 Having gone through all the lectures by these eminent speakers, you must have realized that psychology has travelled a long distance, of course, cutting its umbilical cord from philosophical influences and has developed more and more, you know, scientific temper. This very last lecture, in a sense that the remaining two, that will be following it would be panel discussions. This very last lecture is exclusively dedicated to technological advances, which were primarily to cater to the need in other domains of knowledge, but how psychology has been influenced by it and how those technology are being used in psychology. I must tell you that all of you are aware that data analysis is something, which is extremely, extremely dependent on the technological advances. There are several softwares both for qualitative as well as quantitative analysis and data analysis is something, that you cannot get rid of in psychology and therefore, you can understand how dominant the advances in technological domains have influenced psychology. What two interesting things, one that is you know the stimulus design has been influenced by the advances that has taken place in technological domain and two, the nature of conductance of experiment has also transformed, because there has been too much of advancements of technology. I am very surgically making selection here and therefore, I am not at all going to talk about data analysis, I am not going to talk about conductance of experiment primarily for two reasons. One that most of you are aware of it and there is a fatal danger that if I go into looking at the technology that has been very, very helpful in terms of a stimulus design in conductance of experiment, primarily I would be indirectly talking about few selected softwares that I do not want to do here. Therefore, just I wanted to share with you just three visuals. This is a map of a campus primarily and this has been designed by a non-psychologist colleague of mine. He is basically a designer who is looking into the making of isomorphic maps. I found it very interesting, because you know right now one of my student is also working on spatial cognition and therefore, if you look at the map whether it is a 2D map, whether it is an isomorphic map, the angle from which you look at the map or if you are having an aerial survey the angle at which you are looking at the space starts influencing you. So, that is an interesting thing and I think that if you have to work on such topics in the laboratory, then it becomes extremely important to look at proper softwares or have to modify the existing softwares, so as to cater to your need. To the student of mine you know you can see on the screen right now that this is using a particular software where you have the possibility of dividing the space into grids and then in each of these grids you add certain things. You can see here most of the grids are unoccupied and few of the grids have certain images and then you can construct whatever you wish it could be a city, it could be a geographical terrain, it could be a forest, it could be anything and most importantly you would find here is that you can have a walk through. So, something that is otherwise impossible to think of can very easily be done in the laboratory setup, simply because you have under gone or you have seen the demonstrated capability of a technology, but in this very last lecture my focus is exclusively on eye-tracking technology and virtual reality, why did I do this? As I told you that I do not want to indirectly endorse any of the softwares which supplements one or the other type of activities that psychologists look forward to, but then these are two cutting edge technology and I can share with you to the latest information that is available to me that eye-tracking technology is available only at eight centers in India as of now, 2013 may I am talking about and of course virtual reality which has not yet come to India, but then in the western world you will see certain type of research in psychology where virtual reality is being used in the laboratory setup. What I thought was that I will introduce you to the eye-tracking technology, something that we have here with us at IIT Kanpur and then I will know just make a survey of publications in the last five years that is 2009 to 2013 where eye-tracking technology has been used. I have extensively done this job so as to do justice to this fact that how advancements in technology which was actually took it to some other need has been very well used it has been well adapted in psychology. Let me take you to the psychology lab of IIT Kanpur you see the eye-tracking machine here and right now what you see is the calibration being done so that the focus of the participant can be recorded by the machine and of course you can see here how the individuals behavior is recorded by the eye-tracking machine and as you know psychologists will always look for the numbers. Therefore, there are methods of quantifying this gaze behavior and what you see on your screen now is the quantification of this gaze behavior which has been recorded using the eye-tracker. Look at this image on your screen now this was an experiment that I had performed couple of years back and I was interested showing you that you can very easily plot the gaze movement when one tries to identify a facial expression it has multiple usage of course. So, right from expression to different types of psychological disorders to issues like deceit forensic applications there are lot many things that has to do with it, but just look at this scan path of happy expression. You now see scan path for sad expression and now you see the scan path for fear as an expression on the face of the expresser. With this brief introduction to how eye-tracker works I basically come to the eye-tracking technology and psychology. For this purpose I have you know reviewed the publications that has come to journals in the last 5 years when I say last 5 years this means 2009 to April 2013. In 2013 till now when I am recording this talk 3 papers have been published one that has to do with attention bias, second that has to do with attention and third one which primarily deals with the neural behavioral and the autonomic correlates of facial processing. What I will do now is that one by one I will just briefly summarize know what was done by the researcher in this work that