 So, hi friends, we are going to see August 2021 Yojana title public administration. So, in that topic, in that Yojana, we are going to see three topics. One is dynamics of civil services, probability in governance, reforms in civil services. The first title is dynamics of civil services. First, we need to understand the term civil services. So, civil services is a group of employees who are in permanent character working for the government. A very basic understanding of the term civil services. So, it will be easy for your understanding of the article. So, we call them populist civil servant bureaucrats, correct? So, very basic understanding of civil servant is a permanent official working for the government. So, here the title is dynamics of civil services and we can go with paragraph one. So, paragraph two and we have points, we put that as paragraph three, all the points. First and foremost thing is the first paragraph there is a name of a thinker, Max Weber. So, Max Weber was a German thinker who studied about civil service especially the term bureaucracy. So, he classified three types of authority. One is traditional authority. So, traditional authority. Next thing is charismatic authority and last one is rational legal authority, national legal authority. So, what is authority means legitimate power. So, in any given society or any given institution there will be an individual who is able to influence others that you call it as authority very basic understanding. So, if you are able to influence others in doing something or to achieve a goal, so that we call it as authority very basic common man understanding. So, that is called legitimate power. So, in this there are three types of authority given by Max Weber. One is traditional authority charismatic authority and legal rational authority. So, and the examples are given. So, when you say go for traditional authority. So, in our Indian society we can see that royal families are good example of traditional authority. So, they got that position of authority based on lineage, bloodline that is one type of authority. Charismatic authority is based on individual charisma that is called charismatic authority mostly we can see that in Sini world we have fan followings that is based on charisma based on movie charisma we follow certain movie stars that is called charismatic authority they are able to influence the people and last one is legal rational authority that is what Max Weber always suggests for government. So, if someone want to be an authority that should be based on legal rational character. So, legal rational character they are given some points. So, first thing is so it is objective and rational we will see all these things objective and rational legal rational means objective and rational. So, what is objective and rational means under legal rational authority anyone is a leader right now take example of India or take example of a district collector SP they all come under legal rational authority they are more objective and rational what is more objective and rational means any of their decisions of a district collector or an SP as a common one we have experience of seeing them and interacting with them their decisions are entirely based on what we call it as objective and objectivity and rationality objectivity means entirely based on information and analysis. So, the other side of that thing is decisions based on emotions. So, mostly in legal rational authority Max Weber suggest that any decision maker that is nothing but any authority a person who enjoys the authority will make the decisions based on information and analysis. So, better way of saying this is right now we can see corona pandemic situations if you are a district collector what is the next step need to be done you go through a report you go through world health organization reports government ministry of health reports then based on the findings of a district you make a decision that is called objectivity and rationality very basic thing. So, in that they have given some basic characters one is formal selection and promotion that is given in paragraph 2. So, there will be a selection and promotion selection and promotion return rules we will just list out all these things hierarchical structure hierarchical structure specialization I will list out and explain all these points to give a basic understanding of civil service then we can understand the other articles of this Yojana professionalism career orientation. So, these are the points these are the character what Max Weber says for a civil services one is selection and promotion is entirely based on merit. So, right now we can see Indian civil service examination is based on merit based selection you need to clear the examination anyone can write the examination if you clear the examination you are given the services that is a merit based selection to understand this process we need to compare with the other authorities it can be a traditional authority or charismatic authority where merit is not given importance right now if you are in a royal family you are given a position based on birth not based on your merit just for understanding purpose. So, legal rational authority first important aspect is selection and promotion is based on merit the next thing is all the actions in legal rational authority is based on return rules. So, if you take example of our Indian civil services you can see that officials always quoting that as per rules. So, if you are an authority your actions in civil services is not based on your likes and dislikes it is entirely based on rules what the rule says you want to follow it it has a negative impact also we will see that the next thing is hierarchical structure what is hierarchical structure means the entire civil service have levels of authority. So, if you take state district level it start with the district collector and it is ends at the lowest level of VAO village administrative officer that is called hierarchy levels of authority this is all given by Max Weber. The next thing is specialization and division of labor and responsibilities right now if you take an Indian civil service there are various services we have administrative services, police services, revenue services this is a good example of specialization to run a government there should be a person who are very good in policing and official that there should be a person who is very good in revenue there should be a person who is very good in audit. So, these are specialization so that is what Max Weber also says for legal rational authority there is a specialization. The next thing is professionalism so every job have a professional character right now if you take police services that is a reason for training why after getting into services once you got into the list there is a training for two and a half years especially for IAS, IPS and all because they want to create this professional character in you if you are in a police service officer they want to imbibe the professionalism in you as officer how you want to behave how you want to be a professional so right from your physical mental attitude and your body language all are being trained to match the professionalism. So, that is another most important character and then is career orientation so another most important character of this legal rational civil services your entire professional career can be spent in that organization so that is another reason why you want to get into civil services once you get into civil services another 30 years you can be in the job when you compare traditional authority or charismatic authority that is not a possibility. So, when now there is a change in power assume that whenever a new king comes into the throne he will throw away all the official because even though previous king may be a father the new king thinks that these officials are loyal to my father they will not be loyal to me so they will throw it out similarly charismatic authority but if you take India as an example