 Let us see the anatomy of the venticles, here is the sagittal section of the brain part of the sagittal section showing the corpus callosum here, the different parts of the corpus callosum, this is called the genu, the rostrum is here, the body of the corpus callosum, sclinium just below it you can see the thalamus, the anterior end of the thalamus, posterior end of the thalamus, here is the interventicular foramen and you can see that the hypothalamic sulcus leading towards the cerebral acudate, this part is the mid brain, below this is the pons and you can see the two coliculi and this part is the mid brain. Next I am going to show the different portions of the venticles and what I want to show here from the rostrum, this is the septum pellucidum, it is going up to the optic plasma here. So ventral to the thalamus and inferior to the thalamus actually this area is the hypothalamus. The third venticle what you see here, the septum pellucidum has been opened to show part of the lateral venticle, here is the third ventricular area which is mostly occupied at the lateral wall of the third ventricular you can see, mostly formed by the thalamus and the part of the hypothalamus, anatomically we show the different walls of the thalamus anterior wall of the thalamus here, it is formed by the laminar terminalis, here is the optic plasma, laminar terminalis, this is the anterior commissure and this is the fornix actually the whole of the lateral venticle forms like a C, the fornix along with the lateral venticle, initially fornix develops in the laminar terminalis but when the brain grows along with the venticles, it grows towards the temporal horn also, it is also C-shaped like the corded nucleus and the lateral venticle. So here is the anterior wall of the lateral venticle, laminar terminalis you can see the anterior commissure and the column of the fornix, the two column of the fornix forms the third venticle, this is a roof of the third venticle which is formed by the coroidal fissure actually which contains the telacorodia, you can see the fold of pyro matter, one of the fold comes it covers the pineal gland is the triangular fold then it through the interventicular foramen it goes to the body of the lateral venticle, it comes back and lies below the fornix then it again goes covers the spinae of the corpus callusum above it again you can see that this is the fornix and septum callus cereus, so that forms the roof of the third venticle, the posterior wall of the third venticle is formed by the pineal gland which is mostly damaged but I have made it and these are the two talks of the pineal gland superior and inferior, the floor of the third venticle is formed from anterior to posterior by the optic plasma then there is a median eminence and also by the midbrain and cerebral aqueduct posteriorly by the coliculae where the junction between the posterior wall and the floor, so this portion is the floor of the third venticle and interventicular foramen you can see, so here is the anterior end of the thalamus and anteriorly this is the column of the fornix, the recesses are there, there is one recess here you can see the recess between the two columns, the other column of the fornix will be in this side and above the anterior commissure, this is the anterior recess, here is the optic recess, the other recesses I cannot show in fundibular somewhere here in I have a picture, the supra pineal recess is there and here is the pineal recess, this is showing the structures in the floor of the thalamus from below, these are the two temporal lobes, so what you can see the optic knob, optic plasma then the median eminence, the two mammillary bodies, interpeduncular force, so this is here lies the posterior perforated substance, you can see the basilar artery with the two P1 segment and this is the superior cerebellar artery in between here lies the third knob and fourth knob will be there on the lateral side, this is the uncus and this is the reynell sulcus of the gyrus rectus is here, here is the gyrus rectus and these two are the olfactory tracts, the floor is nicely seen, the optic knob, optic plasma, the optic tracts going towards the thalamus and this is the cylindrical stormy has been already done, so you can reach from this side the two mammillary bodies and the posterior perforated substance is there, the section is slightly oblique that is why you can see part of the cerebral aqueduct, the midbrain is here, the aqueduct is triangular in size in this part and these two are the internal carotid artery and the M1 segment is there, part of the anterior cerebral artery also you can see, this is M1 segment of the part of the lateral ventricles junction between the inferior and posterior horn is here, here is the two thalamus and the interthalamic adhesions can be seen, we are looking the brain from below, so we can see the body of the pharynx and the interventricular foramen with the coroid plexus and part of the midbrain, this is the thalamus only, the