 Good morning, once again can I have your attention please, good morning, right we have been talking about mechanism of the production of speech sounds in natural languages and we have seen that we have a very versatile vocal apparatus that can produce a different variety of or a large variety of different kinds of sounds. We also saw that all speech sounds can be classified into two large classes, one class is called vowels and the other class is called consonants. Vowels and consonants differ phonetically in a very significant manner, all vowels are voiced, oral and unobstructed that is not the case with all consonants, consonants may or may not be voiced, may or may not be oral, may or may not be obstructed and even if they are obstructed or not obstructed the release of obstruction and articulation differs. We also saw that we describe vowels in different languages according to whether they are produced from the front of the mouth or from the back of the mouth, whether in their production jaws are closed or open, whether lips are rounded or unrounded. On the other hand we saw that consonants will have to be described by a different parameter, consonants require three term level of a different kind, we ask and say whether they are voiced or voiceless where is obstruction, the place of obstruction or place of articulation and the manner and release of obstruction, what are the three things we look at in the description of consonants, please close your eyes and tell me, voiced or voiceless, place of obstruction or articulation and manner of obstruction or articulation. Once again please tell me what are the three term levels for consonants, number one, voiced or voiceless, number two, number three, manner of obstruction. Let us apply it to the English language because you know fortunately or unfortunately that is the only language you and I and all of us here know, so let us take examples from English, these are the sounds in English. Let us try and describe, say for example, do not say pa, just say pa, a should not come in your articulation, otherwise a will make it voiced, if you say pa then it is voiced, but if you just say pa is not voiced, so this is, now is it voiced or voiceless, voiceless, where is the place of obstruction, both lips, so bilabial, I have said bilabial and then then what is the manner of release of obstruction, sudden, sudden explosion, so it is called plosive, there is a please write, there is a large class of sounds, consonant sounds known as, what is the characteristic of plosive sounds, all plosive sounds are produced with total obstruction, please write and sudden release of obstruction, all plosive speech sounds, no matter which language they are in, we in Indian languages, many Indian languages also have lots of plosive sounds, all plosive sounds are produced with number one, total obstruction somewhere in the oral passage and sudden release of obstruction, that is why they are called plosive, English has three pairs of plosive, six, what are they, first is what, how do we describe it, it is voiceless, bilabial, plosive, so pa as in pin, next is ba, what is it, ba, okay, make it plosive, do not add a ba, how do we describe it, this is voiced or voiceless, put your finger here, ba and just you see the difference, okay, is it voiced or voiceless, voiced, where is the place of obstruction, lips, both lips, so bilabial, what is the manner of release, sudden, therefore it is plosive, so we have voiced, bilabial, plosive, ba as in bin, next as in tin, okay, don't say ta, see ta, just you know, just release, take the tip of your tongue, take the tip of your tongue to the, take the tip of your tongue here, you know, take the tip of your tongue to the alveolar ridge, above the upper teeth, let there be full contact and release it suddenly, that is what you get, okay, how do we describe it, is it voiced or voiceless, it is voiceless, where is the place of obstruction, alveolar ridge, therefore we call it alveolar, and what is the manner of release of obstruction, is plosive, go to next, okay, can you find your own example rather than copy mine, in English word as in, write your own, no this is mine, take, find your own English as 599,000 other words, okay, find your own example, as in, write, now how do you describe it, it is voiced or voiceless, voiced, where is the place of obstruction, okay, lovely, and what is the manner of release of obstruction, plosive, then the next pair of sounds in English is back of the tongue, look at the process, back of the tongue here, you know, this rises and touches the soft palate, otherwise you cannot see, okay, back of the tongue rises and touches the soft palate, flow of air is totally blocked, no air can pass through this passage is blocked and you suddenly release it and you get, okay, do not add ah, do not say ka, just take the back of your tongue to the soft palate, let there be total contact and suddenly release it, the sound you get is ka, as in, give me your own word, ka, it, as in, king, as in, okay, now right, is it voiced or voiceless, voiceless, where is the place of obstruction, back of the tongue, or vealum, therefore vealer, you know, whereas we said alveolar for ta, this is vealer, okay, what is the manner of release of obstruction, plosive, lovely, you know, as in, give, give me your example, good, get, go, okay, right, is it voiced or voiceless, void, fairly mechanical, you know, you can, you can say it anywhere, voiced, what is the place of articulation, vealer and plosive, okay, come to another class of sounds, you might recall in