whenever there is a change in the leadership either it can be a prime minister or chief minister you can see that civil servant is not losing a job that is called career orientation so that is another most important character of civil services so this is all given by Max Weber what makes civil services especially when you say civil service means legal rational civil services okay and there are some issues in it based on this character there are some issues in that we will see paragraph 1 and also we have some paragraph 2 aspect so what the issue is this is given by Lord Acton so Lord is a term which is always given for people in UK so the bureaucracy of UK can be related to India also because the bureaucracy of civil services what we have in India is nothing but what left by Britishers because Britishers ruled India for 200 years so they created administrative structure which we are using right now so what are the things said for UK can also be applied for India that is the reason why we are seeing this so he says power corrupts absolute power corrupts absolutely this is the most important term we need to relate so power corrupts and absolute power corrupts absolutely so what we need to understand from this term is from the statement is what Lord Acton says this is related to civil services we know that we have an authority authority is nothing but legitimate power so when we say this legitimate power what Lord Acton says one of the negative impact of civil services once you give a person a power or an authority right now assume if you are a district collector there are greater chance that that can end in corruption so what is corruption is very lame and understanding misusing your authority that is called corruption what are the example of misusing the authority means so take a situation once you get into civil services as an IAS officer as a district collector government provides you a car that is for official purpose for your official transportation you need to use the car but if that is used for your personal reasons or family reasons that is called corruption very basic understanding so that is what Lord Acton says power corrupts so there are greater chance that if a person is given power corruption will happen absolute power corrupts absolutely what the next statement says is if that power is absolute absolute means assume that he is given all the power in the organization and there is a greater chance that absolute corruption can happen that power can be entirely misused for their own well-being so that is a statement we need to understand a great way of understanding this is so we can see that right now taking in international affairs right now what is happening in Russia where Russian president is considered to be the most ultimate power absolute power and there are reports saying that he is misusing his power for his personal likes so that can be absolute corruption so that statement we can relate with civil service also so and so another statement is also given saying that responsibility without power so responsibility so responsibility without power I will say all this things responsibility without power without outcome and that is failure to achieve the goal so now other extreme is other extreme is as he said that power can corrupt the system if you give too much of power to civil servant ultimately that can results in corruption based on that fear if you are not giving power ultimately what happens this next statement says responsibility without power what is responsibility means as a civil servant they need to do lot of activities for the welfare of the society for those activities they need to have a power they need to have some authority if that authority is not given ultimately what happens the civil service cannot achieve the goals because they are not the decision maker so they need to do lot of activities but if they are not the decision maker means ultimately the process gets slowed and organization or civil service cannot reach the goals so that is the next statement so there should be a fine balance between how to give the power and how to balance the outcome so power should not corrupt and also ultimately power should be right enough to achieve the goals so that is what striking a balance and Indian civil service they always try to strike the balance so that is given in paragraph one and paragraph two so professionalism so we saw that one of the important character of civil service is professionalism so professionalism so it consists of four important characters one is uniformity neutrality efficiency and anonymity I will say all these words what are all this stands for so right now if you are in civil services what are the most important professional characters these three four these four characters uniformity neutrality efficiency and anonymity what is uniformity means as a civil servant in a society you want to make sure that everyone is treated uniform there is no differences that is called uniformity so you should not see the people in various perspectives or various lenses so take example of India India has so much of diversity based on religion caste gender so if you are in civil service you want to make sure that everyone is a equal for you everyone is the Indian citizen you should not differentiate them okay what is neutrality if you are in civil services make sure that you are not politically aligned you can have a political orientation so you can as an otter you have an opinion about a party beyond that otter you should not be in civil services supporting a party so that's called neutrality the next thing is efficiency efficiency is nothing but how effectively you are using the public resources so it's more about quantity terms efficiency says that if a government money is given to you how efficiently using that money to get the outputs so that's called efficiency and finally anonymity anonymity is the most important character of a civil services whatever you achieve you cannot take the credit that's called anonymity so these are some of the most important professional character of civil services so this is the basic background of what civil services in this article so it will be easy for us to understand the other articles a next article is probity in governance so so what is governance means in any society especially for development how decisions are made that is called governance okay very basic understanding and what is probity means so probity is nothing but how you follow the value systems especially moral values in that decision making process that's called probity in governance this is the most important thing for a civil servant okay so in that we go for paragraph one paragraph two paragraph three and paragraph four so paragraph one so there's a term called ethics so in probity we have ethics so so ethics is nothing but set of standards so if you are in civil services there are certain principles or standards which we need to follow that's called ethics and where it helps us helps to guide the behavior choices actions so this seems to be very philosophical to understand so what is ethics is set of principles you need to follow in civil services why you need to follow the set of principles is which helps your behavior so if you are a civil servant how you want to behave then how you want to make your choices so he has a civil servant to solve a problem there will be different choices in front of you so you want to choose one that is being guided by this ethical values our next thing is actions how you want to put your choices into actions again that comes the ethics so that is called our value systems to give out to understand all this thing is assume that you are a person you never want to support corruption so you always stand with the value of integrity so that comes a concept of behavior so as a civil servant you are a person who never accepts money so you have a very good behavior choices so choice is nothing but if you are allocating a tender you are going to allocate the tender based on merit not