 Namaste and welcome to the video course on Watershed Management. In module 2 the on Sustainable Watershed Approach and Watershed Management Practices. In lecture number 7, today we will discuss about Watershed Management, Inherit Regions and Strategic Planning. So, the important topics covered in this lecture include Watershed Management Practices, Inherit and Semi-Herit Regions, various Watershed Management strategies and we will discuss a case study. Some of the important keywords in today's lecture include Watershed Management Practices, Strategies, Herit Regions, Semi-Herit Regions. So, now let us discuss the Watershed Management Practices in Herit and Semi-Herit Regions. So, if you critically analyze the various land use or land physiography all over the world, we can see that the dry lands cover more than 60 percent of the earth surface. So, this 60 percent means not all the areas all 60 percent is totally dry, but say some classification says dry lands cover more than 60 percent of the earth surface and the herit zones describes this herit zone means herit zones are described as a part of the dry lands and how most severe climatic conditions. So, in the 60 percent somewhere or another way of say water shortage is there. So, that is why we call this as dry lands and out of this say the herit zones are described as part of the dry lands and the major distinguishing feature of the herit zone includes herit zone has low rainfall say most of time average annual rainfall will be less than 500 millimeter or the heredity index will be less than 0.2. So, heredity index is used to identify the herit regions herit lands in the dry lands region. So, where whenever this index is less than 0.2 we classify the land as herit zone and then with more than 50 percent indoor annual variability. So, in this hered regions we can see that even though the average annual rainfall may be say 200 or 300 millimeter, but there is drastic variation indoor say 50 percent indoor annual variability takes place more than 50 percent. So, this makes difference in terms of nature of ecosystem, socio-economic environments and challenges for sustainability. So, we have discussed the various issues related to sustainability. So, we can see that in these herit regions it is so fragile ecosystem. So, lot of challenges will be there to say to when we discuss about watershed management in terms of socio-economic and environmental aspects or land use aspects lot of challenges will be there. So, some of the peculiarities of this herit and semi-herit regions include high winds and solar regimes and this further increase the effect of rainfall variability. So, these are some of the important say issues or important aspects as far as herit and semi-herit regions are considered. So, herit region will be within the say when the rainfall is less than 500 mm. So, semi-herit region say we can say that it will be slightly more than 500 mm say may be up to 750 mm average annual rainfall. So, but most of the time the issues related to herit or semi-herit regions will be somewhat another way similar. So, with this perspective let us look into various issues water related issues or land related issues as far as herit regions are considered. So, here whole complexities say what we discussed as far as herit regions are concerned there are so many complexities land related complexities the water related complexities. So, all these makes a fragile ecosystem in which small disturbances may cause great loss to the sustainability which are sometimes irreversible. So, even if say for example, say a particular area the average annual rainfall is say 300 mm. So, even there is a small changes taking place with respect to this availability then there will be lot of problems they say like severe drought problems, severe water shortage problems there will be so many problems. So, in this hot herit zones say here we can see that say the small changes create lot of problems and hence these hot herit zones are economically and environmentally disadvantage with a unique problems. So, for most of the herit or semi-herit regions say the problems whenever we look into various issues say watershed related issues then you can see that there will be this issues will be unique. So, the ecosystem of these zones are highly fragile with a larger risk that cause. So, as I mentioned even small changes can create lot of problems to the ecosystem and the severe impediments to development programs. So, that is the another issue. So, say of course, there is problem related to land then problems related to water. So, the water resource related problems are there. So, within these constraints say when since the ecosystems are so fragile. So, as far as development programs are concerned there will be severe problems we have to be very careful in the planning. So, of the total land area in the world we can classify about 18.8 percent say as a herit zones and these herit zones are diverse in terms of climate, soils, vegetation, animals and the lifestyles and the activities of the people. So, when we have discussed about the herit zones there is say unique problems are there and then say herit or semi-herit regions say its problems related to water or land or say soil erosion problem due to wind or other related issues. So, the problems will be unique and then say even a small change can create lot of problems as far as the economic planning or the watershed management plans are considered. So, as far as herit and semi-herit regions are concerned. So, little but variability in rainfall and presence of distinctive periods of droughts are characteristics of these areas. So, often say we call sometimes drought or sometimes heridity. So, but say as far as the stems are concerned there will be lot of confusion. So, as far as drought is concerned we can define it as a departure from average or normal conditions that means the shortage of water adversely impacts on functioning of the ecosystems and the people of the area. So, that is a drought, but as far as heridity is concerned the average conditions of limited rainfall and water supplies there will not be much departure from the whatever say the available in that particular region. So, this is the difference between a drought and the heridity. So, according to the conditions