 Welcome back to our series of sessions which are related to corruption and anti-corruption, transparency, integrity and honesty. Today's topic is basically transparency and transparency promoting institutions. Now, what we see basically over here is that on one side there is a lot of corruption, there is a lot of deviation from procedures, laws, rules and regulations and people tend to amass huge wealth and that is all black money which leads to a black economy and then it leads to something which is called money laundering so that their black money can become white money and then they park those resources in offshore companies and also in certain small islands and places where it becomes very difficult to trace the black money at all. Now, when we are talking about transparency then it allows detection because it lowers the information barrier allowing for scrutiny and monitoring. According to the Asian Development Bank and OECD, transparency is vital to cultivate public trust in government and to prevent and detect corruption effectively. So, it is not only about preventing and detecting corruption, it is also about deterring that means proactively engaging and ensuring that corruption does not take place and again in a country like Pakistan there is immense thought and critical thinking going in that we have basically this youth bulge of 60 percent plus and how are we going to imbu and inculcate the right values into them so that we have a stronger social sector, a stronger private sector and a stronger government sector all in tandem with each other and trying to eliminate corruption at all levels of society and in all the different communities of Pakistan. So, it is a very big challenge and therefore, the greater the number of temptation to which the exercise of political power is exposed the more necessary it is to give those who possess it. So, again what we are seeing is that there are temptations and especially when people have political power or they also have what we say the bureaucratic power or any other form of power it unfortunately is abused and misused and that definitely has to be curtailed. According to article 10 of the UNAC list transferring measures for governments such as one establishing procedures by which citizens can obtain information about the public administration, two simplifying public access to the authorities and number three publishing information including on risks of corruption in the public administration. So, what we see is that there is a multi-pronged approach and it could be any of these to ensure that there is lesser corruption in society. We also see that when we are talking about transparency promoting institutions then we have the very ubiquitous NAB as the apex body that deals with cases of corruption. Assisting NAB is the Federal Investigation Agency which is which investigates those cases which fall in the ambit of the Prevention of Corruption Act 1947 so that is also supporting the NAB. We have the Public Accounts Committee both at the federal and at the provincial level and that basically keeps a check on governments exercise of fiscal powers. The Election Commission of Pakistan also has authority to investigate corruption allegations against any elected representative and therefore it is also very powerful body which can be resorted to and then what we see is that there are certain economic governance regulatory institutions in the country of course most of the state bank of Pakistan then we have the Federal Bureau of Revenue we also have the competition commission of Pakistan and then the securities exchange of Pakistan so all of these organizations are working tandem with each other and they are trying to fight against corruption and find ways whereby a better society can emerge and therefore these are extremely important and critical organizations. This is also ladies and gentlemen the office of Fakkim Otasim Ombudsman which was set up in 1983 as an accountability mechanism to a strength public trust in governance. So this came up in 1983 and this is independent so the public does not have to go through the court which is a very long process and sometimes can take more than one and a half years can go up to two years but in the Ombudsman office you do not even need a lawyer you just just write your application and you go and submit it and there will be a date which is given and based upon that then the judge would be deciding. So therefore there is a process and also a quick process which can ensure that there is expeditious justice because justice delayed is always justice denied. The presidential order was later amended by the Federal Ombudsman Institutional Reforms Act of 2000 so what we see is that the first it was late in 2000 what we see is that over there first NAB was differently constituted but then in 2013 the Supreme Court came up with a landmark definition and also a landmark suggestion and recommendation which changed the whole context of NAB and made it much more effective. So that was good. There are autonomous Ombudsman institutions at the federal and provincial level so all the provinces have them and the federal have them but they are independent of each other and Ombudspersons have been empowered to call forth information for many sources. So it is the power to call information which basically constitutes their importance and also the fact that again another institution which we can look at is also the information commission of Punjab whereby information is provided and if it is not provided then a complete legal process starts against that particular government official or that particular department. So there are various organs which are working hand in hand to ensure that there is more integrity, more honesty, more truth and most importantly that there is accountability which is a very negation of corruption and that should be curved so that growth in Pakistan can improve and become much better. So basically we have seen that there are different institutions which are involved, there are different laws which are involved and then the combination of all of this with the right person and the right attitude, wonders can be achieved and that is the very essence of corporate governance to optimize and to ensure that there is a safe working environment and when we talk about safety then this is also very important aspect that how can you protect yourself against corruption or not be compelled to do something which you can regret for the rest of your life. Thank you so much.