based on corruption and actions ultimately you can see that all your actions in civil services guided by this integrity not influenced based on money especially corrupt money so that is the importance of ethics so it is a multi-dimensional governed by the value system of the society and this value systems so I said ethics is a set of principles and values this values is influenced by a lot of other aspects rights obligations rights obligation fairness so these are some of the values which influence the ethics and ethics in civil service is multi dimensional multi-dimensional means there are various factors contributing for the ethics so they have given some of the things it can be a right on obligation law says what need to be done rights it can be human rights or rights given in the constitution fairness virtues correct so all this have a biggest role in determining the ethics and another thing is ethics and property is the cornerstone of public administration so ethics right now we saw and what is this property is nothing but high with moral values so all this combination makes the foundation stone for public administration so when you are running a civil services it should be entirely based on ethics and property property is nothing but high moral values so without that if you creating any civil services it is always going to fail so that is going in paragraph one next thing is paragraph two so in paragraph two they have given some examples so right now to promote ethics in administration so they have given some examples in countries like UK UK Canada Spain so so they also given their initiative there correct code of conduct and ethics for ministers so code of conduct and ethics for ministers legislatures and civil servants this is in UK they have given a code of conduct and ethics if you are a legislature if you are an MP in UK or if you are a civil servant in UK there are codes given to you which you need to follow in your job similarly if you go for Canada that is a guide for ministers so guide for minister it's nothing but ethics how what a minister need to follow the next thing is code of good governance for ministers so code of good governance for ministers and senior officers this is in Spain and similarly in US they have code of conduct so in US they have this code of conduct for senate so in most of the democracies why we are listing out all this thing is most of the western democracies where we borrowed the concept of democracies they have this code of conduct and ethics for public servants either it can be a minister or it can be a civil servant all they need to follow this in their job profile so that is given in paragraph 2 some examples and paragraph 3 they have given the origin of the term ethics so ethics came from Greek word ethikos Greek word that is ethikos it says arising from habit arising from habit arising from habit correct and it's more cultural character sense of right and wrong so ultimately what they say is ethics is nothing but how you have the habit and whether that habit is suitable for civil service or not that's called ethics okay so that's given paragraph 3 and also so another thing is when they say ethics in public services ethics in public services it's not only about the moral values it's not about only the moral values it's more about holding public servants accountable so there are two dimensions of it so what is this aspect is when we say ethics in civil services it's not only saying that there is some code of ethics which you need to follow that is only one side of the coin and what the author of this article says is the other side of the coin is make sure that you are making them accountable what is accountable means you want to check whether the values or ethics is being followed or not if that is not being done what are the corrective actions being taken so it is it's not only identifying the ethics it's also enforcing the ethics so that is the two dimensions which we need to keep in mind so ethics in civil service is not only identifying what are the values of the ethics also how to implement it if there is in a violation what are the punishments being given that's given in paragraph 3 so in paragraph 4 so it's a quotation says the lack of moral earnest which has been a conspicuous feature of recent years perhaps the greatest single factor which hampers the growth of a strong tradition of integrity and efficiency so what they say is in paragraph 4 so there is lack of moral values especially in public services so if there is one civil servant or a minister they lack this moral values ultimately resulting in poor efficiency poor efficiency and integrity so this clearly shows that for a development of a society who are considered to be the major factors the civil servants and ministers who play a major role in the development of the society if they don't have the moral values if they are not ethically correct ultimately that impacts our development so there'll be a poor efficiency and also lack of integrity resulting in corruption okay so that's a quotation says here so the next thing is paragraph 1 so paragraph 2 so paragraph 3 so in paragraph 1 adherence to key principles of integrity honesty and objectivity promotes trust and confidence among stakeholders so first we need to know what is stakeholders means stakeholders means in any society whenever a government makes a decision who are all going to get the impact of the decision they are called as stakeholders so which includes people which includes other government departments which includes business people or all part of stakeholders so whenever a government make a decision it has an impact on the entire society and what they say is in civil services or in public services whenever the principles of integrity that is integrity means following the right path not involving corruption honesty and objectivity honesty in your dealing so whatever you say people on the other side can strongly believe that you're giving the right information you're not any manipulating anything and objectivity all your informations and decisions are influenced based on analysis so these are the key important principles and what this paragraph says is once you have all these things in civil service as a principle which increases the credibility increase the credibility means if you are a civil servant when you follow all these principles other stakeholders it can be a it can be a common man it can be a colleague or the fellow government employee or it can be a businessman they strongly believe you that's called credibility okay it's to enhance credibility these are the things need to be followed okay the next thing is in paragraph 2 so they have given a list of things ecosystem of ethics so when you want to create a very good ethics for civil services what are the ecosystem what are the necessary conditions one is culture so any society culture need to always focus on ethics the next thing is values the culture need to promote this values honesty the next thing is avoiding conflict of interest I'll give some example for all this what is the culture aspect is right now take example of Indian society why there is a lot of corruption why civil servant or politician is highly corrupt is because of cultural values in our Indian society what is cultural values in Indian society is right now in our Indian society no one is ready to ask what are the source of money so if someone is becoming rich so in our Indian culture we are always enjoying that individual saying that he is successful person but the culture in our Indian society never asked this question so as a culture in our Indian society we never asked this question how we got this money so ultimately what people is thinking is we want to become rich that means can be anything it's not only based on legal means it can also be is done illegal means that's called cultural aspect so if you want to have a ethics especially in civil service in a society the ecosystem need to be there that's called culture and value society should