 Terima kasih banyak, Pak Harry. Selamat pagi semua. Sekarang saya mahu bercakap dengan anda tentang bagaimana perubahan kerajaan terbang dan perubahan air mengalami emisi gas greenhouse di Jambi. Kenapa kita melakukan perubahan di Jambi? Sebab kita tahu dari Margonoetal 2012, perubahan kerajaan terbang tinggi di sana. Dan juga daripada perubahan itu, biasanya perubahan kerajaan terbang di perubahan air dan perubahan air kerana perubahan kerajaan terbang tinggi dan itu sebabnya perubahan kerajaan mahu mengubahnya. Dan dari data, kita tahu bahawa banyak perubahan kerajaan terbang, sebahagian jauh, 67% bernasibuk ke perak, dan seluruhnya bernasibuk ke perubahan kerajaan. Selain jauh, untuk perubahan kerajaan, banyak perubahan kerajaan terbang ke perubahan kerajaan. Sebahagian jauh perubahan kerajaan terbang terbang. We run these experiments in the five different land use system which are forests and then disturb forests and then young rubber plantations, one year rubber plantations and then 20 years old rubber plantations and 8 years old oil pump plantations. We focus on the small holders plantations. All of the plantations have never been fertilized before but because we also want to quantify the effect of the intensification so we applied an fertilizer during these experiments. The rate is about 33 kg per hectare which is quite low compared with the actual practice that usually have done by the farmers. They usually applied 141 kg per hectare per year. We have two kind of measurements. We have monthly measurements and then focus in oil pump plantations. We have the intensive measurements following the fertilizer application. We found that there is no land use effect regarding all of the greenhouse gas emission that we assess. I think I should explain that we measuring nitrous oxide, methane and carbon dioxide. To value dust chains but statistically they are not significant. From here we highlight that probably in the condition when there is no intensive high addition and fertilizer to the plantation. Actually the greenhouse gas emission is not changed much. But in the oil pump plantations when we start to apply the fertilizer and we quantify the annual fluxes rate, we found that the emission factor is about 3.2% which is quite high compared with the actual emission factor from the IPCC. If I'm not wrong it's about 1.1%. It means that if we apply and continue to increase the dosage following the common fertilizer application, for it's 141 kg n applied in the plantation, the emission will be about 4.4 kg nitrous oxide per hectare per year. Dan if the fertilizer application was doubled then it's increased. It means that there is potential danger here if we make this non-intensive plantation become more intensive. Regarding with the environmental variable, we found that N2O fluxes more related to the environmental variable that change by the change of the land cover such as N from the standing litter and then at temperature and then interesting it's also related with the termite as well. So the closer distance from the chamber measurement to the next mount the emission will be higher. Why we also quantify the effect of termites? Because in our sites we found quite high termite population. Regarding with the methane, the clay is the most important environmental variable which affect the methane. But if we look more detail in oil pump plantation, we found the strong relationship between the availability with the methane fluxes. So the higher ammonium in the soil, the lower methane emission that we will find. And regarding with the carbon dioxide, we found that soil CN ratio and then the next population have the strong relationship with the annual carbon dioxide. For me, that's all the results that I can share with you. Thank you very much. It's very surprising that the conversion from forest, I don't know how good or how bad forest to the small scale agriculture doesn't affect a lot. Or significantly the greenhouse gas emission in term of nitrous oxide, carbon dioxide and methane. So we are allowed to convert forest to agriculture, small scale. In term of without contributing to the global warming. So I invite comments, question. Thank you. This is an interesting study. I wonder whether you measure emission only from soil. Do you also consider emission or sequestration from the plants? Thank you very much for the question. For this study, yes, we only focus on the soil emission. And we didn't compile and calculate the emission and the stock from the trees in this study. But I did the measurement of the three carbon stock as well, but it's not compiled in this paper yet. So mostly coming from the soil emission. Thank you, Fitri. It's a very interesting presentation and research results. Recently in C4, maybe this sort of research is quite rare that we can find. I'm interested when you say that if you increase the amount of fertilizer or composition of fertilizers to the plants, it will also have effect to the greenhouse emissions. So what is the result of the fertilizer applications that you find from your research? In this study, we didn't focus