 Today my topic will be pandas and red pandas from the animal names in Yardz to the etymology of panda in different languages. So you may have the question what is Yardz and what is the language speaking there. So here's the content today and before going into our topic I would like to show you a video about the background of Yardz because you can have a concept of how the Yardz people are living and how Yardz people are speaking. So now I believe all of us have known how the people in Yardz are living a life with a very close relationship with like the nature, the environment and wild animals including pandas. So we can have a look at the background of Yardz. So where is Yardz? Here we can see a map of Sichuan. So we can see Yardz in the middle which is in Baoxing County, Yan Profecture. And I did a field work last summer in Yardz. So here are some photos that took in the field. We can see the houses in the mountains and we can also see the Yardz people. They are dancing and singing with their own clothes. And I also saw some animals in the fields like the cow, the yak. And here we can see a monkey in the mountain. Looks very cute. And now we know that there are many wild animals in the farm. And we may also know that Sichuan is always caught as the hometown of pandas maybe. But maybe no one knows where was the first panda discovered. So we can have a look of a story of the first discovery of pandas. In the 19th century, a French missionary, Arman David, he discovered panda in Dengchi, Baoxing County, which is right next to Yardz, which means that the people living there are also using this local language Yardz. And it is the first time that the outside world became aware of this kind of species. And in 1869, David, he sent back a fur and skeletal specimen to France. So here we can see this specimen. And also, David, he had a record of panda. And we will come back to this story later. And we will have a look of this record in detail. So I will also talk about something about Yardz language. So what is this kind of Yardz language? Actually, it is a situ dialect in the Garnik branch in the Central Tibetan language family. So if you remember Shria speech, you will also know something about Garnik languages. So I will also talk a little bit because Garnik languages are very special for their very complex phonological and morphological systems. And here I want to show you the Yardz phonological system. So there are like 40 consonants and six vowels. And I think what is also special for Yardz is that Yardz language has many animal terms that are not found in other Garnik languages. For example, it has many rare animals, such as the woodpecker, the tag king, because we know that because of Yardz's environment, it is home to many rare wild animals. And what I want to focus on today is that the Yardz language is the only one language found in Garnik language family, which has the word for panda and red panda, which they will call it as the gongbrong and red. So we may have the question that why only Yardz has these two animal terms? Because we can have a look of these two distribution maps for pandas and red pandas. So we know that pandas and red pandas only inhabited in the right areas. So we know in Sichuan, both pandas and red pandas inhabited the transitional zone between mountains and plains. So now if we have a look of the Garnik language distribution map, we can notice that Yardz is spoken in the southernmost part of the Garnik language distribution area, which is right at the transitional zone between mountains and plains. So we know that only Yardz people can have the chance to look at these two kinds of animals. And now we may have more questions. For example, why in Yardz, we use two different words, the gongbrong and red, to totally different pronunciation for panda and red panda. But why in English, we use panda and red panda to similar names for these two different animals? And why in other languages, in other Santa Tibetan languages, for example, in Chinese, we use xiongma and xiaoxiongma for these two different animals? And how do people speaking different languages regard these two animals? Will people regard these as two similar animals? Or will people see the mass to totally different animals? So firstly, I want to say something about the etymology of this, the gongbrong in Yardz. So now we know that Yardz people will call panda as the gongbrong. But what does it mean? Actually, the gong means bear and brong means wet. So this term for bear, the gong in Yardz is also a cognate in Santa Tibetan language family. For example, in other Garant languages in Brock bar, it is called the warm. In style, it is called wet. And in Tibetan, it is called something like dong. And in Chinese, it is reconstructed as like warm in old Chinese by big star ncr. And so we can know that panda is seen as a type of bear with red color in Yardz. But what about red panda? Red panda is called red. So we know that panda and red panda are seen as two completely different animals, because there is no connection for them for naming them. And I think that is very valuable for Yardz, because in most modern languages, the term for red panda has not been preserved, but Yardz has preserved it. For example, in Red and Tibetan, it is not called as a be la dong chun, something like that, which means a small cat bear. And in Mandarin, it is called xiao chun ma. We know it is also a compound. And in modern Nepali, it is called rato panda. So I think only Yardz has preserved this kind of animal name. And here I want to say something about the etymology of panda in other Tibetan languages for more resources. So we know apart from Yardz, the term for panda is only found in few Chanic and Loloish languages. For example, in Mianchi Chanic, it is called dip shi, which means bear and wet. And in Liangshan Loloish, it is called something also like wet bear. And we know that we have a master here who is specializing in Chanic in Loloish language. Really? So, okay, okay. So if you have more information about how the Loloish people are calling this, okay, thanks. And so we know in these languages in Tibetan-Berman languages, pandas are always regarded as a type of bear just like Yardz. But we may think that why don't English just use a compound like black and white bear to describe this kind of animal. So we can have a look of the etymology of panda in English. So actually, the English term panda is borrowed from French. So in 1848, it appeared when an ethnologist, he documented his discovery of red panda in Nepal. And he also recorded the local name for the red panda as this Ngoia Ponya, something like this. And the English term panda originates from the later part of the local name Ngoia Ponya. And this word refers to the red panda at first, but now the giant panda we know now. But we may think that what does this word, this Ngoia Ponya mean in the local language? And what is this local language? Is it a kind of Nepali language? Or is it another language? So if we search this