have this values of honesty and integrity the next thing is conflict of interest what is conflict of interest means if you are a public servant so conflict of interest means assume that you are going to give a tender that should not be given to a family member so these are some of the aspects that's called ecosystem so ecosystem of ethics the next thing is legal and administrative framework so when you want to promote ethics it's not only based on this three characters and next thing is legal and administrative framework based on this background you want to create this code of conduct for ministers civil servants prevention of corruption act you need to have an act if something is wrong is being done what is the punishment writing information act all these are there in India that's called legal framework so legal framework our next thing is institutional framework so institutional framework is there are certain organization to check all the things are going in the right direction like loka Iqta CVC CBA these are institutions created in India so when you want to have a very good ethics in civil services especially in governance process these are three conditions one is there should be ecosystem of ethics next thing is administrative and legal framework and institutional framework all this need three to be sandwiched then only we can get a proper property in governance okay that's given in paragraph two and paragraph three they also given other conditions one is codifying ethical norms and practices what is codifying means creating a rules so there are certain very good ethical practices we are following for generations so that should be codified that should be made as a law our next thing is disclosing personal interest to avoid conflict that is what conflict of interest and creating a mechanism to enforcing the relevant codes once you create a code you want to have a mechanism to enforce it our next thing is there should be some norms for qualifying and disqualifying public functionaries from the office if someone seems to be corrupt they should be removed from the office so all this need to be there these are other conditions so one is codifying so codifying laws and so codifying ethical norms so this becomes law our next thing is disclosing their interest so disclosing their interest our next thing is mechanism for enforcing those codes and disqualifying so disclose disqualifying public officials public functionaries so please understand for all this we have in india mechanisms there's a theoretical thing what need to be done okay next thing is next paragraph says value serves as a guiding star showing the path to all members of society and follow them so why we need to codify this this is the reason why they have given why need to we need to codify the ethical norms of values codifying is nothing but writing a written principle saying that if you are in civil service you want to follow all these things why that need to be done is or else ultimately that creates confusion in interpreting the thing if it's not being codified if it is not written if it is not properly saying what need to be done ultimately the interpretation changes for the people to avoid that we need to codify that's the reason it's given in the next paragraph so to avoid avoid misinterpretation so given example of all this thing is so assume take religion as an example so we can see that in islam or christianity take example of islam there's a quran which says that if you are following islamic faith quran ultimately says that in any given day if you are a staunch islam islamic follower five days you need to go for namas so that's given there as a part of sharia tilan quran it's given there it's well codified whereas if you take example of hinduism there is no such written things saying that if you are hindu you need to go for temple each state it's not written there it's depends upon the people so ultimately we can see in a given family father goes to the temple every day where a son does not go on so if there is no codification sometimes it can be resulting in different interpretation so that need to be adjusted giving an example from religious context to understand don't take it in wrong wrong sense okay so that is there the next thing is paragraph this paragraph 4 the next thing is paragraph 5 so public office should be trusted which impose lot of responsibilities okay accountable to society so what they say is public office this public office can be a minister or a civil servant which comes with lot of responsibilities so they want to do lot of activities in society and well-being of the people assume if you're a minister so you are responsible for people well-being and you're responsible for society lot of things are there that's called responsibilities and once you have this lot of responsibilities automatically you are accountable what is accountable means you are answerable so if you're a minister you know that if you're a prime minister if you're a chief minister you are answerable for the entire society why you are answerable is because you have lot of responsibilities especially that is related to the people's life that is what this paragraph says the next thing is paragraph 6 and integrity another most important requirement of public servants so integrity in public offices so integrity in public offices so if you are to be integrate you need to give due vigilance so what is due vigilance means whatever actions you do in public services you should put that right effort to know what is happening in that particular issue or particular activity then you need to decide on the things you should not go you should not take anything very lightly on the go you should not do anything you should put all your effort to understand the issue and make additions or make corrective actions that's called due due vigilance you should not take it anything lightly and that is the reason and and a honesty next thing is honesty in dealing with government resources so when government is giving the resources to you because as civil servant government will provide you lot of resources it can be human resources financial resources government will put under a disposal so you should be honestly using that resources for the public welfare you should not use it for your personal interest assume that in a personal assistant is given to you by the government as a district collector that personal assistant should be honestly used for the purpose of the government functions not for your personal interest okay so these are all part of paragraph 6 okay it's paragraphs 7 8 9 so in paragraph 7 so government of India so right now in government of India we have code of conduct so code of conduct for ministers both at union level both at union level and state government level so that is given here so what they say is so they should not be involved any connection with any businesses and any family member should not be involved in there are something given like that that's code of conduct so a simple way of saying code of conduct is what are the do's and don'ts so if you are a minister what are things you can do as a minister what are things you should not do as a minister that's called do's and don'ts so so one thing they say is if you are if you are a minister you should not be in business activities and your family should remember should not be in business it is a logical one correct because government is going to spend a lot of money in different areas and if you are a minister you can give all that projects to your company what do you own so to what that's already we saw the term called conflict of interest so that should be awarded that's one code of conduct the next thing is code of conduct is evolved during time that is given there and also we have for civil services so in paragraph 8 so based on Santanam committee so this is a committee formed by a government Santanam committee so based on that committee recommendation in India they have created this created this civil service rules civil service conduct