posterior part of the third ventricle, actually this is the junction between the third ventricle and the midbrain that is why we can see the superior colliculus and this is leading towards the cerebral aqueduct, the posterior horn is nicely seen, this is the optic radiation fibers of the internal capsule going towards the occipital cortex and these are the calcular and sulcus, this one and this one is the calcular and sulcus where the visual area lies, this is the third ventricular area which leads into the cerebral aqueduct but what you can see, the lateral ventricle and interventricular foramen, junction between the lateral and interventricular foramen, the two columns of the pharynx septum pelucidum joining and the coroid plexus from the third ventricle going to the lateral ventricle. On the medial side, thalamus is there, on the lateral side, the head of the corded nucleus is there, so that is forming the body of the lateral ventricle, here is the body of the lateral ventricle with the corded nucleus here on the lateral side, the two columns of the pharynx and these are the two thalamus and this portion is the roof of the third ventricle, interthalamic adhesion and this is part of the third ventricle, mammary bodies you can see from below and internal capsule going to form the cross cerebrate, some portion of the substantial nigra can be seen here, it is slightly oblique section, so optic tract, optic nerve and the optic plasma is there in fundibulum and pitotraceous stock is damaged, so you can see the opening and here I want to show you the cortex has turned inside to form the hippocampus, this side also hippocampus and the inferior horn of the lateral ventricle is here, hippocampus is forming the floor of the inferior horn, the medial wall of the inferior horn is here, this is the roof of the inferior horn, this is the floor of the inferior horn, hippocampus is forming the floor of the inferior horn, these are showing the recesses actually already I have shown, this is the anterior recess, this is pineal recess, supra pineal recess, optic recess, the infundibular recess, I got a nice specimen to show the junction between the third and lateral ventricle where you can see the hypofacial recess and also the posterior commissure normally we do not see, this is the floor of the third ventricle, the cross cerebrae is there, this is the posterior commissure actually just above the two coliculi, the whole third ventricle and the lateral ventricles are seen, this is the corded nucleus as you described the ventricles are C shaped, so this is the C, the other part of the C you cannot see it has gone to the temporal lobe, so this portion is the anterior horn of the lateral ventricle here, here is the genu, genu forms the anterior boundary of the anterior horn of the lateral ventricle, the posterior boundary is here near the interventricular foremen, so the head of the corded nucleus is here which is forming the lateral boundary of the anterior horn, the medial side here lies the septum pellucidum which has been damaged and the medial wall of the anterior horn is formed by the septum pellucidum, so this is the body of the lateral ventricle, you can see the thalamus, here is the whole thalamus and there is a groove over the thalamus, here lies the phonics, actually this is a groove for the phonics, the below it is the fissure for the corollate plexus of the third ventricle which enters from here, then it enters into the interventricular foremen, between the phonics and the corded nucleus this is the thalamus striate vein and one fine white matter comes, this is called striaterminalis, the striaterminalis actually it starts from amygdala, in the inferior horn of the lateral ventricle it also follows the sea and striaterminalis those fibres from amygdala comes and relays here, this is the septal area, this is the part of the limbic system, so lateral wall of the body and the roof of the body of the lateral ventricle is formed by the corpus callusum which has been damaged here, part of the posterior horn is here, the junction between the posterior horn and the inferior horn is here, so the tail of the corded nucleus which is going like this, it forms the corded nucleus along with the striaterminalis, it forms the roof of the inferior horn, you can see the interventricular sulcus and this area is the hypothalamus, the mammillary bodies are here, you can see the cerebral aqueduct leading to the fourth ventricle, this is the roof of the fourth ventricle, this is the other part of the roof, this is called the superior medallary vellum, this is inferior medallary vellum, where there is an aperture foramina magendi through which it the CSF enters into the cerebellum pontine system, this is the roof of the lateral ventricle formed by the corpus callusum and the two horns you can see anterior and posterior horn, this is the septum pellucidum, anterior horn is here, lateral wall of the anterior horn you can see here, formed by the head of the corded nucleus that