 We, shoyro run baupendo, i ti mumoy lehidi tsmaskina beloz bobao, i mi baashasnu lo shmavarchivo el o terzhon maho. I, it's such a small shmavo, yet it's used all the time because it separates sentences from each other. You might have heard a few of them in the introduction. Listen again. We, shoyro run baupendo, i ti mumoy lehidi tsmaskina beloz bobao, i mi baashasnu lo shmavarchivo el o terzhon maho. The reason for i is that a breedy is at minimum a celbre, and if you have Sumti following the celbre, and then start another breedy with a Sumti, there's no way to know that the Sumti starting the next breedy isn't continuing the previous breedy. So that's why you need E. Note that also it doesn't end a breedy or start a breedy, but separates a breedy. So it's not correct to use E before the first sentence in a document or a speech or whatever. It separates breedy, and the first sentence isn't being separated from anything that came before it. Put another way, E terminates a breedy and starts a new breedy. E is a shmavo in the celmaho E, and is the only member of that celmaho. There are a lot of celmaho like that. Celmaho are grammatical categories, and often there are shmavo that serve a single purpose, so they get a celmaho all for themselves. With that out of the way, let's talk about connectives. Remember way back in the first video I talked about being a black and white cat, and how you couldn't use zhe between black and white because that would mean being simultaneously a black cat and a white cat. Zhe is an example of a connective. Zhe is what is called a Tanru afterthought connective. Afterthought connectives are connectives that occur after the first word being joined, as in black and white. Whereas a forethought connective is a word that comes before the things being joined. The closest English has is both black and white, but in lujban the word both would already indicate that the connective is and, so you wouldn't need and, but instead some word that just separates the things being joined. Okay, there are four major connectives that are marked by vowels. These are a, e, o, and u. They mean inclusive or, and, if and only if, and whether or not. I think the simplest form of connectives are for sumti. So suppose I want to say that I talk to a cat and to John simultaneously. And now to include you in the conversation. Going back to the first example, I can negate the first part. I talk not to a cat and to John. Or I can negate the second part. I talk to a cat and not to John. Or I can negate both. I talk not to a cat and not to John. With forethought connectives, we would have this. I talk both to a cat and to John. So for sumti, the forethought schmavo is g plus the vowel for the connective. And g is the separator. But connectives only connect to sumti. So you can't just add g, do to add you. You'd need something like I talk to both a cat and both to John and to you. In this case, it means the same as I talk to a cat to John and to you. To negate any part of a forethought connective, add nai to it. I talk both not to a cat and to John. I talk both to a cat and not to John. I talk neither to a cat nor to John. Just as we did with sumti, we can use connectives for whole breedy. For afterthought connectives, we just add j plus the vowel right after e. I talk to a cat and I talk to John. As with plain old e, prefix z with na to negate the first breedy and suffix with nai to negate the second. I talk to a cat and I don't talk to John. Not really. And I also don't talk to John. Just as with sumti, there are forethought connectives. But instead of using e, we just use g plus the vowel and gi with whole breedy. Both I talk to a cat and I talk to John. Often the x1 sumti of two breedy are going to be the same. The cell breed plus all of its trailing sumti is called the breedy tail and we have connectives for breedy tails. There are only afterthought connectives for breedy tails and they use gi plus apostrophe plus the vowel. So, mi tavla la John gi hem la tu. I talk to John and I am a cat. Well in that case, mi lachmo fijo le farna la John gi hem la tu. I meow in the direction of John and I am a cat. Fijo is a modal tag that turns the next cell breed into a modal tag itself. Fijo se farna means in the direction of. Tanru afterthought connectives use gi plus the vowels. So, ja, je, jo, and ju. Mi hekri, je ma pram la tu. I am a black and fuzzy cat. And Tanru forethought connectives use gu plus apostrophe plus the vowel. Mi gu hekri, gi ma pram la tu. I am both a black and a fuzzy cat. We can sum things up in this nice table. Now, you might be tempted to translate something like this. Mi tavla pram la tu. I je nai mi tavla la John. I talk to a cat, but I don't talk to John. That is not the correct translation. By using but, you're pointing out a contrast and there is a way to do that in Lojban. Mi tavla pram la tu. I cu he na mi tavla la John. I talk to a cat, but I don't talk to John. Cuhi is a discursive, meaning but, or however, or in contrast. Discursives are often attached to e so that they apply to the whole breedy, but they can also be applied to individual words, as in na mi cu he tavla la John. I, however, don't talk to John. Here we're emphasizing that I'm not the one talking to John, but maybe someone else is. Here are some other fun discursives. Li ha mi tavla la ma la tu. Obviously, I talk to cats. I so hon nai mi tavla la ma la tu. Seriously, I talk to cats. I ta ho ji ha la ma la tu su tavla mi. By the way, also, cats talk to me. I ji ho shuhi na mi fenki. I swear, I'm not crazy. You can read all about connectives in the complete Lojban language, chapter 14, linked down below. Uhu, sesre ra. Thanks to commenter Ace Gravity for this one. Can you tell what's wrong here? Lo nu la tu k kri nu, lo nu la internet. Cats are the justification for the internet. What's wrong is that nu takes a breedy, and la internet is not a breedy. If you plug this into the parser, it would break. So how should we fix this? Zasty, X1 exists, could be used. Lo nu la tu k kri nu, lo nu la internet, zasty. Cats are the justification for the internet existing. Or this. Lo nu la tu k kri nu, lo nu mu zhe sam sel chana. Cats are the justification for the internet. Mu zhe sam sel chana is a lugevo that essentially comes from a tanru for a universe computer network. Also noted by the same commenter in the table of numbers from video three, I mistyped 7 as za. It should be ze. In these five videos, I've covered a ton of stuff, and you can probably start creating your own Lojban sentences from here, remembering to get all the details from the official grammar pages, link down below, and the online dictionary, link also below. In the next video, I'll take a short break from explaining Lojban and show how I'll try translating the second sentence in the Hobbit. It's a fairly long prose sentence, so I'm looking forward to breaking it down. In the meantime, if there's a category of grammar you'd like to hear about, leave a comment and I'll consider it for the sixth video.