rules civil service conduct rules 1964 still that is being followed today so again we can see this code of conduct for civil servants that was based on the recommendation of the Santanam committee a committee formed in India to modernize the civil services okay so they have given some of the examples here so some of the examples in paragraph 9 for conduct of civil servant if you are a statistic collector or if you are an IAS IPS officer how you want to behave so they have given that as prog-biting or demanding or accepting dowry if you are a civil servant you should not accept dowry that is part of this civil service rules correct and the prohibition of employing children below 14 years of age there's a culture in India especially we can see that employing younger children in your homes so that needy be awarded if you're a civil servant that is again part of this conduct rules they have given listed some of the examples that's it that is paragraph 9 so not accept dowry so not accept dowry correct and next thing is so not to employ children child below 14 years so these are some of the rules given there are a lot of other rules are there just to represent even they have given something like this so okay and so they also given if there is any violation that's given in paragraph 10 if there is any violation there are penalties that is major penalties so major penalties and minor penalties whereas major penalty logically you will be asked to go out of the job major penalties so minor penalties may be for example they'll give you a memo or they depromote all this that happens so that's given in paragraph 10 next thing is paragraph 11 12 14 and 15 so in paragraph 11 so right now what are the other biggest finding of this civil service conduct rules is especially in implementation it's time consuming civil service conduct rules especially if there's any violation it's always time consuming in consuming in giving penalty that's a finding of Indian system though we have the civil service conduct rules and they say that as well so and you want to follow all these things but if there is any violation is that instant punishment is given that's not the reality so it takes longer time so what we need to understand is the real impact of this civil service conduct rules is not immediate okay that is given paragraph 11 next in paragraph 12 so why we need to have this property so why we need to have this moral values and ethics and governances ultimately that results in efficient and effective system what is efficient and efficient system is the difference between quantity and quality so quantity you know quality you know correct so what is quantity means assume that how many toilets are being constructed under switch Bharat that's called quantity what is the usage of the toilets that's called quality so when you have this property in governance integrity and high moral values in governance you can achieve both the things efficiency and effectiveness so that is the importance of this property and both ethics and property are intertwined or both are interlink that's given in paragraph 12 and paragraph 13 so good governance paragraph 13 good governance so we saw what is governance means correct decision making so good governance is nothing but if all these decisions are made with good value systems that's called good governance so good governance is based on trust and confidence whose trust and confidence the stakeholders so every stakeholders need to have trust and confidence on each other ultimately that results in good governance okay so what are the outcome of this property in governance so when you have property in governance so what the outcome is resulting in accountability so when you have property in governance resulting in a counter that is answerability by public servants transparency so everyone knows what is happening in the system the next thing is integrity integrity so to achieve this property in governance so we have this frameworks institutional and legal framework that is given in this table column so institutional wise we have this central vigilance commission that is called CVC we have the CBA central bureau of investigation we have CAG competent and auditor general local and local these are the institutions which are enhancing property in governance or ethics in public life these are the institutional mechanisms next thing is law so we have this binami transaction prohibition act prevention of corruption act IPC CRPC right to information act based on this act you are also also able to enhance this property in governance so prevention of corruption act ultimately clearly understand it correct so if someone is involved in corruption what need to be done if someone is violating this property in governance what need to be done so binami transaction act we always have this term so in our society very loosely binamis correct on someone's name property is being held so mostly that is being done based on corrupt money so there is an act to control it so all these are the acts to enhance property in governance the next thing is what are other ways of enhancing property in governance is given in paragraph 14 it is nothing but minimizing discretionary in various ways what is discretion aspect is as a civil servant there are times where you can make your own decisions it is not possible to have rules and regulation for all situations so there are certain areas where government says you can make your own decisions so as government work is becoming very larger and larger every day so government gives most of the activities under discretionary power that is a scope for corruption so that should be minimized that is given there so that is to minimize discretion so minimize discretion and next thing is use of information technology so right now in public services we need to use information technology what are the advantage of information technology is if every action is based on ICT information and communication technology in layman terms if government in government they are using computers what are the greatest advantage in that thing is as a common man by a click of a mouse you can get government information we know what is happening there there will be a greater transparency correct so that is the greatest advantage there so that is the next thing we need to do apart from all these institutions and legal framework our next thing is citizen charter so citizen charter is nothing but empowering citizens so all government departments need to make a promise to citizens what need to be done if there is a violation what are the actions can be taken that is all part of citizen charter so all these are the other activities to enhance the property in governance and finally last one George Benatia says we must make the world honest before we can honestly say to our children that honesty is the best policy so what he says this quotations why we are highlighting here is if possible we can use it in an essay writing of mains examination or you can use it as an introduction for your mains answers so what George Benatia says important personality of Britain when you say that honesty is there in a society to our children first that should be prevailing there so we need to have the practice of honesty then we can say to the children that we need to follow honesty so that is given in this last statement okay next thing is reforms in civil services so we take this reform and civil services so the title itself says civil service need to be revamped because when our society changes governments work changes ultimately civil service also need to change so that comes the term called reform okay so they'll in the we'll go for paragraph one two three four so in paragraph one they say what is civil service means so public service is different from civil service so civil service is nothing but permanent executive branch of government so what does permanent executive is please understand civil service means it consists of employees who will be permanent in character they'll be in the