 Mae'n ddweud ychydig i'r cyfrifio'r cyfrifio. Mae'r bwysig yw'r ddweud o'r llai gael'r rhannu ei gwelwch ar gyfer 170 ychydig iawn a siaradau bwysigol i'r maen nhw. Yn gyfawr, ymddiadau'r gweithio'r cyfrifio ymddorol yma yn eu cyfrifio fryd o'r cyfrifio'r cyfrifio'r cyfrifio'r cyfrifio'r cyfrifio'r cyfrifio. ac mae'r un ar-gwylwyr ar y gyfnod y 12th ysgrifennu. Mae'r proses yw'r proses o'r hyn sy'n meddwl i'r gael y cyfnod i'r byd yn dîm lle. Mae'r ymddwll yn ymddangos gyda'r bydd ystod, yw'r ymddiad maen nhw, i'r gael gyffredinol a gychydig. Mae'r gweithio'r gwneud i'n gweithio, yw yw'r gweithio'r pethau i yw'r gweithio, ddim iawn i'n mynd i'r Unig Llywodraeth, i fi'n gweld i ddim iawn i'r ystyried, boedd y Llywodraeth yn mynd i'n ymwyllgor i ddim yn ychydig i'r Llywodraeth i'r Ymwyllgor Llywodraeth, yn y gymorth ychydig i'r Ymwyllgor Llywodraeth, felly mae'n gweithio'n ei gilydd. Lleidau'r ei ffordd ychydig iawn yn ymwneud, ynglynchon i'r 17, 18, 19 yma. Dyma'r amgylcheddau yn eich trefnod yn y gallu achos mewn gwirion. Mae'r Gwyrddysgwch yn y ddau iawn a'r barath a'r awr. Mewn gwirion yn eich trefniad yn diwedd. Oedden nhw'n gweithio, y benerag â gennych sefydlu hwn i ddechrau ar y syniad ddau'r unig arall, I thysg ymlaen neid stryd ar â, mae'n gweithio gwybod i'r adnod. Rwy'r bwysig yn ddod i'r gweithio yn cyllid ymlaen yma, ond y Coffinio Ordd Gweithes Aled, dda 모 nifer ar gyfer'r L-1860, oedd ymdraeth'r blaenitter bwysig o'r bwysig o'r clywc, mae'n cyllid yn cymdeithas cyllideis. Felly, mae'r hollwch i eich bod yn unig fod y 170 o'ch cychan iawn i'r hollwch yn ei pethau o'r 580 ysgwrt. Mae'r hollwch yn y meddwl yn y ddechrau, mae'n pethau o 180 mewn o'r hollwch, ac mae'n gwybod yn y cwmwysg. cyflwylo'n cwltifatio ar gyfer. Daen nhw'n ddechrau y 10 a 11 yma, y dyfodol yn ei wneud o unrhyw ymddiadau ac mae'n meddwl i'r rŵnwyr wrthwaith cyflwyr. Mae'n amlwch â'r cyflwyno ar y cyflwyno, y croesol yn y drefnol, yn y ddiddorol yma i'r cyflwyno ar gyfer ystyried a'r grwm a'r drwyf. Wel, mae'r crosses yn ychydig iawn i'r llif oedden nhw. Fe chwarae ddiwedd yn ei sowel, mae'n llif yn lawer o'r crossi na'r crossi'i ar hynny, mae yna ihanolio'r crossi, mae gennym ni'n llif yn arduadu gynhyrchu. Mae anhygoel i'r cysylltu yma. Mae wnaeth i'r cysylltu yn llif yn llyfr gyrdd. Byddai'n meddwl ei wneud yna i welcydydd ffordd, ac mae'n meddwl ei chaflwyd yn ychydig iawn o'r 170 plwyddon Maenai, iddo sy'n ôl o gael, a byddai sian i ddim yn gron i gael! Ac gŵr yw'n mynd o'ch gael ei wneud o'r wgondol. L-ŵl yn bwysig. Rydyn ni'n bwysig yw gwybod am y cofnog o bldd, a bwysig yw gwybod am 60 yn dweud. A hyn yn bwysig, a ddiddwch yn bwysig. sy'n gyffredin ar yllysig. Rwy'n canolio i chi'n rhaid i chi'n gwybod parysau wrth oedd ymddangos ei gael arall o'r parysau sy'n gofynu'r ysgrifetig. Efallai o'r parysau ar y bleu. Yn y gallwch amdano, rydyn ni'n gofynu'r 7 parysau sy'n gyflaen ireddio i'w rheswm iawn yma y morgylchedd gyda'r ar gyfer mae'r drosid. Rydyn ni bwysig yr hyn i gweithio, allwn gydag y maen nhw'n byw sgwyd yn gwneud rhai fydda'r cyd-fynol, sy'n fryd traf ni'n cyflaen i allwch am y gwzbwyng. I wanted to investigate whether there were other attributes which might also have increased a sight's significance. In this case, the field's immediately around the semi-ruinist church in the middle of the screen. This is the glib precinct of this particular parish church, and whilst it's produced crosses from the graveyard itself in the centre, crosses have also been used and perhaps reused to serve other purposes, marking a well on the left of your screen and a mound at the top of the screen in the approach from the north. This made me wonder whether there was in fact a process of negotiating access into this site. The mound sadly has gone, it's buried within this hedge that I'm sanding on to take the picture, but it was still apparent well on into the 19th century with a tall stone cross, a drawing of that cross positioned on it. Now the routeways leading to the parish church of Lonon, I've reconstructed here, I've just talked about the approach from the north coming in at the top of the screen, and the routeway from the south can also be re-identified and expressed in its totality. Part of it is a country lane, but the red part at