 Mae IID's work in relation to the Convention on Biological Diversity has focused on Article 8J, which deals with the protection of traditional knowledge, innovations and practices of Indigenous peoples and local communities. So, the key focus of our work has been on how to protect traditional knowledge in accordance with customary laws, rather than in accordance with Western intellectual property models such as patents. We wanted to find alternative ways which are in line with the customary laws of Indigenous and local communities. So, our research was conducted in five countries in 11 different ethnic groups and based on that, we were able to inform the Convention's guidance for parties on how to protect traditional knowledge based on customary laws. That work has also led us to develop a new concept, a concept of biocultural heritage, which essentially focuses on the links between traditional knowledge, biodiversity, landscapes, cultural and spiritual values and customary laws. These linkages come from the Indigenous world view, but through our research we found that they're also there in practice. The problem with the CBD policy arena is that it separates traditional knowledge, which is owned by communities, and the genetic resources are national sovereignty, so governments really tend to appropriate them as national ownership. For communities, genetic resources like crops and medicinal plants are really important for survival and they've developed them and improved them over generations. So, the lack of ownership over these resources is a problem for them. So, through the concept of biocultural heritage, we are trying to get governments to recognise the rights of Indigenous and local communities over not just traditional knowledge but the associated genetic resources and biodiversity.