service for 30 years 40 years based on their age they enter into services and based on their retirement age and it's the executive branch executive branches government have various aspect owners legislature making laws and implementation of laws implementation of laws is taken care by civil services that's that's the reason is called as executive branch all the laws made by the government is being implemented that we call as executive branch so civil service is permanent in character and responsible for policy execution okay and also it is called as backbone of India civil service called as backbone of India so what does this term backbone of India means especially for India as a country to survive India as a country to develop especially socially economically civil service is considered to be the primary requirement without civil service India cannot develop that is the point they have given in paragraph one and paragraph two so they have said ministry ministers decide the policy and civil servant who is going to implement the policy that is what they called as executive branch correct so ministers responsible for policy making it can be socioeconomic policies and civil servants policy execution so they're responsible for policy execution and article 311 so there's a reference of article 311 of Indian constitution so article 311 of Indian constitution says that civil servants need to be protected from the political masters so literally you can see that politician lifetime is five years civil servants will be for another 30 40 years so as a politician want to make sure that civil servant work for his interest so to avoid that this article 311 is there and what I'll give a glimpse of what is article 311 is this is regarding resignation removal and reduction of rank of civil servants where the article says this can be done only by appointing authority so no one can easily remove a civil servant so that is it's a simple way of saying in layman term is that nothing but job security so article 311 promises job security for civil servants okay that's given in paragraph two and paragraph three so modern day civil service of India trace backs to McCullough report so so McCullough report this is during British times so during British times based on McCullough report they created this Indian civil services so what we need to understand is the civil service of India origin trace backs to British times Britishers was a colonial part they came from Europe is a trader and ruled India for 200 years for that time they created administrative setup based on this McCullough report that is what we are using today so the Indian civil service origin we can relate with Britishers that is given in paragraph three so after that is after independence post independence that is given in paragraph three also correct so so we still have this British system correct one is permanent character so permanent character merit based selection so there's again the same character what we saw in the first article so what Britishers have created this permanent character of civil service merit based election even in today of Indian civil service we have the same thing that is given there and paragraph four so so modern day civil service that is modern day means post independence civil service is based on part 14 of constitution and also based on all India service at 1951 these are the two basic foundation on which modern day civil service is being created one is based on part 14 of Indian constitution another thing is based on all India civil service act of 1951 okay a very factual one just basic understanding our next thing is paragraph one and two so so by the year of 2015 so the year of 2015 and 2016 so in our Indian system they have given a permission for creating Indian skill development services like audit services like police services administrative services 2015 they have given a permission for Indian skill development services similarly Indian enterprise development services these are the new services being formulated and another thing is right now we also by 2019 these are factual information just to give the aspect of civil service reforms 2019 we have this Indian railway management services these are the new creation of civil services like Indian administrative services police services Indian police service Indian revenue services by 2015 we have this Indian skill development services 2016 Indian enterprise development services 2019 Indian railway managers so all these are being created newly by our Indian system this all we call it as this all we can put in one term what we called as structural reforms structural reforms okay next thing is paragraph two okay so what are the primary purpose of reforming civil services so purpose of reform so why you want to reform civil services there are primary reasons to make them dynamic efficient efficient and accountable then along with this like values of integrity impartiality which we already saw under professionalism correct impartiality and neutrality so why we want to do civil service reformist first and foremost thing we may we want to make civil service dynamic so dynamic is nothing but making the civil service responding to the environment they should be more agile more flexible so we have take example of this new services being created there's a demand for India for skill development so they created a service that's become very dynamic character and efficient so they want to be more efficient in doing things and also accountable along with the values you want need to be integrity impartiality neutrality so all these are the primary reason why you want to reform the civil services that's going in paragraph two so next we go for this paragraph one and paragraph two so we need to know what are the existing problems of our civil services so that is given in paragraph one that is problems of civil services then we can understand the reason for reforms correct there are problems given in Indian civil services one is poor capacity building poor capacity building means our civil service is not able to provide the needed people services and products because they don't have the capacity simple way of understanding is take example of police stations right now crimes are moving towards cyber era but if you go for the police station they don't have the capacity to serve that type of issues correct so they don't have computers they don't have the knowledge that's called poor capacity building okay the next thing is inefficient incentive systems so if you go for any private jobs if someone is performing so incentive systems are created that incentives nothing but take example of recognition in private jobs someone is doing something unique they are being easily spotted and they are being recognized but in government jobs that's not happening there's a problem in civil services that's the second point third one is outmoded rules and procedures so ultimately we can see that civil service of India were created by Britishers still that rules are there which is not serving our current interest because British primary objective of ruling India is to exploit India but still that rules are there in modern day India which is not suitable for India that's called outmoded rules next thing is systematic inconsistency in promotion and impanel impanelment what is the aspect of promotion is promotion is not based on our merit character it's more about the political connections so that creates a trouble in our civil services people with the merit is not being promoted it's more about political connections the next thing is lack of adequate transparency and accountability so in our government system most of the time common man doesn't know what is happening inside the government that's called lack of transparency and accountability okay the next thing is arbitrary and whimsiful transfers so ultimately what happens in civil services most of the time a civil servant is being transferred a lot especially by the political pressure this makes civil service aligned