we have to use the term appropriately whether either as drought or heridity. So, now as far as the world is concerned the extent of herit zones in different continents are listed here. Say for example, Africa say 1,175 million hectares. So, say for example, about 46.1 percent of the total area we can classify as herit. So, Asia is concerned about 35.5 percent, Australia 11.9 percent, Europe only 0.4 percent, North America 3.3 percent, South America 2.8 percent. So, like this say the extent of herit zone in different continents are varying. So, according to the space I mean from different continents to different continents or say one country to another country lot of variations are there as far as the herit zone statistics is concerned. So, say for example, India is concerned when we discuss about India say herit regions of India say cover about 31.7 million hectares involving mainly in seven states including Rajasthan, Gujarat, Punjab, Haryana, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Maharashtra. So, about 11.8 percent of the country is under hot herit environments and the herit regions of Rajasthan, Gujarat, Punjab and Haryana say which is the constitute the so called third research and these accounts say more than 89 percent of the total hot herit regions of India. So, here we have to differentiate the hot herit regions and say normal herit regions. So, here say as far as India is concerned the herit regions distribution is shown in this table say for example, in Rajasthan about say 19.61 million hectares and 61 percent. So, Gujarat 19.6 percent, Punjab and Haryana 9 percent, Andhra Pradesh 7 percent, Karnataka 3 percent, Maharashtra 0.4 percent like this. So, this shows the statistic as far as distribution of herit regions as far as India is concerned. So far we have seen the distribution of herit regions throughout the world and India is concerned. So, we can see that a lot of variations from one states to another state or from one country to another country, but as far as the problems of the heridity or the drought are concerned say the land related or water related problems for this most of this regions are unique. So, that way say we can say whenever we discuss in terms of watershed management most of these issues are common as far as the most of the herit or semi-herit regions are concerned. So, now let us see what are the main issues as far as watershed management issues are concerned what are the main issues in herit and semi-herit regions. So, in herit and semi-herit regions, so some of the major issues include desertification and land degradation, drought affects more than say about 2 billion people throughout the world and the situation might worsen due to the climate change. So, now in the recently we are discussing about the climate change. So, when the climate change say issues are concerned you can see that in the temperature rises and then the say even though some regions of rainfall may increase, but say overall say the total available rainfall will be obtained in few events. So, that way the drought problems will be increasing. So, and then say the most of the issues as far as herit or semi-herit regions there will be the more problems as far as the temperature or as far as the water of herit is concerned. So, as far as herit and semi-herit regions are concerned 2.6 billion people are affected by desertification and the population growth as per 1990 is concerned 18.5 percent in dry land areas are this growth is there and GDP is concerned in dry land areas gross domestic product in areas is about 50 percent lower than in non dry land areas. So, this shows the economic statistics or economic status of the people of the herit or semi-herit regions or the dry land regions. So, you can see that compared to non dry land areas say the GDP is 50 percent lower. So, now in the natural regeneration of vegetation cover and soil in herit areas takes 5 to time times longer than in favorable areas with greater and more regular rainfall. So, when we compare the herit regions and non herit regions say we have already seen the GDP. So, similarly say when we are trying to regenerate the vegetation or when we are intervening in terms of watershed management practices then we can see that say we have to put more efforts we have to say wait for long time to see the effects. So, about 5 to 10 times longer than in favorable areas say with the greater and more regular rainfall. So, these are the main issues as far as watershed management is concerned in herit and semi-herit regions. Also the main agricultural land use types in dry land areas say like crop land, irrigated land and range lands. So, there are lot of issues as far as the agricultural area is concerned. So, different land degradation problems occur depending upon the type of land use in the herit or semi-herit regions. 55 percent of the gross value of the food is produced under rain for the agriculture in the same herit and semi-herit regions. Crop land in say dry rain for the areas is used primarily by smaller holder farmers to cultivate feeds and cash crops. So, as far as agriculture is concerned most of the areas in the herit or semi-herit regions say about 55, more than 55 percent is rain for the agriculture. So, very few areas are having the the reaction facilities. So, due to all these reasons the agriculture practice the agriculture is concerned major issues are there which we have to address whenever we discuss in terms of watershed management practices. So, now within this perspective of the various issues which we have discussed so far as far as the herit and semi-herit regions are concerned. Let us see what are the major challenges as far as the watershed management is concerned. So, some of the important challenges are listed here. So, like the land is concerned the soil is infertile then lack of water for irrigation then expansion of cultivated and diminishing of natural vegetation cover. So, say most of the area say the people are trying to cultivate. So, the fields are in developing stage and most of the natural vegetations are diminishing and then insufficient amounts of organic material and nutrients. So, this creates lot of problems as far as the plant growth is concerned. Then in many of the areas the cultivated areas burning of organic materials