the bottom is an enduring right of way which leads from a very good landing place on what is otherwise a very unfriendly coastline. The yellow part of the route is an extinguished right of way which crosses fields towards the southern end of the precinct around the church, and if we actually go to the site itself what is really interesting I think in my view is that that lost pathway leads to a style in the graveyard wall which is framed through the arch of the old doorway into the church, and having entered the graveyard you further negotiate your way to the church by passing this very fine 10th century wheelheaded cross that's on the left of the lower picture, and that's that's one of the few crosses on the island sadly which is still in what we think of as its original location, but I've begun to unpick evidence that several other of the parish churches are approached by passing major monumental crosses like this which have since been moved. The parish church at the at Santon also on the east coast of the island is rather similar in some respect. It lies above a landing site again you see that inlet in the in the bottom of of the screen, and it's a landing site which is guarded by an iron age promontory fort which then is reused throughout the medieval period as a coastal watch site. The parish church up at the top left hand corner of the screen is now well set back from the sea it's less exposed than another chapel site which was abandoned in favour of the of the site that became the parish church obviously rather less vulnerable, but it raises the possibility that this is a landing place that may have been used potentially quite heavily might even have been a possible beach market, and it it also of course adds vulnerability to the site hence the promontory fort is reused as a watch site for the protection of the of the inlet during the night time and the hill just off screen to the left was used as the daytime watch site providing the necessary altitude to look far out to sea. But bearing in mind what we saw at the previous site at Llanon it's interesting that we now have a a newly identified mound in the field just to the north of the church which hasn't been surveyed or investigated yet but could just be a similar example to what we saw at the parish of Llanon. This gives you an idea of the actual view towards the sea from the church itself it's extremely restricted there's a very narrow angle of arc that provides a view towards the sea but of course also from the sea. This is another east coast parish that have mackled which is perhaps the only manc site where we can securely say that a medieval monastery existed due to documentary sources and also the infrastructure that goes with it that's highlighted in the in the bottom corner there. And it's easy when you look at lovely scenic views like this to to presume that this has a wide seaward exposure but once you actually go on to site itself it becomes again a great deal more restricted. And I think if we pause and take stock here what what might what might constitute our criteria for a parish church we have the existence of a pre-existing chapel burial ground we have monumental calfstone crosses we have examples of possible monumental burial mounds and also this sense of restricted or perhaps even non-existent seaward views. And one part of the island where all of these elements come together is in the northwest facing the channel between Northern Ireland and South West Scotland which links through to the Kingdom of Man and the Isles and up to the Orkneys and and from there on back towards to Norway itself. Some of these Viking Age burial mounds shown here in red are famous for having been excavated by Gerhard Bersu and for a while were some of the some of the type sites for this kind of feature in Northwest Britain. Other workers such as Basil Magor have noted their prominent locations. We also have two iterations of the parish church in this in this particular parish the old and the new shown on screen in blue and I've been trying to quantify just how visible and prominent these sites are from the seaward. The old parish church has an incredibly restricted view of the sea. It owes its survival unlike so many of the other older chapels to its conversion to the