more to the political interest rather than people interest so next thing is political interferences ultimately we can see that if you're a district collector you want to give a contract you want to do it based on merit but ultimately we can see that minister calling up you and saying that give this contract to my relative or my party member or to a known contractor that's called political interferences that's again part of civil services the next thing is dominant of your life services now Indian system we can see that those civil service we say administrative services police services revenue services but still in Indian system we can see that administrative services the dominant services which overshadow other services so that is also another trouble in our civil services these are some of the problems they listed out we'll see the reason why we want to see this problems okay some ups you questions are based on it okay next thing is so problems of civil services next thing is paragraph 2 so that is given there most of the coverted portion covert portion is nothing but important portions in government important portion means I'll say there's a portion called secretary so there's important portion in civil service called secretary and most of the time in India we can see that secretary is a portion is taken by Indian administrative services IS but if you logically think it's not that for every secretary we need to have an IS take example there's a portion called finance secretary and this secretary majorly deals with financial characters of government which is taken care by Indian administrative services who is not an expert on finance similarly we have this home secretary home secretary is the person responsible for law and order in India as an IS officer he may not be an expert on law and order issues so that is the point they have said here in paragraph 2 okay these are some basic problems of our civil services so so based on that context so what happened is nithya yog so it's I will go for paragraph 1 2 3 4 5 and 6 so in paragraph 1 so nithya yog this is an institution in India responsible for reforming entire Indian system so they have given strategy for new India at 75 so there's a report given by nithya yog how to make new in a new India as a term we need to keep in mind they want to create some new vibrant India okay so they have said that there should be a reform in recruitment training and performance evaluation of civil services so ultimately what this report says is there should be reform in civil services so in what are the areas of civil service need to be reformed as first one is recruitment how to recruit people there should be a reform the next thing is training how to train them there should be a reform and performance evaluation so how to evaluate their performance there should be a reform so these are the things what they recommended to the government civil service should be reformed in three major areas one is how to recruit them how they are getting the job that should be reformed how to train them and how to evaluate them if someone is doing a job yearly how to evaluate them that should be reform so these are the three major years they said by nithya yog that's even given in paragraph one so in paragraph two based on that idea so government came out with this reform in training mission karma yogi so mission karma yogi program is essentially based on training so civil service training reforms is done under mission karma yogi and what the primary objective of this thing is to make civil servant creative so so what government says is or the objective of this mission karma yogi that is training of civil servant is to make them creative constructive constructive imaginative innovative innovative proactive so I'm just writing some of the words professional transparent technology enabled correct so what Indian government says is under mission karma yogi if someone has done the training they have all this characters right from creative to technology enabled this we need to relate with the previous page where we can see the problems of civil services so to address all these problems the training is being changed okay right from creative to technology enabled okay and what are the next paragraph this is paragraph three so there are 4.6 million central government employees so 1 million is 10 lakh so 4.6 million central government employees central government employees he was going to immensely benefit out of this mission karma yogi and they are focused more on governance performance and accountability and these are some of the catchy words from rules to rules and from silos to coordination I'll say what all those things are coordination next thing is capacity building capacity building so what this mission karma yogi's primary importance is if someone has finished the training and the mission karma yogi they are more focused on rules what type of actions they'll do they're not giving more importance to rules already we see that rules is the important character of civil services sometimes this creates a lot of trouble in providing the benefits to the people because they'll be more quoting the rules which will be hindrance for the people so what this training says is based on this training you're going to give more important for rules rather than rules rules become secondary more important is what type of activities you're going to do second is from silos to coordination what is silo means mostly government department is on a specialization in the first article specialization they work in specific departments then they become isolated so they want to get coordinated that is being there and capacity building to enhance their capacity to meet the new challenges so this is the primary reason for this mission karma yogi so in paragraph four so the another important aspect of this mission karma yogi is they want to make citizen centric civil services what is citizen centric civil services means the entire civil service always need to work for the citizen it's not that they need to work for the political interests they doesn't need to need to work for the rules and regulations to avoid all these things we need to have citizen centric civil services correct and and they also focus more on behavioral changes to achieve this we need to have behavioral changes whose behavioral changes is regarding civil servants so all these are taken care by mission karma yogi so what mission karma yogi says is under this training module there'll be behavioral changes to the civil servant there'll be more focused on citizen so as a common man if we interact with the civil servants especially top officials we can see that we have a feeling that they're not taking care of us so to avoid that in training module they are making some behavioral changes for trainings are based on that okay and similarly in paragraph five so we have this national program so national program for civil service capacity building so under this mission karma yogi program so we have this national program for civil service capacity building so ultimately they want to build up the capacity of civil servants either it can be done technology learning Indian culture and also learning from outside of the world so if you want to build the capacity of a civil servant either you give them the technology so that they'll be more productive also they can learn the culture so they'll be more sensitive to the needs of the people that's capacity building and also learning from other countries so for that only we have this i g o t platform what is i g o t is integrator government online training so integrated government online training platform so where we can integrate with global countries to get the modules of training so that they can enhance their capacity okay and also we have this capacity building commission so p6 paragraph 6 says about capacity building commission it's an institution for strengthening this program commission okay and also they want to standardize the standardize the training modules