like harvest, residue, brush fires etcetera then soil erosion. So, this is another major issue as far as the herit regions are concerned. So, mainly in herit regions the soil erosion is as we discussed in the last lecture it will be mainly due to the wind force. So, wind velocity so this whenever the high wind comes. So, most of the say this soil will be especially in sandy nature and this sand will be say transported with the wind and it will be deposited in some faraway places. And then some of the other challenges say as far as the herit and semi-erid regions are concerned free grazing. So, there is no clear and land use rights and whatever existing forests only scanty forests are there and whatever existing forests are concerned deforestation is a major issue in most of the herit and semi-erid regions. And then all this leads to poverty and socioeconomic problems as far as the people residing in these regions. So, these are some of the major challenges as far as the herit and semi-erid regions concerned in terms of the watershed management plans which we can consider for these areas. So, now with let us discuss the various issues or with respect to the various challenges as far as herit and semi-erid regions are concerned. How we can sort it say solve these issues or what kind of watershed management within the perspective watershed management practices how what we can do as far as the herit and semi-erid regions are concerned. So, now in this slide we can see the watershed management in herit regions. So, here earlier we discussed the integrated watershed management practices projects or the approaches. So, they say if we can integrate various aspects which we discussed earlier. So, then it will be a good solution as far as the herit regions are concerned. So, this IWEM or integrated watershed management approach provides a framework to integrate natural resource management with the community livelihoods in a sustainable way. So, this is our main emphasis as far as the watershed management in herit regions are considered. So, within the perspective of IWEM we try to address issues of degradation of natural resources, soil erosion, landslides, floods, frequent droughts and desertification and low agricultural productivity, poor water quantity and quality and poor access to land and related resources from an IWEM perspective, integrated watershed management perspective. So, most of the issues most of the things which we discussed whatever we are trying to integrate various aspects as far as watershed management is concerned. So, if we can integrate say like a land related, water related or the people related then say we can see that we can have better say watershed management plans as far as the herit regions are concerned. So, as we discussed earlier compared to normal area the ecosystems of the herit regions are so fragile. So, we should be very careful when we try to make plans within the perspective of integrated watershed management say as far as the herit regions are concerned. So, some of the important IWEM practices possible are listed here in this slide. So, the watershed management in herit regions. So, first one is see this sustainable land management practices. So, we can start with the mapping of sustainable land management practices then on-site and off-site interactions say as we discussed say for example, if desktop space that originates from a location and that can threaten people and livelihoods close by but quite far away also. So, it is not only a localized issue, but to far distance also the problems can be there. And then also say as far as the herit regions are concerned or semi-herit regions are concerned lot of interaction will be there between highlands and lowlands. So, people in areas are dependent on ecosystem services provided by highland areas say for example, this is a highlands or this is the highlands. So, then we can see that say where if we can do through watershed management practice or rainwater harvesting if we can harvest lot of water in this hilly region. So, that will be a source of water to the lowland areas. So, the highlands give water for to the surrounding lowlands. So, like that we can look into the highland lowland interactions. And then the next thing is say there can be regional interactions and rural urban linkages. So, you can see that say whatever products are made in agriculture products made in rural area that will be transported to urban areas and from urban areas many of the consumable things will be transported to the rural areas. And then participation and community involvement. So, these are some of the as we discussed earlier as far as indirect watershed management plan is concerned people participation is very important and community involvement is also very important. So, that we can look for sustainable say watershed management or sustainable land management. So, when we look into the various problems and various issues we can see that say many of these issues we have to we should have a multifaced approach or multifunctional approach. So, multifunctional approach and multifunctional use helps to reduce the risk through diversification to promote synergies that produce added economic, ecological or social value and to preserve and strengthen the ecosystem services. So, only issues that the ecosystem is so fragile. So, we should be very careful while intervening in any of this arid or semi arid regions. So, as far as watershed management plans we have to study in detail and then see we have to map the sustainable land management practices and then we have to start we have to say put appropriate plans by considering all the issues of the considered watershed. So, now let us discuss in detail about the sustainable land management. So, sustainable land management in arid regions helps to increase food security primarily for small holders. So, small holder farmers. So, we have seen that most of the people living in arid regions are small holder farmers. So, the main aim of sustainable land management is to increase the food security and then provide local energy. Local energy say for example, in terms of solar energy, wind energy etcetera, then provide local fresh and clean water. So, this we can achieve through say locally based rainwater harvesting or say local wells