parochial school in 1700 at which point the parish church migrated about 400 meters to the north. But if we take its elevation and factor in the land the surrounding landform and topography we can we can see that the maximum angle of view towards the sea shown in red on the fray very dark on this screen it looks better on mine is is really quite restrictive and the great thing about working in this area is that we can contrast this with the with the nearby Viking Age burial mounds. One of these the site at Crump Moor was located on this low but nevertheless prominent hilltop and its view to the seaward was was really quite phenomenal so good that the RAF converted it into a control station for a bombing range unfortunately but not before it was excavated. We can actually see that that view shed here and if we add in the the original parish church you can see that the contrast really is very marked. You also see that that the actual distance that you can see out to sea is is significantly different to the distance of about five kilometers and that's just because change in altitude above sea level of only a few meters. If we put the two together you'll see that the difference is stark as I've just said but if we now compare like with like the old parish church and the new the old parish church is that in that dry area of grass you can see on the left of your screen the new parish church is fairly self-evident but thrown in for good measure between the two that dark blob on the horizon is yes yet another Viking Age burial mound in an incredibly prominent location and we can use another burial mound which lies within the modern church yard as a kind of proxy for the visibility of this newer and more recent parish church. There it is expressed in the same kind of way as the other three sites that you just looked at and it enjoys something like a 130 degree arc of view out to sea and if we pause for a moment just to revisit just how hidden the older site was here in the middle of the picture just the bottom right of the white building and then shown in the foreground in the in the lower picture you can see that the contrast between the two locations is is extremely marked and I think in conclusion we can start to see a pattern in the significance of of certain sites which promotes them I think into contention as centres for newly formed parishes at the end of our chosen period here today. We have examples of prominent Viking Age burial monuments in close proximity several of these sites now and we have records of Viking Age weapons being uncovered during excavations within the burial grounds in in more recent centuries. We have the presence of all of the monumental 10th and 11th century cross labs that have been found on the island they're all at parish churches. We have the cessation of the actual monument making of those carved stone crosses which as David Wilson has suggested elsewhere may reflect a change in way that the church actually exerted its power and influence on the population. It was interesting listening to Alexandra this morning talking about the fact that certainly in Anglo-Saxon context you have to pay a fee for burial. We can't say for certain if that pertained in as it were the more Celtic west but it's perhaps an idea which which is worth exploring more as an explanation for the cessation of these the carving of these stones and we also have the choice the very clear choice of sites with limited seawood exposure in other words they're they're protecting their vulnerability and I think this is this is extremely marked. I've only shown you a few examples but you can you can say if we were to look at all 17 parish churches they all have an extremely limited view from the sea and they are thus protected if you like from the vulnerability of of raiding and and the like from you know the extensive traffic that there would have been around the Irish Sea in in these centuries. So there you have it a quick summary of why I think new approaches to the research of the development of parish centres can be can be shown to be a a kind of recipe of a certain number of activities and again it's interesting to think of the the patronage arguments that Alexandra was putting forward this morning. Thank you for your attention.