the last class I told you that there are some sounds which belong to the class called africates, in this class of sounds, in this class of speech sounds, there is total obstruction, but gradual release, plosive sounds, total obstruction, in the plosive class of sounds, there is total obstruction, but sudden release, whereas in africates, we have total obstruction, but what shall we say, gradual release, gradual release, so you know, you have something like a friction, not exact friction, but something like friction, that is why it is called africate, you know, that is why it is called africate, friction like, you have words, for example, you have sounds like in English, not in our languages, most of the, most in most Indian languages, cha cha is plosive, you know, we do not say cha cha, we do not say cha cha, you know, this is how those people who go to English school, you know, when their Telugu becomes anglicized, they do not say bagunara, they say bagunara, you know, they looks like they are speaking American, you know, but smart people speak Telugu like Telugu and American like, complete the sentence please, American, so you know, in our languages, cha cha, cha cha is plosive, but in English they do not say church, they say church, what do they say? They say bench, rich, cheer, richer, charter, you know, it is a total obstruction and gradual release, similarly they have j, you know, as in judge, as in Jew, with Jew, one who lives in the Jew park or in Israel, Jew, not zoo, you know, English has zoo, so for example, when you go to Hyderabad, you go to Nehru Zoological Garden, you do not go to Nehru Zoological Garden, okay, that zoo comes from the tip of the tongue, that is zoo, but this is ju, ju, you know, heart pallet, middle of the tongue, middle of the tongue here, you know, in English, middle of the tongue rises and touches the heart pallet and then you slowly release it, saying ch, say it, everybody please and if it is voiced, then you say ch, that is the difference, okay, that is all the difference, so how shall we describe it? Please write, this is the symbol and you know, by the way, as a footnote, I hope you have acquired the ability to recognize and write phonetic alphabet, am I right, because in the quiz, I am going to give you some text in phonetic alphabet and I will ask you to write it in normal English orthography, okay, please, so do have some practice, at least begin writing your name, okay, your SMS to your worst enemy in IPA symbols, right, please write it, so what is it, this is ch, as in chin, have your own example, do not use my example, please, English word, take an English word, yeah, as in cheek or as in chick, chicken, okay, right, okay, now is it voiced or voiceless, put your finger here and just say, you see, I am just not interested in describing English, I am, my sole job is the institute has told me, please, produce some two dozen good phoneticians, okay, so feel it here, keep your finger here and say, do you hear any vibration, okay, now say, do you hear any vibration, that is it, so is it voiced or voiceless, ch, voiceless, ch, is it, where is the place of obstruction, palate, hard palate, therefore you call it palatal, not palatial, palatal, okay, and what is the manner of release of obstruction, friction like, therefore we call it africate, so three term level here is voiceless, palatal, africate, okay, next, write the symbol, okay, take your own word, I have given you ju, okay, is it voiced or voiceless, voiced, palatal, africate, okay, now I am going to make your life a little more difficult than this, I am not going to show you any slides just now, we will come to it later, let us take this sound, I will give you the name later, let us look at this sound, write the symbol as in English word, as in English word, okay, how is it produced, is produced in the following manner, look at the diagram, look at the organs of articulation, you know lower lip comes close to but does not touch the upper teeth, are we together, are you with me please, yes I do not know, some people in the Kanyakumari region seem to be away from me please, are we together, lovely, that is good to hear that, okay, lower lip comes close to the upper teeth but does not touch it, okay, right, please produce this sound, do not say, do not add other, do not say fa, just any vibration here, is it voiced or voiceless, voiceless, please write, where is the place of obstruction, there is, you know, the passage in narrow, there is friction and you hear the friction, you hear, okay, so where is the place of obstruction between lip and teeth, so the Latin word for lip and teeth would be labio, labio dental, what is the manner of release, because there is no total obstruction, there is production only with friction, so we say, fricative, when it was friction like, then it was affricate but when it is, it is complete friction, then it is a fricative, what do we call it, entire class please, what is this word, it is not fricative, it is fricative, what is it, fricative, once again, what is it, fricative, okay, so now we have got the three term level for it, what is it, it is voiceless, labio dental, fricative, tell me, what is it, voiceless, labio dental, fricative, okay, let us look at another word, as in, now feel it, you know, feel it here, is it voiced or voiceless, voiced, labio dental, fricative, correct, let us take the next pair, so we call the third, not the third class, you know, the third type, okay, third class in India gives very bad impression, you know, looks like, I think you were not around when