faculties resources and also they want to supervise all the central training institution we have different training institutions for police services like administrative services revenue services to build the capacity of all this training institutes we have this capacity building commissions so that is given in this page next thing is paragraph one and paragraph two so in paragraph one they have given about this i g o t platform so so it's a it says world class for content world first content and e learning so online platform so it's online platform what government says is based on this online platform a person doesn't need to visit the training institutes and also based on this online platform they can get world class content so if you are a civil servant your training can be standardized or it can be marked along with global standards and also e learning platform there's a greatest advantage as a civil servant if you're posted in nahal and it doesn't mean that you want to go for some training institutes in delhi based on e learning you can learn all these things that's the advantage of this i g o t platform and also apart from this what they are saying is based on this i g o t platform government is planning to extend beyond training so once you have this i g o t platform you can also map individual civil servants so for example what are the causes you have taken so ultimately they know that you are an expert on these domains so that can results in focusing on deployment assignments performance appraisal promotions so government is thinking in larger perspective of creating this platforms so once you get training in this platforms they'll have a track of every individual civil servants they know where they are being trained which area they are being expert based on that job profile can be given based on that performance appraisal can be given ultimately you say that rule based to role based that is what the intention of this training module that is what i g o t platform is okay in paragraph two so they have given support transition from rule to role based HR management correct and on-site learning to complex side with off-site learning so some of the important aspect is role based our next thing is on-site learning so these are some of the important character of this mission karmiyogi our next thing is so ecosystem for shared learning so all central training institutes all training instituted state level they can share the resources which can be utilized by all civil servants that is given their correct and next thing is they have given framework of roles activities and competencies approach for civil servants for civil servants and ultimately that results in making the civil servant more efficient and effective our next thing is behavioral changes so behavioral and domain competencies so based on mission karmiyogi if someone is trained in that they're getting all these benefits here correct our next thing is so co creation of co creation of training contents by training institutes that can be done and also best in learning contents correct so feedback on training so these are some of the merits they have given listed of points under important key points what you can derive out of mission karmiyogi so that is given in paragraph two so you have a feedback on training what is feedback of training means as civil servants once you finish off a training so government clearly knows that how effective is the training and is it useful the training model is what are the changes can be done correct and co creation of training content is lot of training institutes can create a training content on a single topic because they have expertise in all domains okay so these are some of the benefits of this mission karmiyogi next thing is paragraph one two and three so for ultimately this civil service reform in training especially mission karmiyogi comes under transformational changes so transformational changes is changes which has a huge impact that's called transformational changes especially in work culture especially in work culture and next thing is in strengthening institutions strengthening institution public institutions institution means public institutions and use of modern technologies especially for training use of modern technologies okay and capacity building so why all this being done is ultimately to serve the people better we already saw the primary objective of reformers to make it more efficient and more accountable civil services so all these are being done in mission karmiyogi to make it viable that's going paragraph one and paragraph two so they have given some stats facts that there are 60 plus 60 plus civil services under union government and state government 60 plus this means what we say IAS IPS IRS audit and account services and we saw in 2016-19 they're creating new services all are 60 plus in our Indian system okay so they are going to harmonize harmonize civil services so they're going to combine all the civil services and also to create a central talent pool so create a central talent pool at the disposal of the government so that is being the objective and also to match the to match the competency with a job profile what is competency with job profile means if you are an individual expert in certain area where that expert is required you need to match with the particular job so that is being done so that is the intention of all this reform process and ultimately what they say is in paragraph three okay so right now we can see that existing civil services existing civil services are entirely based on one-time examination they are saying about this UPSC examination once you clear this examination you rest 30 years of life is taken care according to the government this creates a unique challenge for the system because the incentive for civil servant is to crack the examination get into the services what they want after that never think about the rest of the career so to avoid or to make changes in that particular existing system only we have this lot of reforms and mission karmiyogi correct which creates elitism that is what the problem so it creates elitism so elitism in civil services so to avoid all these things are they are more going for mission karmiyogi so this is the last article okay so right now we go for a question so this 2020 GS paper to question the question says about this economic performance is based on institutional quality so in any society I will just give you the brief idea about the question I will say the points for the question so the question says in the first statement any economic performance is entirely based on institutional quality so in any country's economic development there are institutions which play a major role it can be a banking institution or it can be a capital markets and government is the most important institution so this institution character determines the economic performance that's a statement which is the first line of the question you need to say that the institution these are the institutions which play a major role in economic performance of a society and their characters determines the outcome second part of the question is the most important thing so they're asking to give some reforms in civil services for strengthening democracy so based on this first statement they're asking with the main's rating candidate what are reforms can be done in civil services so already we saw that in our article civil service reforms as per nithya yog there are three major areas one is recruitment training and performance of price or performance evaluation there are three major areas what nithya yog asked for reforms in civil service that's the question being asked so what do you want to do is what are the reforms being done in recruitment that should be the one paragraph reforms in training what we saw on mission karmiyogi that is the next paragraph and reforms in performance evaluation can be the next one so if you're able to write this three major points the answer can be finished okay okay thank you