we have shown in the sagittal section, this is the thalamus, so in between the two thalamus, this area is the third ventricle and this is the roof of the third ventricle, where you can see the body of the phonics with the coroid flexors and this is the interventricular foramina, this is the genu of the internal capsule that are lots of blood vessels here, if you damage this blood vessel then there is a danger is there because it is near the genu of the internal capsule, the other horn this is the posterior horn of the lateral ventricle, this is called forces major, these fibers of the, this is called forces minor, fibers which passes anteriorly from the genu, connects the two frontal lobes that is forces minor and the fibers connecting the two occipital lobes is called the forces major, this forces major fibers actually, they form an elevation in the medial wall of the lateral ventricle that is called the bulb of the posterior horn, below it this calcareansulcarus forms another elevation called calcarevis, this is the lateral wall if you can see these fibers actually this gray areas, this is called tepitum, these are the tepitum, then is the optic radiation fibers are there, this is anterior horn or septum pelicirum has been, there is a cavity in the septum pelicirum, this is on anterior horn and you can see the lateral wall, the medial wall of the anterior horn is the head of the corded nucleus, internal capsule and the lentiform nucleus here, this is the body of the lateral ventricle, where you can see the body of the corded nucleus and the coroplexus lying over the thalamus, thalamus is forming the floor of the lateral ventricle, floor is here formed by the corded nucleus and the thalamus, I have shown this one also, the only thing you can see is the anterior commissure here and the anterior recess is, we are looking it from below, that is why anterior recess you can see above the anterior commissure and in between the two columns of the phonics, here is the lateral ventricle body and the third ventricle, the internal capsule is continuing as cross cerebrate and up to the pyramid, you can see the substance a nigra is here, the red nucleus is in this portion and the thalamus, different nuclei of the thalamus divided by white matter is there. The inferior horn is here, you can see the typical the zebrafish type of structure here, this is the inferior horn and the medial wall of the inferior horn is here, lateral wall is here, now I will go to the inferior horn, this is the inferior horn, the floor of the inferior horn is formed by the hippocampus and this is the typical pace hippocampus, paw like arrangement of the hippocampus and this area is the dented gyrus, it is not focused otherwise you could have seen that dentition also, some amount of dentition is seen then this is the fimbria, this fimbria actually it is the beginning of the phonics and it goes to the body of the lateral ventricle, then it forms the joints from both the sides and forms the phonics. So what you see here is the floor of the inferior horn of the lateral ventricle and this is the junction between the posterior horn and inferior horn, so this is the triangle, the collateral triangle and this is formed by the collateral sulcus, actually inferior horn is from outside, if you go from the superior temporal sulcus, it is parallel to the superior temporal sulcus from outside, the hippocampus is nicely seen what I was telling the fibres of the hippocampus which comes, this is the dented gyrus and fibres from the hippocampus and dented gyrus joints to form the cross of the phonics, this is the cross of the phonics and it lies below the sphenium or the corpus callosum, then it forms the body of the phonics. So this is one of the phonics and this is the collateral trigon, in the next slide I will show you that it is the enlarged bigger formation, bigger picture of this of the inferior horn and the tip of the inferior horn lies the amygdala. So this is the inferior horn and here lies the amygdala, the other side amygdala is not seen, this is the tip of the inferior horn and this is the almond shaped nucleus amygdala and on the middle side of the temporal lobe you see, if you go from the middle side you can reach the amygdala. The fourth ventricle the roof already I have mentioned, this is the cerebral aqueduct, this is the roof and other part of roof is here, inferior colliculus, this is the floor which is formed by the pons and also the medulla, it opens into the spinal canal, central canal of the spinal cord and also cerebral fontanal angle through the foramina of mejendi and the lateral recess lies the foramina of laska. So the whole thing is supira medullary vellum, this contains some gray matter and on the lateral side of the supira medullary vellum there is superior cerebellar peduncle, so this is the supira cerebellar peduncle coming from the cerebellum and these are the inferior colliculus just below the inferior collicule, part of the supira medullary vellum is there. Here