Indian railway trains have third class compartment, have you seen, no, you have only seen second class and fourth class, there was, you know, when I was your age, there used to be in Indian railways third class compartment but some socialist minister removed it and put half, about six inches of cushion, not six inches, fewer, some cushion on it, okay, so let us not call it third class, let us call it third type, third type of consonants are called, what are they called, please give me the, pronounce it, what is it called, fricative, not fricative, many of us in India pronounce it as fricative, it is not fricative, it is fricative, what is it, fricative, okay, let us look at the next example, look at the symbol carefully, you know it very well but please remember it, what is that, theta, okay, as in kin, thick, theory, through, thought, think, okay, what happens is, you know, English is the only language known to phoneticians, English is about the only language which has this sound, in our languages we produce th, with complete contact between tip of the tongue here, between tip of the tongue and upper teeth, you know tip of the tongue rests on the upper teeth and then we say th, the, the, the, the, not in English, in English what happens is, there is slight parting, no contact between the two rows of teeth, there is opening there and tip of the tongue goes close to it but does not touch it and then you say, say it, slight opening between the two rows of teeth, let the tip of the tongue go close to it and say, please come, okay, produce this, how do we describe it, is it voiced or voiceless, voiceless, where is the place of articulation, where is the place of articulation between two rows of teeth, so we will call it inter-dental, inter-dental, okay, is it produced with or without friction, is it produced with or without friction, with friction, therefore it is fricative, let us look at next, okay, this is very easy, you see, for Europeans, Greek and Sanskrit is the source language for technical terminology, most of the time, like we draw from Sanskrit, they draw from Greek and Latin, okay, so as in, as in this, that, where, those, these, breathe, breathe, breathe okay, with, right, feel it here, keep your finger here and say, opening between teeth, don't say da, da is our language, you know, tip of the tongue touches the back of the upper teeth and then we get da, we say ta, ta, da, da, but in English, there is opening between the two rows of teeth and the tip of the tongue goes close to that opening, but does not touch it, then produce, do it, so easy, you know, right, is it voiced or voiceless, voiced, same inter-dental, fricative, look at the next symbol, very, very easy, what is this, as in sip, sin, sit, sat, okay, as in sip, sin, sit, sat, you know, lots of words, this, okay, miss, right, so what shall we say, as in, I am sorry, I, I am sorry, please pardon me, I made a very stupid mistake, I did not write the example here, it should be, sorry, I am sorry, sorry, this and we are writing example first, as in sit, okay, underline it, is it voiced or voiceless, is voiceless, place of articulation, place of articulation, no, when you say, feel it, the tip of your tongue, actually the blade of your tongue rises towards the alveolar ridge, okay, there is slight expansion of the blade of the tongue, when you say, slight expansion of the blade of the tongue and it rises towards the alveolar ridge, here is your tongue, okay, is it your tongue, I guess, there is slight expansion of the blade, moves upward, moves upward towards the alveolar ridge and you get, is it voiced or voiceless, is voiceless, where is the place of obstruction, near the alveolar ridge, so we call it alveolar, is it produced with or without friction, is it produced with or without friction, with friction, so we call it fricative, this is, as we had, this is, feel it here, voiced or voiceless, voiced, very obvious, as in, zipped, voiced, everything else remains the same, feel it here, I am giving you a challenging example now, okay, this is, as in, as in sheep, sh-e-e-p, sheep or sh-i-p, ship, the symbol is like an s which has been pulled, okay, stretched, as in, ship, voiced or voiceless, voiceless, place of articulation, place of articulation, place of articulation, place of articulation, no, it's, you feel it, you see, don't be misled by terminology, feel it, you see, it's the blade of your tongue, keep producing this sound, keep producing, shh, it's the blade of your tongue which moves upwards towards the front of the palate, it moves upwards, shh, it's almost the middle of the tongue or the blade of the tongue which moves upwards towards the heart palate, you see, here, somewhere, okay, there is no close contact but there is extremely narrow passage, so that you have friction, you say shh, okay, many of us in, you know, I, in, in my part of the country, I come from North Bihar, so many people in Nepal, North Bihar, Vanaras region, Eastern Uttar Pradesh, that is, Assam and Urissa, we don't produce shh, we say sir, we don't speak English, we say English, so there is difference, you know, these two things come from two different places, lots of people have, you know, variations, if you go to Bengal, in Bengal you don't have shh, for that also they say shh, so they don't take a sip of tea, they take a sip of tea, you know, they don't take rasagulla, they say rasagulla, okay, you know, each region has its peculiarity but where does the peculiarity come from, peculiarity comes from difference in the manner of articulation, place of articulation, so