has been published and on the bottom you can see the full reference if you are interested going into the details of it you can of course look at those papers. The first paper that was published in 2013 is by a sessioner and his colleagues which talks about attention bias towards threats and primarily what he looks at is the difference in the motor reaction time to threat and neutral cues. What he found was that anxious participants they display a greater attention bias towards angry faces you remember the research in emotion does say that anger is processed on priority evolutionary psychologist also talk about it know that emotion processing when you look at their preferences and of course the sensory gating concept if you attach it to it then you realize that anger as an emotion is always processed in priority compared to rest of the emotions. Another interesting observation in this study was that the first and the faster fixation is always to the angry faces and this shows the bias orientation towards the threat related stimuli. What is important to note here is that this is actually consistent with the findings from earlier reaction time studies. So, before no eye tracking technology was being used in psychology there were studies like this but with the advent of this new technology you realize that with precision you can actually know convey the findings of your study one two when you say that this was processed on priority you can calculate time in milliseconds and three you can actually know plot the trajectory of scan what is referred to as scan path. The second study which was published this year was by Taylor and Herbert what they did was that they took six and nine month old infants and they asked them to watch the video of an adult demonstrating at the sequence of actions with an object and primarily they were trying to examine was the role of attention during learning on recognition memory. What they found was that the age related changes in the focus of infant attention during a learning event and of course subsequent recognition memory for future events and at both ages that is six and nine months attention was focused primarily on the object and person. I must tell you that earlier studies were also conducted on how facial expression of the caregiver especially father and the mother and then of course the other caregivers how new born babies or six month old baby they scan the facial expression of their parents and there are interesting studies on this. I have just know tried to show you this is not the exactly what was done by these researchers but look at this animation which shows the eye movement of infant. Now what you interestingly find here is that eye tracking as a technology has been used ANOVA and T test as statistical techniques have been used so conventionally and of course the problem lies know what has been usually the focus of attention by psychologists. So problem statistical technique everything remains the same but the new technology is being used. The third study published this year was by Wagner and his associates they have studied autism spectrum disorder and they have tried to find out that these ASDs they have difficulty with social emotional cues and then they have found that the ASDs they show a typical pattern of emotional facial processing one, two they have reduced neural differentiation between emotions and third that reduction in the relationship between gaze behavior and neural processing of the face. What is very interesting to note here in this study was that you have intelligence test something which is very well known to all psychologists intelligence test has been used you also see that EEG has been used besides eye tracking technology and statistical technique analysis of variance has been used. So that is an know interesting know mix of the existing tools and techniques and the modern technology. Last year that is 2012 I found 6 papers were published in scientific journals where eye tracking technology has been used. The constructs that have been studied are anxiety disorders, learning and visual perception, attention bias, belief, long term working memory and social phobia and the problems are also very interesting. First paper talks about rate and state anxiety on attention bias, second paper talks of learning to segmented novel occluded objects in the scene. The third paper talks about existence of a specific information processing bias such as attention bias. The fourth paper talks about source evaluation, the next paper talks about influence of interruption background speech and music on reading and the last paper talks about the relationship between time course of attention and symptoms of social anxiety and depression. So, whole wide range of know topics have been taken into account. Now, in 2012 the first paper that I am referring to here is by Quingley and his associates which talks about attention bias for threatening stimuli and here the relative influences of state anxiety on attention bias pertaining to emotional images has been studied. What Quingley and his associates found was that state anxiety was correlated with increased attention to threatening images regardless of the trait anxiety of the participant and importantly the duration of the initial gaze and the average fixation were always longer on threat stimuli compared to the neutral images. What you interestingly find here is that personality has been used as a construct. You find anxiety disorder which has been of again of prime importance and significance to psychologist and attention to threat. All three constructs are older constructs. They have been thoroughly examined in psychological literature, but then you find that these constructs are revisited using the eye tracking technology. The second paper that has been published in 2012 that was by Emerson and Amso and what they did was that they combined both the functional magnetic resonance imaging and eye tracking technique and they used it to examine the mechanism that is involved in learning to segment a novel occluded object in a scene. They were trying to understand the role of effective visual sampling and prior experience in the development of mature object perception. Now, object perception pattern recognition these are known well researched areas in psychology, but then you find two of the cutting edge technology being used by researcher. What did