 First we talk about the asexual reproduction, though there are lot many methods of asexual reproduction but we will talk about the most important ones. Asexual reproduction as we know involves no gametes because the offsprings will be produced by simple cell division or mitosis or some other processes in a single cell in a single organism. There are many methods of asexual reproduction in organisms, we talk about them one by one. Binary fission is very common method in particularly prokaryotes and in unicellular organisms. Unicellular organisms we know the organisms which consist of a single cell. Multiple fission this is also a common method of asexual reproduction in unicellular organisms many of these budding. Binary fission is also another important method of asexual reproduction and it takes place in many organisms unicellular and even in many of the multicellular organisms. Then there is another method called regeneration which is actually not an exact method of asexual reproduction but it serves sometimes for asexual reproduction. Regeneration is actually the revival of the lost part of an organism like an arm in the starfish. In the vegetative propagation in plants sometimes the plants they are vegetative parts that is those parts which are not involved generally normally in reproduction. These parts can propagate or they can grow into newer plants and separate from the parent plant and they grow we call it vegetative propagation. We talk about all of these methods in a more detail one by one. First of all binary fission, binary fission division into two binary means two fission means division rupturing. This is the type of asexual reproduction which is very common in bacteria which is a major method of reproduction in the prokaryotes. The bacteria divides by binary fission we can also say they reproduce by asexually by binary fission. In bacteria for example binary fission takes place by this process we divide that process into steps we can divide into four steps. Step one the replication of single chromosome takes place we know that in bacteria there is a single chromosome there is only one chromosome that chromosome goes through or undergo a process of replication that is in other words we call it duplication that is it divides into two. If it have plasmids then plasmids also divide into two that is each plasmid divide into two then this chromosome and the plasmids they move towards the sides of the cell. When they reaches the sides of the cell then the cell membrane starts invaginating from center towards inside then this membrane we can say invaginating the membrane of both sides meet almost in the center and the cytoplasm is actually divided by the membrane into two cells when it happen is complete then the cell wall is laid between these two cells and when cell wall is formed cell is divided into two cells this is called binary fission in bacteria. Binary fission also takes place in other organisms like in unicellular organisms in amoeba in paramecium they also divide by binary fission though not always sometimes they also use some other methods but mostly they divide by binary fission when the conditions are normal or favorable. How it happen in these organisms the nucleus elongates and divide into two actually after duplication of their nuclear material nucleus elongates and divide into two then these two nuclei goes towards the sides and the cytoplasm also divide cytoplasm divide by invagination of the cell membrane and when cell membrane actually touches each other both sides of cell membrane that touches each other the cell is separated into two cells and both cells makes new organism new amoeba or new paramecium we exemplify this process with the help of a diagram that in binary fission the nucleus elongates when it elongates then the cell membrane it starts invaginating then these nuclei they go on both sides and they separate and then cell membrane start invaginating when invaginate more and more and ultimately it is separated then it makes two cells we call this simple division binary fission which occur in most of the prokaryotes particularly the bacteria is the most common method in bacteria and in amoeba, paramecium and many other unicellular organisms they divide by binary fission that is division by simple cell simple nuclear division and division of cytoplasm into two cells these cells are identity because these are the products of same parent cell these are just like their parent cell they do not have any additional characteristic this is type of a disadvantage now we talk about next method called multiple fission say multiple fission more than one divisions actually many divisions multiple fission is a method adopted by some organisms mostly the unicellular organisms what happen that a single cell divides into many cells mostly it occur during unfavorable conditions for example then amoeba if unfavorable conditions comes then the amoeba makes itself into the form of a cyst it converts itself into the form of a cyst a very hard structure and when it makes the cyst that is it is covered by a hard structure to protect it from the harsh environmental changes in inside of its cytoplasm the nuclei divides by mitosis that is by simple division into many nuclei that is one nucleus divided into two two into four and so on so by multiple divisions of nuclei nucleus lot many nuclei are produced inside the cytoplasm then every nucleus is surrounded by some part of cytoplasm cytoplasm come and surround every nucleus every new nucleus amoeba can sustain in this form for longer periods for the for actually passing the unfavorable conditions when the favorable conditions comes then the cyst is removed and cell membrane is formed around all of these small nuclei plus cytoplasm combinations and one cell divides into many cells and all of these cells will develop into a new organism so multiple fission is actually the fission that is breakage of one organism into many organisms that is one cell one cell parent into many one cell of springs have