which are which obtain water through say recharges, then mitigate soil degradation. So, soil degradation is a major issue as far as the land is concerned. So, the sustainable land management practices we have to mitigate the various soil degradation problems then increase the soil moisture. So, we can see that say when the soil moisture is improved then the agricultural yield will be more or we say more land we can use for agriculture purposes. So, that way so increase in soil moisture is very important. So, we have to look in terms of soil development and functions as far as the in terms of sustainable land management is concerned and then enhance primarily a primary production and nutrient cycling. So, this is also very important as far as the sustainable land management is concerned and then preserve biodiversity at the farm level through agroforestry, intercropping, fallow and preservation of locally adapted seed. So, these are some of the things which you can be say we can plan as far as the sustainable land management is concerned. So, we have to preserve the biodiversity then say like agriculture is concerned we can go for intercropping then preservation of locally adapted seed. So, now say some of the important things which we can do as far as the sustainable land management in every region is concerned. Say we can do say many things related to say to preserve soil moisture so that better plant production will take place and then we can increase the primary production say primary production say in terms of water or other resources. Then say if any river is there we can regulate the river lake and a road water levels so that we can achieve sustainable land management in terms of water management practices. Then we can regulate water discharge from high land to low land areas reducing floods and increasing the low flows in the streams or the channels are concerned. And then we can integrate the crop production and livestock production. So, these are some of the as far as multifunctional land use concerned. These are this is the core of the multifunctional land use that means integration of crop production and the livestock production. So, that the income of the people will be increased. So, through this we can achieve the poverty elevation and then better say sustainable land management is possible. So, now say as we discussed there are so many issues are there. So, as far as land use is concerned we can see that it is a multifunctional. So, multifunctional means say here we have to see that the various issues as far as the land use is concerned say like production of food and cash crops say which one we have to give priority. So, accordingly we have to manage. Then irrigated land so wherever possible possibility of irrigation is there. So, rail land areas with a high potential for groundwater and surface water are used to cultivate crops, fruits and vegetables. So, we have to plan the agriculture in such a way that whether there is any option for irrigation whether sufficient groundwater we can pump it pump out and then we can increase the possibility of irrigation. So, that way we have to see as far as the irrigated land is concerned. Now, if you consider range lands. So, here the livestock production is the priority as far as range land is concerned. So, livestock management reduces risk while rotation of grazing land ensures that vegetation cover is preserved. So, range land where the we cannot utilize much of this area for the agriculture purposes. So, that way we can use for livestock production. So, there say as far as say for the sustainable land management is concerned we have to see that we can implement the rotation of grazing. So, that the grass will be regenerated say if we can go for rotation of grazing. Then dry land areas are concerned dry land areas react with particular sensitivity to disturbances in the water and biomass cycles. So, regulating and supportive functions are seriously affected by inappropriate management of the soil and the vegetation cover. So, these are some of the issues which we have to deal as a multifunctional land use as far as the arid or semi arid regions are concerned. So, now with this perspective within this perspective let us look into the dry land management. So, what we can do as far as the dry land is concerned how we effectively we can manage the available lands. So, some of the important things what we can be done are listed here. So, like a dry land areas reacts with a particular sensitivity to disturbances in the water and biomass cycles. So, regulating and supportive functions seriously affected by inappropriate management of soil and vegetation cover. So, we should be very careful to see that the regulating and supportive functions are planned properly. And then as far as biomass cycle is concerned soil organic matter influence on multiple soil functions such as soil biodiversity, fertility, carbon storage, regulation of surface water flows and improved water quality. So, biomass cycle aspects we have to consider as far as the dry lands management is concerned and then water cycle. So, the water availability is very less. So, that way we should be very careful. So, reduction of soil cover like relative to plants litter and mulch and of soil organic matter. So, other starting point in the vicious degradation spiral. So, due to drastic disturbance of the water cycle. So, the within the available water I mean already in the dry land say the water width is say very very less. So, accordingly we have to see that within the available water source say we have to improve the soil moisture. So, that we can go for say better agricultural practices. And then as far as dry land management is concerned. So, like sustainable land management practices which we discussed in the previous slide. So, we can utilize these for better soil cover improve biomass and water cycles. And these are the key to improve soil fertility and the water availability as far as the particular areas concerned. And then no tillage with controlled traffic and then furrow enhanced runoff like this the runoff harvesting and rotational grazing. So, these are some of the issues which we can or the things which we can do as far as dry land management is concerned say within a region. So, now say let us look into what