they find? Now, their neuroimaging data suggested an involvement of the hippocampus and the basal ganglia as well as the visual cortex and the frontal parietal regions of the brain. So, the psychological constructs you find learning visual perception, technology you find functional magnetic resonance imaging and eye tracking being used in this research. So, perfect combination by this time the modern technology, the existing constructs in psychology and the relevant problems. Third paper that was published in 2012 was by Provencio and his associates who worked on specific information processing bias such as attentional bias that has to do with the persecutory belief. Now, people studying pathological behavior, people studying paranoia they have been using this construct since I do not know how long where the whole idea of persecutory belief has been studied. In this case, the activation of depressive cognitive schema was examined because it is considered that they facilitate attention bias in those who belong to the subclinical paranoia domain. Now, this favors the depression based model of paranoia. Clinical studies on paranoia, clinical studies on depression and especially the subclinical paranoia you combine the cognitive processes in psychopathology. But then using eye tracking technology what you succeed doing is that you are trying to examine or revisit the etiological model of paranoia or the persecutory belief. So, it is a fantastic combination of the recent technology that is being used to know revisit the oldest one of the oldest existing constructs in psychology in psychopathology and then also redefining psychopathology in terms of cognitive processes and also verifying the etiological model of paranoia. The other paper that was published last year that is in 2012 was by Kamerar and Vani and they were primarily interested finding out that how interface of search engines and the internet specific epistemic belief they influence the novices source evaluation in the web search process. What he did was basically he took medical topics and when we search using one or the other search engines nowadays it is a very common practice. How do you trust the what you call the appropriateness of or how do you consider that the information that is given on a particular website is really valid information. So, they were trying to do this. So, it was basically the trust factor it had to do with the web content it had to do with the medical search process. But very interestingly it also has to do with user interface and those who are in design those who are into psychology and design those who are into user experience design and those who are into human computer interaction they really admire this very process of learning the user's experience or what is called as the user interface. Now, what they found was that those who had strong belief that the web content correctly showed the knowledge they were more aware focused on the information selection and they also realized that it has some betterment effect on the outcomes. Couchard and his associates they published another paper in 2012 where they tried to find out the influence of interruption background speech and music on reading. I remember my own days not only my young student days, but even now at many occasions when I work on certain thing I do play some light music in the background and that basically helps me get rid of this monotony effect. It also reduces the mental fatigue this is a subjective experience. Now, here the researchers what they did was they were trying to see if the interruptions the background speech and if you play music in the background what type of impact it has on reading. So, the participants were asked to read paragraphs while they were exposed either to background speech or to music or they were supposed to read the text in complete silence. What did they find? They found that interruptions increase reading time very obvious, but what they also found was that the background speech slowed down the reading rate as compared to the reading in the presence of music or reading in silence. Now, this is actually congruent with the theory of long term working memory long term memory, long term working memory both have been know of interest to psychologist. In the neuropsychological section you did hear professor Vivek Benigal talking about art and the brain and of course, the focus was very little on music and the processing of the brain and how other cognitive domains get facilitated when you have music in the background, but in this study you find using eye tracking technology the researchers claim how background music can know become a facilitator of a psychological phenomena. Another paper that was published last year that is 2012 was by Scofield and his associates. They studied social phobia and they were trying to look at the bias in the attention whether they help in maintaining the symptoms of social phobia or not. Now, the characteristics of these biases include hyper vigilance to some threatening cues, difficulty in disengaging attention from threat and of course, the avoidance of the threat cues. What they found was that social anxiety associated with attention to emotional phases rather than the neutral ones. There was difficulty disengaging from angry expressions. You remember one of the papers we have right now discussed where on priority angry expressions were analyzed and they also found a relationship between the heightened depressive symptoms and the increased attention to the fear phases. Now, this very work besides adding to social phobia research it also helps us understand what you call experimentally testing the computing models that try to describe the phenomena of social phobia. So, that is another interesting way. In 2011 four papers were published and the primary constructs that were examined in those papers were depression, perceptual motor processes, problem solving and decision making. In 2011 the first paper that I am referring to is by Sears and his associates who tried to examine attention and memory bias for emotional information in people suffering from depression and dysphoria and they found that people who suffer from these two they also have poor memory. Now, besides this very finding this experiment this very paper the findings of this very paper has implication for the cognitive model of depression and they also talk about the