to find the best fertilizer application, the sales for the oil plantations. But I think that should be our next focus to find the thread of between how many and fertilizer that we should apply in the soil to get the good productivity. But still regarding with the greenhouse gas emission, we get the acceptable emission. So will be kind of a thread of between productivity or... Yes, but in this experiment, we don't have the experiment with the different doses of the fertilizer. Any comment? Small scale, not the large scale. Small scale is okay, not the large scale. Christine, do you have a question? Hi, thank you very much. It was very interesting. Actually what you just mentioned is exactly the question I want to ask. So you're talking about small scale, but you're doing an experimental sort of application. It suggests that this is what small scale would do, but it's not the same as what large scale. I'd like to know why this is about small scale and not about fertilizer application to oil plantations in general. Is there something specific about your research that would be only applicable to small scale and not to large scale, or are we talking about in any size, say, plantation? Ya, we focus on the small holder's plantation, in the small scale's plantation because we predict that in the future it will increase the amount of the local villagers or the farmers, the local farmers who are interested in plant the oil pump. So that is why then we want to assess the effect about how they apply fertilizer and the effect to the greenhouse gas emission. And besides that, regarding with the recent studies, we found that it's still quite rare to assess the effect of the land use change from the forest to the small scale plantation. That's why you focus on the small scale because there's not much study related to the small scale. So, is there something specifically about it? I mean, do you expect small holder to apply fertilizer in a different way or to clear land in a different way from how large scale? I'm just wondering why this is applicable to small scale and not to large scale, your particular experiment? Ya, because in this small scale when they don't have money, they will never apply fertilizer they think they have, you know, for them that's okay as far as they can harvest the palm fruit, they get the money they don't need to pay money to buy the fertilizer but no, around them there are large company which have really good land management and apply the fertilizers and some of the small holders start to practice it and so we want to see if in the condition when they never apply fertilizer and then they start to apply it So, what is the effect, what is the trend? Is it the same like if the small holder which has a really good land management and they have a continuous fertilizer application in the land, do they have a different? Of course for this step we cannot compare directly with the large scale because it's still in the beginning, in the study Okay, thank you Any more comments? Of course Not a comment but another question I wonder if you can maybe comment about the forest because you have also some studies I will be interested to understand your results in Pasir Mayang, for instance The distant forest that we our distant forest in Pasir Mayang is in the succession period when we did the measurement so it was locked in the past but now it start to recovery and in term of the tree diversity I can say that about 80% of the tree species in the natural forest are there in the distant forest as well but in term of the tree biomass the natural forest still has a higher tree biomass compare the distant forest So it's not on the pristine forest but 80% of the species in the distant forest in Pasir Mayang No, unfortunately, all of them are gone because soon after I finish the experiment then the pristine forest and the distant forest has been converted to the small holder rubber plantation It's not because your recommendation, right? No Okay, any more comments? Yes, Adi? Terima kasih Saya berminat tentang kawasan di atas bila-bila kawasan mineral atau kawasan pitland dan apa yang berbeza dari kawasan emisi dari kawasan soal? Terima kasih Perlua ini diperkenalkan di kawasan emisi jadi kami hanya fokus pada kawasan emisi ada satu kumpulan yang berlaku di kawasan pitland juga yang berbeza dalam termasuk methan di kawasan pit kerana mereka berlaku di kawasan kawasan kawasan jadi mereka akan mengambil methan yang lebih tinggi dan biasanya di kawasan masing-masing seperti di kawasan mineral kawasan masing-masing seperti kawasan sing tetapi dalam kawasan kita ia menarik dari kawasan 5 kawasan kawasan dua kawasan emisi methan itu sebabnya kita juga mempunyai termasuk methan kerana dari kawasan literatural termasuk salah satu kawasan yang mempunyai methan ke kawasan tentang n2o itu sangat bergantung jika pitland mempunyai aplikasi kawasan tetapi saya rasa mereka akan mempunyai n2o dan kawasan kawasan kawasan dengan kawasan mineral kerana mereka mempunyai kawasan kawasan dalam kawasan organik okey lagi okey mari kita mempunyai aplikasi kawasan untuk kawasan