the direct comparison is not really possible, because obviously, being different models is not that we can say, OK, this come out in this way or in that way. But still, we can see that the interpretation coming out from the various models is quite different. And so this is already flashing out the problem. And obviously, what makes that difference is how the human input is inserted in this model. Another example of this is the reconstruction of the vegetation cover of most of Europe, or AD 800. I mean, this is not a date very far back in time. So it's a date in which we also have already documents. And so in a sense, it should be easier to gather all that information to have proper reconstruction of the anthropogenic land cover came. But again, four different approaches, four different land covers. And this is a problem. It's not a problem only because it's telling us something different for a specific time in the past. But it's also a problem because this is a way to train the model for using predictive models. And if the training is wrong or if the training is not correct, then there is a problem for the prediction. So in the light of this, the land cover 6K. The land cover 6K is a workgroup of pages, path-lobal changes. There is basically dedicated reconstruction also in land cover and land use across the globe. So it's a global initiative. And it is basically separated into line. The part that interests us more is obviously the land use because beyond the fact of the model that I showed you before, I mean, the land use change also influences many parameters, many variables that are in the model that we use. Hydrology, vegetation, micro-climate. And so as a consequence, it's acting on the regional and global climate. And so that's where the most interest is arising, at least for the wider community. The goals of the working group. Correct and constrain the land cover models, the anthropogenic land cover model. So that's contributing to models, global models, beyond what we have. Aggregated synthesized vegetation and land use data. The first part, the pollen side, has been done already for a few years and is quite well advanced. Where we need to push the work is from the land use side, for the human side. And the next step would be to link the land use and the land cover. At the moment, the two lines are working in parallel and then ideally, at a certain point, the two get together. So the approach is database with construction. And as I was saying, the two are running on separate side, both in terms of databases, but also in terms of construction of model. And then eventually, when they will be linked. As I was saying, land cover. Land cover is based on pollen data. So there is a long tradition on this, has been collected a lot of information. There are internationally recognized data bands that are available and accessible. And there are also models that have been developed in the last few years, like the videos and blog models, videos for global scale, for more local scale, but putting the two together are able to create reconstruction global with the possibility of zooming it into the local. Everything is work on an eight by eight kilometer grid square all over the world. So the world is covered by this grid and all the reconstruction are done at this level. And obviously the direct line of evidence is the past vegetation. Land use is based on archaeological and historical data. So there's a shift in terms of what data we are going to use. And the assessment is done at different level. It's done using multiple criteria, also using judgment expert. And it's iterating and transparent. What we would like to have is a structure that allows you to have the data there for everybody to look at it and to understand how the conclusion has been made on that data. It's falling on base aggregation at the global scale data, and again, using the same grid as the pollen people. So that's for the final scope of putting together the modeling, then we need to have similar constraints and similar baseline. The output would be land use maps and a land use database. That would be available to historical scholar, archaeological historical scholar, and to anybody that really wants to use that. As I was saying, at the moment, there is an incorporation of the land use in the climate model. But we need to improve that. We need to improve that because we still do not understand the relationship between the land use and the land over. So we need to better understand those relationships. And to do that, we need to have an understand of the land use first because we don't have that. We cannot do the next step. And also, this relationship, the way this relationship has been assumed up to now, and I showed you in the previous map, have led at the production of different models, radically different models. And the other thing is very often this assumption has been done by people that are not coming from the social sciences. So there is a problem in that. Because if I'm a model and I stick my finger up in the air, I can do many things. But I'm not sure that many things I can do are really reflecting human behavior. So that's where we are at the moment and what we want to do. So what is the land use side of the land cover group going to do? Understanding and collecting the available data, this is already happening. You will see the presentation from Niki and many others related to Europe today. There is the Amazon going on, the South Asia. There is Andy that wants to present some work on South Asia and many other areas are undergoing. And then the other work that has been done on a higher level is the standardization of the land use framework, producing a guidebook in which there are the definition of the land use. So we need to all agree on how to call things. And also the next step, the data preparation, it will be available soon. There are training courses and online materials. So the people that want to use this are able to understand how to use them. And finally, the production of the bifuramid, final production of this, will be a set of land use maps that can be used in different ways by both the community of the modeler and the community of the archaeologists and the story. And then, hopefully, a dynamic data repository that will be open to people that want to use it. The standardization process that I was saying before, one of the work is to use land use categories that can be used to identify and classify the way people use land in the past all over the world. So this is just an extract of what is going on. But the level one categories, which are the highest level, are quite broad. And obviously, the more you go down, the more this category starts to be subdivided. Using something that you will see much better later on, because it's one of the best maps to use up to now. So the Europe group has been doing a lot of work. And so the idea is that you have to produce maps that fundamentally will gather together all this data that has been published and data that is also great data, data that is in the drawers of people. And they can be put into this. What is the relevance for archaeology? Empirical Raker of Human Earth, discussion of data at different scale, heritage, first and traditional landscape, diversity of experience in life ways, and rich understanding of material culture. So there are many reasons why I think we should have this. And why effectively archaeology, beyond the fact that we have an interest, why archaeology should be involved in this, because we will be able to learn more because there will be more collaboration outside the community of archaeology. But also, and most important for me, is also this. Other communities are already using archaeological data, often without really understanding or really using in the right way. And so I think we should be involved in that, and we should have a voice in that, and we should be there. So that's the land power 6K land use dynamics. And part of the presentation of today will show what has been going on on this. And I hope that the others are going to bring in new data, new interest on this kind of a dynamics. Thank you.