are the possible watershed management plans as far as the regions are concerned. So, as we discussed the main issues are the soil is not fertile. So, the land is say land related issues then we have the water availability is very very less. So, water related problems are there then the same the people say they are total income is much much less. So, there are so many issues as we discussed. So, within this perspective. So, how we can go for better watershed management plans. So, let us look let us discuss this issues. So, as far as watershed management plans are concerned development of in situ rainwater harvesting techniques. So, that is very important as far as the arid regions are concerned. So, we should look for various practices which require less labour and maintenance and then cost also should be very less for the considered project. So, we have to see that say as far as the particular areas concerned whether we can use the local labour and local available material as far as the various water harvesting techniques are concerned. Then development of plant based water absorbing or retaining materials. So, depending upon the area we can develop the some particular types of plants which can absorb water depending upon the say rainy season or depending upon the rain. So, this water will be absorbed by the plants and that will be retained. Then initiatives for wide spread adoption of rainwater conservation techniques. So, you can see that say for example, this is a Rayland area where a number of projects have been implemented as far as the rainwater conservation is concerned like check dams, then Nala bending etc. So, we can look into the say a large number of rainwater conservation techniques. Then improvement in traditional water harvesting systems. So, as we discussed earlier say water harvesting system was there say for centuries and now say we have to reactivate some of this traditional water harvesting systems which are very much suitable for these arid regions. So, depending upon the locality we can say choose particular say water harvesting system for that particular area. Then development of simple windbreak establishment techniques. So, as we discussed for most of the arid region the soil erosion due to wind is a major problem. So, say we have to reduce the wind speed so that the soil erosion will be reduced. So, we have to develop simple windbreak as a technique like say we can go for say plants which can reduce the speed of the wind say on ridges so that that you can reduce the soil erosion problems. And then also we can as say as far as watershed marine plants are concerned we can explore the potential of arid zone agroforestry as a tool for solving the environmental problems. So, we can go for better agroforestry so like shown in this photograph. So, that can solve most of the issues as watershed marine plants are concerned. Then also we can go for organic farming in virgin arid lands and then another source of income for the local people will be ecotourism. So, in ecotourism means say we can develop the particular arid region particular arid village and then we can give facilities for the local or international tourists so that the local people can earn money through various means. So, ecotourism is one of the important aspect which we can promote in many of the areas. So, now say let us look into what are the possible watershed management practices as far as the arid regions are concerned. So, say depending upon the how say we as far as the arid region is concerned as we classified most of the time the average annual rainfall will be less than 500 mm. So, accordingly say depending upon how much rainfall is available. So, we can go for particular watershed marine practice for the considered area. So, few of the say possible practices are listed here and discussed. So, first one is runoff farming. So, here say depending upon the rainfall conditions. So, here we can go for runoff farming. So, this is a system growing crops on harvested and stored water in the farm by earthen dam or bund across the general slope of the farmlands. So, this is so in this say runoff farming. So, the shallow gravelly and the rocky uplands. So, like this rocky uplands shallow regions. So, this we can this area we can keep for grazing and then we can harvest the runoff water coming from the uplands using say using various water harvesting techniques say and then we can collect the area collect the water. So, water collecting area then we can use go for kondur bands say that means say using channels according to the kondur. Then moisture storage basins then inbounding mechanism like bands, spillways and sluice and so on for cultivators settlement. So, like this say if the rainfall is say somewhat good like say say 300 to 500 mm per annum then we can go for better farming practices and then we can go for the say various rainwater harvesting schemes and then we can classify the land use as far as the upper land then lowland is concerned and lowland we can use for farming and then people settlement and then upper land we can go for grazing and then also we can use it for the say rainwater harvesting as far as the particular areas concerned. So, that is what is known as runoff farming. So, then the areas where the rainfall is say for example, below 200 mm per year. So, that we can go for a scheme called silvy pasture. So, here the silvy pasture is used in areas for rainfall below 200 mm per year and food production is very difficult in this region. So, on the other hand there are some grass species which will be growing in this area. So, for example, this centurus celeria say like that this scientific names of some of the grass species and these are well adapted to such climates and make natural range lands. So, the tree species like Prospo, Piscinaria and say Sisyphus, Numeraria come up in this range lands. So, this kind of plants grows in this area and makes a silvy pastoral system. So, this same once this type of plants or grass species grows in the area. So, then we call such a system as silvy pastoral system and then animals like cows, goats and sheeps are part of this farming system. So, this animals can graze in this region and then the animal products say like milk, eggs, meat etcetera can be used by the local people. So, that will be their