question in Google, we may get an explanation, which is that the term Ngoia Ponya comes from Nepali, where the first part means bamboo and the later part means cloud. For example, we can see the word for bamboo in Nepali is Bonsa, and the word for cloud is Ponya. So we can notice that this word for cloud Ponya looks very like this Ponya. But we can also see a very significant difference in pronunciation between the Nepali words for bamboo, this Bonsa, and this Ngoia. So I think it cannot explain the origin of the term Ngoia Ponya. And I also want to mention here is that Nepali is an Indo-European language, so that is why Bonsa looks very like this bamboo. And now if we have a look in Tibetan languages, we can see there are the terms Mugma for bamboo and Ponya for messenger. So this term for the red panda Ngoia Ponya looks more like Tibetan instead of Nepali. So I think this term seems to be derived from a Tibetan language spoken in Nepal. For example, we can know that Sherba, a kind of Tibetan language spoken in Nepal, the term for bamboo is Mugma, which I think it sounds more like this Ngoia. And because of this question, I also asked Dr. Tim, who is very specializing in Himalayan languages, and he said that there is no Ngoia Ponya using all this in Nepal, and it cannot be derived from Nepali. It might come from Tamangic, or other Tibetan languages, because he is very good at Tamangic. He said that the word structure looks very like a Tamangic language. And so I think this term Ngoia Ponya is not derived from Nepali, where it would be bamboo claw, but rather from a sign of Tibetan language, especially a Tibetan language spoken in Nepal, where it would mean bamboo messengers or something like that. So now we know instead of panda, the red panda was discovered earlier by the western word and panda in English is from the local term Ngoia Ponya. And I also want to mention something about the scientific name here, because we will use it very soon. And the scientific name for the red panda is named as Aloros fulgens, and Aloros means cat and fulgens means shining. I'm not very good at biology, but I can say something about the scientific name. We know that every recognized animal is given a two-part scientific name, made up of a generic name and specific name, and they are often descriptive, and they have traditionally been based on Latin or Greek roots. So I know nothing about Latin or Greek, so if you know how to pronounce these animal terms, these scientific names, please correct me. And now we may think, how is the naming of the red panda connected to the naming of panda in English? We come back to the story at first. So in 1869, the French missionary, he discovered panda in Sichuan, and at that time he gave panda a scientific name, which means white and black bear. So we can know that panda was firstly seen as black and white bear by him and also, just like in Jersey or in other Tibetan or Burma languages, all the people at that time were thinking that panda is a kind of bear. But what happened next? In 1870, after the skeletal specimen of the panda was sent back to France, a French zoologist, he saw that the features of the panda were very similar to those of the red panda. For example, both of them have a kind of, we call it as both thong. So he changed the scientific name of panda to another one, which is something like white and black-footed cat. So from then on, panda and red panda were considered as two similar animals. And in English, the term panda could refer to both the giant panda and the red panda. And also because of the increasing frame of the giant panda, the English term panda is more commonly used to refer to the giant panda rather than the red panda. And this understanding in English has also been transmitted in many other languages, especially some modern languages such as, we can see, Chinese, we use xiong mao and xiao xiong mao. And in modern Nepali, we also use panda and trato panda. So that is why in many other languages, panda and red panda are regarded as similar animals because of the English influence. And we may also have a look of the etymology of xiong mao in Chinese. Now we know that in modern Chinese, we use xiong mao and xiao xiong mao. But in old Chinese, the term for panda was more, which can be reconstructed as murak by yun zin qi. And so in shu wen jiezi, shu wen jiezi, which is a traditional like dictionary. So Xu xian said that murak looks very like bear, yellow and black in color comes from shu, which is the region of the present Sichuan. And in commentary on Shan Haijin, Guo Pu said that it looks like bear with black and white color and its copper and iron. So we can see panda was seen as a very different species from bear. But in addition to murak, panda was also referred to as bai bao, which means white leopards in old Chinese. Because like in Pre-Qin, in Aria, we can also see something like murak bai bao, more white leopards. So I think this is very interesting for us to know because panda was called white leopards and was considered a type of leopard that looks like bear but not a kind of bear. And in modern Chinese, we know that the term used for panda is shu mo, which means bear cat, and it borrowed the scientific name of panda. And how about the red panda in old Chinese? In old Chinese, the term for red panda might be this twi, but I'm not very sure because there is not enough resources. And we can see in Aria, it is said that twi, it looks like small bear and its fur is yellow. So we can see red panda is considered a different species but looks like small bear. So now we know that in modern Chinese, the term used for red panda is shu mo, small bear cat. And modern Chinese also borrowed the English term panda for the red panda. And we have known that because of the interchangeability of terms for panda and red panda in English, a similar situation has also occurred in modern Chinese and also in many modern languages. So finally, it's a conclusion. So now we know that panda and red panda, these two terms in English are from a Tibetan language, where they would call it as Ngoia Pongya, which means bamboo messenger. And in Chinese, we will use shu mo and shu mo also to similar terms for these two animals. And so in Yazi, we will use the gong bro and red to very different terms for these two different animals. So similar to other Tibetan language, in Yazi, panda is seen as a type of bear. And in Yazi, red panda is seen as a separated animal. And in English, panda and red panda are seen as two similar animals. And in old Chinese, panda and red panda are seen as two unrelated animals. And in modern Chinese, they are seen as two similar animals because of the English. So we now know that Yazi language has preserved many animal terms that are either absent or lost in modern languages, because Yazi is the home to many rare wild animals because it's a unique location and environment. So that is all for my presentation today. And I would like to thank to Irish Research Council for supporting. Thanks.