a look on a diagram which shows this process here you can see in the diagram that cell have only one nucleus then it divides by a mitosis into two and then multiple mitosis takes place and many nuclei are produced when favorable conditions comes then cell membrane starts making coverings around these all of these sets all of these nuclei plus cytoplasmic bodies and divide the same cell into many cells we call it multiple fission and multiple fission is usually a process that takes place during the unfavorable conditions when conditions are not favorable for life the organisms adapt this strategy then budding budding is also a very common method of dissection reproduction particularly in the unicellular organisms and also in some simple multicellular organisms examples are yeast which is a unicellular fungus we commonly use it into making our breads and in hydra which is a multicellular organism and lives in water budding what happened actually what is the process look at this diagram an outgrowth appears on the body of the parent we call this outgrowth a bud this bud grows and the nucleus of the parent cell divides into two and one nucleus goes to this bud travels towards this bud and enter into inside this bud this bud usually keeps growing for some time when it is large enough to continue its life it is separated from the parent's body and it makes a separate organism many times several buds appear on the body of same organism particularly in yeast there are lot many buds that appear on the body of the parent and ultimately every one of them separates from the parent and makes new organism same characteristic is adopted by the hydra in hydra also a bud appear on the body of the parent and this bud ultimately develops into an organism and then it is separated from the body of the parent so budding is also method of reproduction some bacteria also reproduce by this method that is budding the most of the bacteria divide by binary fission another method called regeneration the regeneration actually is not a method of asexual reproduction but this is actually a method of regenerating or remaking lost part of organisms body there are many organisms which have characteristics characteristic that they can remake their lost part this is commonly found in star fishes and in plain area plain area we know are type of flat worms and star fishes these are the canoderms which are the marine animals which have actually star fish have a shape like a star it have five arms many times it happen that when star fish encounters an enemy it is one arm is lost or due to any accident may be it is one arm is or more than one arm is lost they have a characteristic that when their arm is lost they can by mitosis make their arm again this is the regeneration for making a newer part but in plain area when sometimes what happen that plain area is cut into two halves in two pieces now both of these halves have regenerative capability both of these halves will make their other half by simple mitosis process that is division of the cells as you can see in the diagram in front of you if we divide a planarian into two halves from the center both of these halves in some time will regenerate their other part and they will make two new organisms from the house that is one from the anterior half and one from the posterior half so in this way it also makes another type of method of reproduction is actually production that is one organism is made with the help of simply regenerating itself simple cell division plants also reproduce is actually with the help of we call vegetative propagation vegetative propagation means that their vegetative parts that is which are not their flowering parts and which are those parts which are normally which do not normally reproduce or involved in the reproduction what happen it is the process that involves vegetative propagation of some plant parts particularly stems and leaves its examples are the runners suckers we call some plants runners these plants if you look at in the diagram they are the creepers they grow on walls or soil on other parts and they produce roots from different parts from their stems when a plant is growing runner is growing it produces some roots from its stem which are called adventitious roots these roots attaches to the soil or to the substrate to the surface and then they make newer leaves and stem from that part and then they are separated from the parent plant and make a new plant the examples are grasses and strawberry grasses usually grow like this this is the reason that grasses are very fast growers and they grow easily in comparison to many other most of the actually other plants strawberry plant also grows like this there are others like banana in the mint they have suckers they have roots that actually insert themselves into the surface where they are growing sometimes there is a side root which is produced from their stem and that is from that side roots also become attached to the surface where they are growing and it makes a new plant that is a new plant the stem and the leaves they arise from that new root we call it also adventitious root from this adventitious root new plants they grow this is the reason that growing these plants is also easier later on the sucker or this part this adventitious root part separates from the main plant and it makes a new plant we call this vegetative propagation in some plants even vegetative propagation occur by leaves for example the bryophyllum in the bryophyllum what happened that their leaves their large leaves have notches upon them that is small extensions these leaves have some extensions upon them they look like a spiny on their margins and every notch have the capability of making a new plant when the leaves they fall off on the ground and the touches the soil then these notches may develop into new plant this is also a very good way of spreading their race their these plants on various parts of the soil so this is an advantage for these plants that they can grow easily and quickly