the fourth knob, this opening through which the only knob which comes from the rossel side comes from this opening. So these are the supira cerebellar peduncle, they are coming from the dentin nucleus here in the cerebellum, the boundaries you can see here, this is the gracile tubercle and midline this is the gracile fasciculus, cuneate fasciculus is lateral to it, cuneate tubercle is here, then continuation of it is the inferior cerebellar peduncle which enters into the cerebellum, inferior cerebellar peduncle. So the boundaries are superlaterally, these are the supira cerebellar peduncle, inferior cerebellar peduncle and below is the gracile tubercle, cuneate tubercle, so that forms the boundary of the fourth ventricle, the floor of the fourth ventricle, this is the median sulcus, this is the roof you can see and here the roof there is discontinuity, inferior medullary vellum and that is the corrodeplexus of the fourth ventricle which is the branch of the paica, you can see some of the branches of the paica which enters through the form of megan d into the fourth ventricle. Here is the floor in details median sulcus and this is the sulcus limitants, in between there is the median eminence and this is the facial colliculus where the facial nerve nucleus is there and the upper part of the sulcus limitants there is one area, the phobia is there actually this is the phobia, slightly lateral to the phobia there is a dark area, this contains the dopaminergic neurons of the brain and in the lower part if you see this nib-like appearance is calama scriptorius, this is the hypogosal triangle and lateral to it, this triangle is the vagal triangle and this is the tubercle, gracile tubercle, ferriculus gracilis, ferriculus cuneatus, this tubercle is the cuneate tubercle and continuation of this is the inferior cerebellar peduncle, there are some fibres coming from here, so those are called the internal medallist trya and this area is actually the vestibular area, just above the vagal triangle, lateral to the hypogosal triangle, the vestibular nerve nucleus is there and this elevation where you can see this is the cochlear nucleus elevation, lateral to it, here lies the lateral recess of the fourth ventricle and it opens anteriorly through the foramen of lasca, here is the opening where the foramen of lasca opens near the foculus of the cerebellum, so this is showing the same thing, fourth ventricle recesses, lateral recess very nicely seen, genu of the corpus callusums and sphenium of the corpus callusum, here is the laminar terminalis coming from the rostrum, this part is called rostrum, laminar terminalis, here lies the acomb and sometimes if the aneurysm ruptures, it ruptures the laminar terminalis and blood can be in the ventricles also, this is the body of the phonics, the septum pellucidum, so third ventricle is here, what you see the interthalamic adhesion, this is the thalamus, the hypothalamic sulcus, now I am putting the probe in the interventricular foramen here, here is the interventricular foramen and this is the posterior limit, the pineal gland, pineal stalk you can see, pineal gland is not there and this is the cerebral acuduct, the two colli-culi are here, cerebral acuduct leading to the fourth ventricle, this is the floor of the fourth ventricle, this is the roof which is formed by the supidomerulary vellum and the foramen of megan d is here, this is the foramen of megan d, the calcariant sulcus and this is paratoxial sulcus, this is the calcariant sulcus, this one is the calcariant sulcus and these are the anti-cerebral artery, anti-communicating is not here, optic plasma is here, here is the intercautid artery, so anti-cerebral the branches, the frontal branches, these are the other branches here, it goes up to this area where it communicates with the posterior cerebral, branches of the posterior cerebral artery. Now the lateral ventricle, here is the lateral ventricle, anti-ahorn, the head of the corded nucleus is here on the both the sides and the septum pellucidum is here, interventricular foramen nicely seen how the coroid plexus is coming from the anti-ahorn and actually interventricular foramen is here, where I am putting the, this is the interventricular foramen and coroid plexus is coming from here, now you can see the coroid plexus going to the posterior horn, this is the body of the lateral ventricle and the posterior horn of the lateral ventricle, this is the anti-ahorn of the internal capsule then genu, this is the blood vessel, so this is the thalamus and the posterior horn, the optic radiation is here going to the occipital lobe, calcane sulcus is here, so this elevation actually is the calcarevus, the calcane sulcus is here and the elevation here is the calcarevus. One can see the brainstem here and the cras cerebrae is or the internal capsule is coming as cras cerebrae and the pyramid and here lies the temporal lobe and I am putting the wire in the inferior horn of the lateral ventricle, I think we can stop now.