 We're basically on time and we're ready to get into the discussion session. So what I would like is for all the speakers to turn on their video in this morning session. And of course, the floor is open for other questions from the audience. Yes, Ali. Yes, Daniel. Yes, I have a question for understanding from Mary's. Go ahead. Mary's, thank you for your interesting talk. So I want to understand. So with the AFM, you said that you can turn on your video, please. Yeah, for sure. Yes, Daniel. So, yes, yes. So I can repeat the question. So in one of the slides, you also pointed out that with AFM, you can also study the protein-illegal interaction. Yes. So I want to know what exact information do we obtain there is binding affinity, the strength of binding or what exactly do we get from there? You will understand the binding affinity because you will be, because as I showed, you have the receptor and ligand, which will be linked, then you could play, it's a, they call it pooling with the force of the AFM. And at the same time that you have this pooling happening, you have the energy, the force spectroscopy, giving you the information of the binding affinity happening between the both of them. So this is, it's a really simple experiment to do, but as you know, we are dealing with parasites. So this is why I'm not doing that in Congo for sure. And I never did it because you need to have proper laboratory in order to avoid contamination, but it's a simple experiment. Just pooling, just attach your ligand to your AFM tip, then you approach it to the surface of infected cell. And you see the pooling happening between both of them, which will give you directly information on the binding affinity between both of them. I see. It's interesting. Thank you. I'm sorry, I'm not an emergency. Okay. I want to say something. Please go ahead, Amadou. Okay. Now, I think that this session is really wonderful. Amadou, can you turn on your video? Can you turn on your video, please? It is impossible for me to turn on the video. Yeah. It's not possible. Ah, it's not possible. Okay, go ahead then. It's impossible to put video on. Okay, now it's okay. Now, okay, now it's okay. I just want to say that this session is really a very, very good session. So the starting of the African Physical Society International Conference is really a very, very, very good starting. And I hope that we'll continue like that. And we are exactly on time. This is extremely important. And I want to congratulate all the speakers for the clear and nice talk and also interesting. All the talk we hear this morning are of important interest for Africa, for African development. So thank you very much. Thank you, Amadou, for your comments. Okay. So questions from the audience? I mean, I will start. I have a question for you, Jart, on the quantum coherence. You know, this is something that is, I mean, it's not a field that I follow so closely, but I remember there was a lot of debates about whether this quantum coherence was real, whether one could explain all the phenomenon photos with just classical stuff. What has the dust settled yet? Or has more noise been created? Or what's going on there? Maybe if I can share my screen, I have some slides maybe of interest. And I believe that was the first point of starting to settle this debate. These are some space slides that I saved. So I did show this slide. That was the start of the debate. And this is one of the papers that I started to settle the dust. So the original experiments have been done again much more carefully and also using some simulations in order to differentiate between the different types of coherences. There are basically three types of coherences, pure electronic coherences, pure vibrational coherences, which can be either ground states or excited state coherences, and then mixing between electronic and vibrational coherences, which are called vibronic coherences. And most of the coherences are of a vibrational origin and moreover of a ground state vibrational origin, which means they are simply Raman excitations and nothing to be excited about. But there seems to be some evidence of long-living vibronic coherence. And there's still some research being done into this, but the original idea that these long-living coherences might be relevant for benefiting the physiological processes, that's not the case anymore. It might be a few percent of improvement at most for some of these processes and that is nothing to be excited about. Just to understand, as one goes higher in temperature, one would expect of course that the role of these long-living coherences will become irrelevant. And so have there been systematic temperature dependent studies to study them? Okay. Actually very early in this point, the very first paper that was published, which I showed that was at cryogenic temperatures in St. Calvin. But in the following year, a study at room temperature was published, where similar long-living coherences were seen. Actually, coherences that lasted even longer, up to one picosecond. And after that, some other systems were investigated at different temperatures, including room temperature. Also seen coherences lasting for over a picosecond. I see. Okay, interesting. Okay. If I can continue the discussion on this. In your initial slide, you also mentioned DNA repair. Now, I work on the structural biology of some DNA heavy cases, which have an iron sole for cluster. And I would like to know whether I need to start taking into account the quantum processes or if this is still one of the areas. Photosynthesis seems to be a bit special in this respect. Well, not necessarily. Actually, for the synthesis of the primary process, you can divide into two parts. The first is energy transfer. So transfer of excitations. And then specifically these excitons is delocalized excitations. And the second part takes place in the reaction center, where you have coupled charged transfers. So you have proton transfer to the one side of membrane, electron transfer to the other side of the membrane. And especially the, well, actually, both of these processes, as you'll probably be aware, are based on tunneling, quantum tunneling. And this is a non-trivial quantum fix that takes place, that is very ubiquitous in biology. And this is also particularly the proton tunneling that takes place in DNA repair, in the DNA repair mechanism. So that is definitely a quantum phenomenon, whether there are other quantum phenomena involved in DNA synthesis, DNA repair or so. I don't know this field that well. I know that there's a lot of experimental studies that are going on. Yeah. So maybe we should wait a few years and there will be more evidence of quantum processes in other biological systems. Thank you. I