major income. So, here we can see that this is a good example of sustainable management. So, depending upon the area since the rainfall is very low. So, we utilize the possible plantations and then grass species and then depending upon that we say grow the animals and then we get the income from these animals. So, that is so called a silvy pasture. And then another say system is called Agri silvy culture. So, this is mainly a popular system in areas of rainfall between 200 to 400 mm per year. So, people protect naturally germinated seedlings of useful trees like pea scenery, ria, then z-numel area like that. So, these trees come up in crow fields and then we can go for mix and dropping of pale millage, mud bean, cluster bean and xamene these are all carried out under these trees. So, you can see that big trees will be there like in this photograph and then small plants like beans, pepper millet etcetera can be grown under the shade of these trees. So, these trees do not compete with the crops, but complementary in terms of improving the micro environment. So, that is so called a Agri silvy culture system. And then the last one is so called Agri Horticulture system. So, say throughout the world number of research studies were conducted and based on experiments in research farms and farmers fields. A new Agri Horticulture system of say so called jujupe say it is in scientific name CC first Mauritania. So, jujupe inter co-operate with eryth legumes like cluster bean, mud bean, green gram these are developed for areas receiving rainfall of more than 250 mm per year and Agri Horticulture system found to give better and earlier production. So, that we can go for year round work and this will be residence to ratic rainfall. So, this is so called a Agri Horticulture system which are possible in eryth region. And also say like as far as the watershed management practices are concerned we can go for lay farming. So, say for example, lay farming the concept behind lay farming is on one piece of land a rotation of grasses for 4 to 6 years are implemented followed by food grain crops like pepper millet of legumes for 2-3 years and then land is left to follow for 2-3 years and whole farm is divided into parts in such a way that every year all these 3 practices we can continue. So, like grass production crop production and follower available in one or another part of the land. So, this system is called a lay farming system. And then as far as the major problem of like soil erosion due to winds we can develop wind breaks or shelter belts say wind erosion high thermal regime and hot desiccating winds serious problem in the eryth regions. So, here we can have a mixture of trees and shrubs planted across the wind direction like shown here. So, in introducing the wind speed. So, this is another watershed management practice in eryth region. So, now say let us look into various techniques which we can utilize in terms of engineer techniques or structural technologies as far as eryth and semi eryth regions are concerned some of the importance say engineering technologies are listed here as far as watershed management is concerned for the eryth or semi eryth regions. So, these technologies include like side hill ditches or similar diversion structures. So, this we can use a non-arrable land from cultivated land below. Then we can go for condor bonding or ridges as we discussed as far as say watershed management practice is concerned. So, these are built along the condor as part of the crop field. Then grassed waterways so which carry away runoff that has been channeled by condor structures. Then we can say go for terraces like this we can have terraces. So, radical conversion of slope land into series of graded steps. Then we can go for small scale terracing depending upon the area. Then also we can go for micro basins like we can have pits or half moon structures say as part of rainwater harvesting. And then we can go for girly plugs like barriers built a perpendicular to slope across drainage ways. So, these are some of the engineering or a structure technologies which are possible as far as eryth or semi eryth region are concerned. And then also we can give a vegetative treatment measures as far as the eryth or semi eryth region are concerned like some of the important vegetative treatment possible in the areas where eryth region are listed here like strip cropping or condo farming. Then leaving barriers then leguminous cover crops. Then zero low tillage then adjustment to agronomic practices like improved plant spacing and appropriate crop rotation including intercropping. Then we can go for a compost application like improve the organic matter content of the soil. Then we can go for agroforestry practices. So, these are some of the vegetative treatment measures as far as the eryth regions are concerned. So, with this now say what we have discussed so far is say what are the possible watershed management plans as far as the eryth or semi eryth regions are concerned. So, there are unique problems as far as the say the eryth or semi eryth regions are concerned. And then we can have unique solutions also depending upon the area, depending upon the precipitation available for the particular area. So, now let us go to the second section in this lecture so called say watershed management strategies and strategic planning. So, here we will discuss not for eryth regions, but holistic way what are the important watershed strategies as far as watershed management is concerned and what is strategic planning. So, here as discussed here say overall goal for watershed management is elevation of poverty and upgrading of living standards by means of sustainable development of water resources and conservation of the environment. So, all the resources we are say developing in a sustainable way so that we can alleviate the poverty and then upgrade the living standards of the people. So, the overall goal incorporates basically three mission goals say first one is manage develop and protect water and related resources to meet needs of current and future generations. So, this is the first goal and second one is operate, maintain and rehabilitate facilities safely, reliably efficiently to protect the public investments. So, this is the second goal and third one is enhance