vulnerability of depression. Franczak and his colleagues they published another paper in 2011 where they talked about infant's visual exploration during a natural interaction. So, basically when children they freely play with their mother how do they look at where they do they look at. So, gauge behavior during free play with the mothers very interestingly the findings were that these children these infants they actually explore. So, their visual exploration has three interesting thing one opportunistic exploration two that they depend on the availability of information and three that they are limited by constraints of their own bodies. So, in terms of looking at infants perceptual motor behavior and of course, the visual gauge pattern this is an interesting study that way. Another interesting study by Moeller clean and nuke was on the multi digit addition task which talks about basically problem solving and of course, they have taken reaction time as a measure, but here they talk about the multi digit addition and they are looking at the cognitive instantiation of the carry effect. So, when you have to add and you have a carryover when you which you take to the next one. So, how I fix session behavior works during the verification of an addition problem and they found that there is a need for a carry that is actually recognized very early during the encoding of the problem itself. So, in terms of understanding how one solves numerical problem in terms of understanding how one performs complex addition where one has to carry. So, numbers say two digit or more than two digit addition where you have a carryover effect it was found that encoding actually is a stage where this thing the need for carryover is realized besides and talking about problem solving and of course, reaction time what you interestingly find is also the application of technique such as analysis of variance and logistic regression in this study. Another study that was published in 2011 was by flow and cotrull they were working on decision making process in simultaneous line ups. So, you have an array of faces of a suspect and then basically you have to know find out the suspect who is along with or whose face is presented along with the foil faces. Now, this besides being of importance for decision making this also has to this also has extreme forensic relevance because you identify a suspect amidst a set of neutral people who are not involved in the crime scene. Now, they found that the line up decisions can be predicted by phase dual time and the number of visits made on the face. Now, there are situations in real forensic examinations where either you know the police officer asks you to do that or you are asked to identify the person in the court of the law where you have a suspect and you have others who resemble to the individual they are supposed to wear similar type of clothes and stuffs like this and then you are supposed to identify the suspect. Now, there are cases know where people reward their decisions in the court of law although they had said something else before the police officer in the court of law they reverse their decision. Now, studies like this which actually tells you that how many times you visit the face of the suspect can actually know act as the predictor is an interesting finding from that point of view. Now, I come to 2010 and you find six papers where eye tracking technology has been used and the constructs primarily studied were attention, memory, information processing in children and perceptual processes. The first study that I am taking from 2010 is by Clement and his associates who studied the effect of prior experience on the distribution of attention during judgment of analogical similarity. Second paper that was published was by Sears and his colleagues who worked on the bias in the allocation and disengagement of attention in diasphoric individuals. What they found was that the diasphoric individuals they spent significantly less time on positive images it was one they also found poorer memory for emotional images and they found difference in the attention and the memory bias that is seen in people who are depressed versus those who have dysphoria. Another study that was published in 2010 worked on the perception of others feeding actions. So, when adults they feed infants how the babies they perceive the feeding action of those adults. So, once again the study has now focused on six month old infants and what was found was that these infants can anticipate that food is being brought to their mouth when they look at the adults. But then they it was found that they fail these infants they fail to anticipate self propelled spoons that move towards the mouth. So, you need actually you know an adult to move the spoon to the mouth of these infants to make them realize that they are actually going to be fed whereas, in the absence of an adult figure they do not realize. So, they also found that the ten month old babies and the adults they can very easily you know anticipate the self propelled spoons and of course, adults can anticipate the combining actions also, but this interesting study actually talks about information processing in children. Now, another study that was published in 2010 was once again on ASD the autism spectrum disorder by Frith and his colleagues who talked about priorities of attention to the region of the face that contains the eyes. You know that ASD people they usually avoid maintaining eye contacts. So, the time course analysis to was performed to understand the difference between normal control and those with autism spectrum disorder and it was found that the ASDs were rapidly queued by the gaze direction and there was an immediate increase in total fixation duration at the location of the gaze. In 2010 another study was published by Robbers and his associates who worked on the encoding strategies used by primary school children and once again they had used the free recall technique. So, this was basically assessment of free recall and recognition for target items and they had measured resistance to interference by these primary school children. The findings of this study talks about the developmental changes between the ages of 7 to 10 years. Now, especially in terms of ability to inhibit distraction and also to resist interference. So, primarily they talk about improvement in the capacity to strategically