have a question. Yeah, go ahead. Go ahead. Go ahead. Yeah, if you go to your slide, to your slide, you say wave function, the wave function. The wave function, you said that the psi 12 is equal to 1 over 2, 26, psi 1, psi 1 plus or minus psi 1. Yeah, the wave function there. Yeah, that's the slide. That wave function, can you say is it a singlass state or is it a triplus state? No, it's a singlet state. Well, actually, the quantum superposition of these two product states. So the energy is split into two levels. You do the strong interaction and then you have delocalization. So you have the simultaneous occupation of the one state. Okay, so here the one and the two refer to the two dipoles and one and zero refer to the excited state in a ground state. So you see here that the excited state of molecule one is populated. Here the excited state of molecule two is populated. Since it's a quantum superposition, it just means that the energy is shared by both of these molecules or both of these states. Both of these states are with equal probability. Okay, they are bosons, quite the right. Pardon? Are they bosons, bosons? Yes, yes, of course. Okay, thank you. Okay, questions for other speakers. This is an open session, so. Thank you, thank you. Hello, Hasan, can I come in please? Please, go ahead, Malik. Thank you, Hasan, and thank you, colleagues. I would just to follow up of what Prof. Ahmadu Wagi has mentioned. This first session is a fantastic proof that the ICTP training of a large amount of youngsters in its lab and associate labs has given fruits. And we do really see how quite a number of African fellows have progressed. That's one. And the second point, it is a really fantastic proof of how physics can be applied in the field of biosciences. So really giving a fantastic milestone to physics through biophysics. Thank you so much for all the presenters. That was awesome. Fantastic. Thank you. Thank you, Malik. Thank you very much. Amna, you. Yeah, I just wanted to say that I was trying to be simple and I just missed that I didn't show the background of the experiments because I expect that no one is going to be interesting about what exactly is going on. And I just wanted to show you one thing is that in general, I just want to show one slide. So in general, if you want to do experiments for in vitro or in vivo, you just need to know which microscope you use. It depends on what you are interested to look at. So for examples, as I told you in the presentations that I use the dot antenna reflection fluorescence, because I'm just was interested to see the area which is very close to the surface, but you can use other fluorescence which you will not get the good signal. So for the students, the thing is that you want to know what you want to do. What's exactly the sample you want to study, and you need to optimize the system. And most important is to choose a technique or the microscope, which is available. I mean, you have about more than 100 different type of microscope. It depends on what you're interested to see, which parameter you want to study. You want to study the system as you just want to see the structure. You want to see the interaction as a real time, or you want to freeze the interaction and see what's going on. So I just wanted to show that because I just wanted to be on time, and I miss to tell those steps. Thank you very much. Okay. Yes. Yeah, I still want to ask a question too. Go ahead, Steve. Can you show your face? Sure. Thank you. There you are. Thanks. Great. Go ahead. Okay. So I still want to ask a question to Chad. He talked, I guess, he's talked as many about the experiment done in quantum biology. Does he have any idea about what type of simulation are done? What type of dynamics codes may be used for the dynamic simulation? Okay. Yeah. Thank you, Steve, for the question. A very good question. So you rightly said that I am approaching this field many from an experimental point of view. So I don't know everything that's going on in the theory. So since the first publication, a lot of quantum theorists have applied their models and methods to try to understand what's going on. So there's really a lot of methods that have been used in this field. Yeah. I think the best way to get a good idea about which methods are relevant, which not, or maybe to read some of the review papers in this field, I can also send you some papers if you maybe just send me an email. Okay. And I think that would be a good place to start, because there's really a lot of theory that has been done. The theoretical side has developed really a lot faster than its mental side. Okay. Thank you. Thank you very much, Steve, for your question. Any students who want to ask questions? We have a lot of young students in the audience. Don't be shy. So let me just add that one of the goals of this virtual meeting is to facilitate getting to know each other better, knowing what we do scientifically, building collaborations and stuff. So I encourage the young people to use this opportunity as much as they can. Okay. I just want to say just one thing is that maybe if someone of the speaker, including me, if someone finds that there is some information that can be shared with the students, maybe we can send to you Ali, and then you can send it to all the participants. Especially papers if someone is interested about it or some information. Definitely. That's a great suggestion. Okay. So I think this has been a wonderful session this morning. Let me add that the topics of this meeting are very, very broad. And this is really intentional. We started off with biophysics in the morning, and we ended off with a bit of nice quantum discussion, which is a great motivation for the afternoon session, which is going to be on quantum information, quantum computing. So very different things. Tomorrow, we're going to hear about more condensed matter, orienting things, electronic structure. In the afternoon, we'll get into the high energy world. And also before that, actually climate science. So yes, we have a very broad selection of topics. I hope that you all hang on through all of it. We have a poster session on Friday morning. So the details of how that's going to work have been already sent to all the poster participants. And this afternoon, starting at 2 p.m. Central European time, we're having a joint session with the African Light Source Meeting. So you've all received an email during the last hour on how to attend that Zoom meeting. And then after that, we will reconvene again in this meeting to continue with the quantum information session. So if there are no more comments and things that people want to say, I guess that's it for this morning. Thank you again. I will see you later this afternoon.