the organizational effectiveness of the water resource coordination system, promote capacity building and like people participation. So, these are some of the important overall goals as far as any watershed management planning is concerned or say strategic planning of watershed management is concerned. So, now with this say goals so we can say say depending upon the say if you consider state or particular district or particular region we can study the various issues for the particular region and then we can go for strategic planning as far as watershed management is concerned. So, as part of strategic planning in watershed management so first we can identify the priority of the watershed priority of the watershed. So, if there are so many watershed for the region then we can prioritize which watershed we have to do first intervention like that. Then priority for watershed with critical condition so we can study the watershed whichever is which one is say deteriorated or which watershed was more problem. So, that way we can prioritize and then we can see the population of that region so and their economical status and then we can intervene and then storage say as far as the water issues are concerned for that particular region. So, on watershed basis we can go for strategic planning as far as reservoir developments water intake or diversion dams or water harvesting techniques. So, then as far as various resource are concerned we can make best of the available resources for that particular area. Then say another important issue will be soil erosion so say as we discussed earlier the same the soil erosion reduces the fertility of the area. So, we have to control the soil erosion so we can go for conservation of the soil. Then agriculture productivity say if the productivity is very low how we can improve it. Then say what kind of say some particular area say that using the optimal water use or optimal agriculture practices how we can improve the income of the people and in all this strategy planning we can take the people participation and then we can just take hold analysis and then we can take their opinion also. So, in all this our main aim will be poverty elevation as far as the the particular area is concerned. So, now say as far as watershed management strategies are concerned. So, as we seen the previous slide the strategic plans we can say we can prioritize and then make the plans. So, first we can set the objectives then we can choose the strategies to implement then implementation can be by individuals, government or various groups or NGOs. So, as we discussed earlier the strategies can be a preventive strategies or restorative strategies. So, preventive strategies means preserving the existing sustainable land use practices. So, and then establish and sustain preventive measures including land use practices and then restorative strategies means to overcome identified problems or to restore conditions in a watershed to a desirable level. So, preventive strategies we do so that the watershed is not deteriorated as far as the resources are concerned. Then restorative strategies we identify say particular problems and then go for to improve that problems. So, now depending upon the say area depending upon the problem depending upon the watershed say we can identify the problems and then we can look into possible alternative solutions and then say we can look into the objectives as far as watershed management is concerned. So, here various problems are listed and corresponding possible alternative solutions are also listed and then what will be the corresponding objectives. Say for example, if the watershed is concerned efficient water supply is there then we can go for reservoir storage and transfer. So, effectively we have to look reduce the sedimentation then we can go for water harvesting. So, this can be improve this can improve localized collection and storage. Then we can reduce the evapotranspiration that may lead to say we have to go for deep route to shallow rooted plants. Then say for example, in some region we can go for crowd seeding that may give more rainfall and then some regions depending upon the ground water availability we can pump from aquifer and then obviously we have to have watershed management is concerned we have to go for recharge. So, if there are the problem is related to flooding then we have to see that like reservoir storage then revegetation then construct levees etcetera then corresponding minimized sedimentation then plan more vegetation. So, similarly energy storage is concerned utilize wood for fuel then hydropower then food shortage is concerned develop agroforestry increase cultivation so like that depending upon the area depending upon the strategic plants we can go to deal with a particular problem we can choose alternative solutions and then depending upon the area we can go for that. So, similarly erosion or sedimentation we can go for erosion control so that we can construct various structures then poor quality of drinking water we can treat water supplied then polluted stream we can control the pollutants then reduced fisheries production we can treat wastewater so like that various aspects are possible. So, now as far as the typical watershed management strategies are concerned so this depends upon the area this depends upon the resources available and this depend upon the the various issues various problems for the particular region. Say for example, here say the typical watershed management strategy is possible say it it is based on rainfall, temperature, soil topography, cropping and farming systems. So, say for example, India's concerns so if you take the case of India so if you conserve western Himalayan region like Jammu Kashmir, Uttar Pradesh, Himalaya Pradesh etc. So, thrust will be water conservation and use so that we can go for land use planning crop diversification etc. Then if you consider eastern Himalayan regions like Sikkim, Darjeeling etc thrust will be soil and water conservation so that we can improve the farming systems they and then lower gigantic plains are concerned the issues are frequent floods poor water management we can go for reaction development crop productivity improvement of livestock etc. So, then eastern plateau hits like Madhya Pradesh is concerned