focus on task relevant aspects in the case of primary school children. And only one study that I found published in the year 2009 was by Richmond and Nelson who had worked on memory. So, basically they had used eye tracking measures and try to look at it from the relational memory point of view. They had also worked on infants, the 9 month old infant. They were found to encode memories in terms of their relationship among the items and this function actually is observed by the hippocampers. So, something that is remarkable here is that you find that couple of these studies focusing on infants that group of human population which otherwise is very difficult to be examined that it is very difficult to make them participate in an experiment and to precisely come forward with the finding. You find that eye tracking technology as an intervention has really helped psychology in a big way. What you also find is that the clinical population has also been examined and of course, several perceptual motor and other psychological functions have also been examined. Now, it is time for me to focus on how virtual reality as a technology has been used in psychology. Unfortunately, we do not have the virtual reality facility with us and to the best of my knowledge in this country as of now virtual reality facility is not available. But what I will do is that I will try to show you that how actually the stimulus looks like. If one uses the head mount that is used in visual reality research, look at this building. This is the new core lab building of IIT Kanpur and if I walk from the main entrance towards the corridors reaching the psychology lab if you use the head mounted virtual reality, this is how it would look like. Interestingly, in 2013 five papers have been published where virtual reality has been used as a technique and here the constructs have been studied such as sexual deviations such as counterintuitiveness, social skills, fibromyalgia and post traumatic stress disorder. The first study that I am quoting here that was published this year was by Rinald and his associates who examined the child molesters and sexually non-deviant people. Now, sexual arousal and gage behavior was assessed to characterize sexual preferences and intentional dynamics. So, you find here that gage behavior which is actually an outcome of the eye tracking and virtual reality which is yet another technology is being used and then what they found was that the analysis of average gage radial angular deviation can be used to identify people who could be molesters. So, once again the findings of this study if they are validated by others also could be of great help to the law enforcement agencies and this also shows the use of virtual reality in probing the phenomenology of child molestation. So, both it has clinical application, it has forensic application. Another study that was published this year was by Hornbeck and Barrett and they actually examined the intuitive and counterintuitive test items. The free recall of display is known and how immediately and after certain delays how these things work. Basically, they were found cross cultural support for Pascal Boyer's theory. The third study that was published this year was by Kandelhaft and his associates who talked about the feasibility of an engaging virtual reality social cognition training intervention which was primarily focused on the enhancement of social skills, social cognition and social functioning. Here virtual reality platform has been used as a promising tool that can improve all these three interestingly in autistic children. So, that is an interesting thing you find here high functioning autism group and you also find social interventions. Both of these things have been of prime interest to people in clinical domain of psychology, but here you find virtual reality being used to understand and explain certain phenomena. This year itself, the third paper that was published was by Botella and his associates who talks about the effectiveness of virtual reality as an adjunct to cognitive behavior therapy. Now, cognitive behavior therapy is well known therapeutic technique to psychologists, but then virtual reality and CBT this being put together is an interesting construct here. Now, the sessions of group CBT with adaptive virtual environment that contained a specific content for developing relaxation and mindful this skill was used here. The patients were assessed at pre-treatment, post-treatment and of course, after six months follow up. With respect to pain, depression and negative and positive effect and coping skills and what was found was that reduction in the pain and depression was there and also there was an increase in the positive effect. So, usually you know this would look very very interesting, very very fascinating to people working in the clinical domain to see how virtual reality can be used as a technology. Another study published this year itself is by Kramer and his associates who talks about evidence based treatment for PTSD and remember the group that he has studied is basically the military service personnel who participated in operation Iraqi freedom. Here virtual reality has been used as an aid for intervention in the veteran health care system. So, how psychological care, how mental health issues, how psychopathology and how virtual reality can be put together under the same umbrella that is an interesting demonstration. Last year that is 2012 two papers were published where virtual reality has been used. One where the heuristic tool for understanding and teaching key concept in psychology that is transidents that was examined and the other paper where anxiety has been studied which talks about association between explicit condition effect and subsequent avoidance behavior by human subjects. 