where is the place of articulation in this case, the blade of the tongue rises towards palate or hard palate and then, you know, there is friction, so what shall we write it, voiceless, now give me the term, palatal, lovely, if there is a young phonetician award, I will recommend your name for it, okay, voiceless, palatal, what will be the third term, fricative, please write, okay, in English we also have a voiced counterpart for this word, Urdu and French have lots of words but in English we have, please note the symbol, please mark it, this is shh, as in pleasure, P-L-E-A-S-U-R-E, pleasure or measure, M-E-A-S-U-R-E, measure, okay, or laser, L-E-I-S-U-R-E, laser, pleasure, you know, a whole lot of words where S comes between, you know, vowels and is voiced, okay, so this is, as in, laser, okay, is it voiced or voiceless, voiced, palatal, fricative, okay, this is a large class of words in English, in our Indian languages, you know, in many Indian languages we don't have so many fricatives but English has, English has lots of them, there is one more, how many did we get, we already got eight, right, English has one more, and I'll write it here, English has, let me try and write it here, can you capture it please, okay, what is this, don't say ha, just say, no voicing, okay, it is not H, it is, okay, voiced or voiceless, as in, voiced or voiceless, please, the class, my friend on the last bench, please, voiceless, then what is the place of articulation, pharynx, therefore, adjective of pharynx would be pharyngeal, please write, pharyngeal, P-H-P-H-A-R-Y-N-G-E-A-L, and of course, fricative, this is voiceless, pharyngeal, fricative, okay, let's go to the next class, are we together, are we together, are you with me, is it becoming too difficult to understand, please be frank, okay, then I will give you some entertainment, commercial break, is it okay, shall we continue, shall we take a commercial break, okay, we'll take a commercial break, I will give you the three term level and you will write the symbol, please write the symbol, close your eyes, don't look into your friend's notebook, don't look into your own notebook either, and with closed eyes, write the symbol, okay, let me see how many, this is a party game, you see, best of learning has happened when you give a test to yourself, okay, did you have an end semester examination in cycle riding, or in quiz in eating, and we have learned all of these skills, okay, how to do this, how to do hair, you know, how to shave, all of these things, so give yourself a test, I will tell you the three term level and you will write the symbol, okay, ready, okay, write, bilingual, sorry, voiced, bilabial, plosive, write the symbol, write the symbol, I will come to your notebook, I will check, don't worry, is it this, voiced, bilabial, plosive, is it this, you got full marks, okay, next, listen carefully and do it, you see, this is the best way to learn some of these things, through tests, through questioning, checking, making connections, you know, suddenly you see, I am being cruel with you, suddenly I am asking your brain to take 44 new terms and 44 into 3, okay, so you know, so many new terms and terminology, I am asking you to write, so if you don't remember, it is not your fault, it is my fault, I am expecting too much from you, but the point is, this is life, we have to live, we have to survive, how do we do it, we do it by growing up, by taking more, by retaining it, how shall we retain it, these are the ways, tests, so you have, how many people passed this test, those who passed, those who failed, please don't raise your hands, those who passed this test, lovely, this time I want the entire class to pass, please listen carefully and do it, voiced, palatal, africate, okay, so you give me the symbol, write it on your notebook and then check with fine, don't liquid to others notebook, voiced, palatal, africate, please don't look at the board, don't look at anything, write the symbol on your notebook, okay, now check with me, is it this, did you get it, how many people got it, 2, 3, 4, my God, please don't tell my director, I will lose my job, you say at this age, if you can't get even 10 people to learn your subject, I should better get rid of you, God it's pity, are you guys, did you guys not sleep well last night, sorry, I wish I also had quiz, then you would have remembered, okay, now I will do one thing, okay, I will make it easier for you, I will write the symbol and I will expect you to have the three-term level, is that okay, sure, lovely, let's do it, give me three-term level, write on your notebook, don't mistake, please write, I will give it and then you check with mine, check against mine, okay, now please check, voiceless, did you get it, raise your hands those who got it, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, not bad, okay, get it right, both ways, you must have the two-way connection, symbol to description, description to symbol, two examples, I am going to give you quiz like this for your end semester examination, please and don't curse me if you get 0 on 30 or if you get 31 on 30, okay, then tell me, I will give you a cake or something, shall we continue, commercial break over, okay, let's go to the next class, sorry, okay, we will continue with this tomorrow and I will expect you to describe Telugu consonants, please can you bring it to the classroom, okay, the description so that we can share it with one another, also get, can I have your attention, please, also get symbols and the terminology, right, thank you, have a good day.