we have to go for water conservation then south plateau hits are concerned we have to go for rain flood farming. So, the thrust will be reaction development crop management then Gujarat region is concerned it is its own less rainfall so we have to go for water conservation dry land farms, water management etc. So, western dry region like Rajasthan we have to go for say here we have to go for like today what we discussed for dry dry land management. So, water harvesting and other related issues. So, now say for example, if you consider typical watershed management strategy say under the umbrella of Rajiv Gandhi watershed machine so the government of India has implemented many schemes in various states say for example, Madhya Pradesh this is a mission under the north agency or district level where a mission will be district collector and then the various input from district watershed technical committees and then district watershed advisory committees are considered and then project implementation will be by government agencies or non-government agencies and then the implementation projects can be through village watershed committees like user group and then water later user group land later user group. So, that the there will be a watershed association will be there who controls overall project implementation. So, that way the watershed strategies we can say develop and then implement. So, before closing for today's lecture let us briefly discuss a case study as far as the the watershed management in arid region is concerned. The case study is from Deset rainwater harvesting initiative from western Rajasthan. So, here the main issue was say water availability. So, this is a sustainable model for drought affected areas. So, this is mainly implemented in western Rajasthan. So, here the the NGO they are concentrating upon rainwater harvesting measures in the particular areas concerns. So, the grassroots projects are eliminating poverty and providing a reliable water supply outcome of initiative involve formation of global partnerships establishment of a center to promote rainwater harvesting. So, then rainwater harvesting solutions. So, that is the main thing you can see that say for example, from particular village. So, here the rainwater harvesting were constructed and then after a few years you can see that they are good storage of water and the area the phase of that area totally changed. So, this has been implemented by the NGOs with the people participation. So, this Deset rainwater harvest initiative created in response to increasing water crisis facing in this Rajasthan region. So, initiative aims year round supply of fresh water for rural communities in drought affected areas and lead has a long standing presence in the area and village water action planning committee they are managing and developing the system with the help of the NGO. The NGO is called international Sri Deep Maha Vandana Ashram Fellowship. So, they launched this initiative. So, this NGO utilize the traditional rainwater harvesting techniques in the area in conjunction with the community based watershed management plans to provide sustainable model to be used in drought affected areas. So, village water action planning committee called community based water management system is generated and after implementing say this project so called Deset rainwater harvesting initiative say by considering many of the rainwater harvesting techniques what we discussed today. So, it is observed many of the village say there is sufficient water is available and many village becomes self-sufficient in water and food. So, this project has become a huge success in many of the villages and then this has changed the phase of the phase of many villages and now still this program is going on in many of the villages. So, you can see that the rainwater harvesting initiative for the arid regions say once it is implemented with the help of the people participation there is huge success and then it has become a sustainable watershed management project. So, some of the important references used in today's lecture are listed here. So, before closing say one tutorial questions related to today's lecture illustrate the typical watershed management strategies in different agro-climatic regions of India. So, we have seen different agro-climatic regions of India in earlier lecture also. So, we can identify the depending upon the various conditions the agro-climatic region and then we can identify the states and then we can say look into the thrust areas and discuss the possible watershed management plans for that particular region is concerned. So, as self evaluation questions some four questions are listed here. What are the land and water related problems in arid regions? What are the major challenges related to watershed management in arid regions? Discuss dry land management in arid regions illustrate watershed management strategies for various problems. So, this all discussed in today's lecture and some of the assignment questions like differentiate between drought and erudity illustrate soil erosion processes. What are the important issues in arid regions? What are different types of water erosion discuss each type? What is the scope of integrated watershed management in arid regions? Discuss the importance of strategic planning in watershed management. So, this question is related and says already available in this in today's lecture. So, finally, an unsolved problem for an arid region of average annual rainfall less than 250 mm you can take a particular case study and prepare watershed management plan for integrated sustainable development. So, as we discussed you can identify the various problems for the considered area and we can find out different options of sustainable land management. So, that say we can improve the water availability then we can improve the agriculture productions and then we can look into various issues to reduce soil or wind erosion and then we can you can suggest some scientific methods for soil conservation for the particular area considered. So, with this module 2 is over. So, say today we discussed mainly on the watershed management practices in arid and semi arid regions and then the various strategies as far as watershed management is concerned. Thank you.