2012 the first paper that was published was by Gorendo and Groves who talked about the use of an online virtual world that is second life. Most of you must be aware of it how that can be used as a heuristic tool to make people understand the key concept of psychoanalysis that is transference. So, that is an interesting thing how virtual reality can be used for that. The other paper was by Glotzbach and his associates who talks about the maintenance of anxiety disorder. Primarily it is talking about conditioning. So, fear conditioning how it leads to avoidance and using virtual reality they found association between explicit conditioning effect and subsequent avoidance behavior. Remember the best part of virtual reality is that you do not interact in real life with that situation. It is all in the lab set up in a very, very controlled and safe environment, but that can be you know give an impression to the participant as if one is really experiencing it. 2011 there were 5 papers 2 dealing with post traumatic stress disorder, 1 dealing with stroke, 1 dealing with Parkinson's disease and 1 dealing with the traumatic brain injury. Ma and associates they worked on the kinematics of the Parkinson's disease patients and they were you know trying to understand the practicing effect of reach in the virtually moving target. So, you have a virtually moving target and people with Parkinson's disease will have lots of difficulty moving their arm. How they try to reach the target and they found that using virtual reality they can study what would improve motor performance in people who suffer from Parkinson's disease. Now reaching for faster moving virtual balls with the dominant hand that was the task here and what was observed was that the success rate and the kinematic data for acceleration phase all movement time peak velocity and percentage of movement time with the pre and the post test data showed that yes there is an immediate transfer effect. So, fantastic research on Parkinson's disease patients where you use virtual reality for neuro rehabilitation. Another study published in 2011 was by Galvin and his colleagues where stroke patients were examined and this very study actually looked at virtual reality systems for rehabilitation of upper limb skills of children who had neurological impairments. Once again you find virtual reality neuro rehabilitation for the stroke patients. PTSD of course, now right now we discussed one paper. Another paper is by Macle and associates who worked on soldiers who were posted in Iraq and Afghanistan and they were working on the treatment of the PTSD. What they found was that the virtual reality graded exposure therapy and the usual treatment that is the tau for PTSD. How no combat related stress and PTSD can be handled using post traumatic stress disorder. So, great clinical application of the virtual reality technology. Traumatic brain injury patients were also studied by Larsen and his associates this paper was published in 2011 where a three dimensional cancellation exercise. Now, cancellation test is something that is known to all psychologists, but a three dimensional cancellation exercise over two days in an interactive virtual environment was the demand in this case with minimal distraction. And this study also looked at the integration of the visual and the tactile stimuli. Once again the findings have great relevance for neuro rehabilitation. What they found was that there was there is an attention exercise using virtual environment that can be done. And of course, now it is very very beneficial for the in patients who come with the traumatic brain injury. Rager and his colleagues published another paper in 2011 where once again the exposure therapy in PTSD treatment was being examined here. And now there are of course very limited research that evaluates the effectiveness in the active duty service members. So, this very therapy the VRE the virtual reality exposure therapy in the active duty soldiers were was done. And once again know the soldiers who were posted in Iraq and Afghanistan there were the participants of this very study. So, the health care system both in the civil and the different sector both have no benefit of the usage of virtual reality in psychology. In 2010 three papers were published using virtual reality technology one working on the high level social phenomena, second on dissociation and the third one on PTSD. Now, Kozlov and Janasin they worked on the simple video game based virtual environment. And they were trying to look at psychological research on the real world behavior. And the likelihood of helping others when you have your own time pressure and when you have the bystanders what type of likelihood it has know on your helping behavior that was being examined here. So, that is another interesting study another study published in 2010 was by Adema and associates which was on the effect of virtual reality on dissociative experience and the sense of presence. And here both know depersonalization and derealization both of these dissociative experiences were examined. In 2010 another study that came forward studied the PTSD in a 30 year old soldier and here the military contingent know who had gone to Iraq and had a very narrow escape to death. This soldier was specifically chosen for the study because thrice during his posting in Iraq he narrowly escaped death. And here once again virtual reality was used to examine combat stressor. And know this was supplemented with behavioral training that consisted of desensitization, aversive reaction all types of things know contact with weapons in the shooting range and so forth. And beautiful way of know looking after the mental health of individual soldiers who have experienced such type of situations in their profession. If you look at the importance of these two technology in psychology right now what we saw was eye tracking being used for anxiety, attention, autism spectrum disorder, visual perception, belief, working memory, social phobia, depression, problem solving, decision making, perceptual motor processes. Virtual reality being once again used for PTSD, anxiety, Parkinson's disease, dissociation, traumatic brain injury. Of course, sexual deviation and social skills. You find a great degree of you know significance of these two technologies on this examination of human behavior. This was actually an attempt to take you right from the first lecture where I talked to you about how psychology emerged as a discipline. So, right from looking at the philosophical influence on psychology to psychology becoming a science of behavior, the whole process of systematic and scientific study, exploration, examination of human behavior to the last lecture where we have come to the cutting edge technology being used in psychology. So, with this you know we complete this whole discussion on the wide range of topics pertaining to psychology and this is the last lecture of this very course what is named as selected topics in psychology.