 Good afternoon, everyone, and welcome to the, what should be the second to the last levy chair guest lecture this year. And with us, we have Dr. Peter Campbell from the Cranfield University Forensic Institute, where he directs the institute's forensic investigation of heritage crime. And works as a marine archaeologist. And the theme of today's talk will fit in with the broader themes of economic geography and national security that we've been looking at this year. You know, if economic geography looks at the intersection of human economic activities in the physical environment across space in the maritime heritage sector. We have both past and present economic activities in in the maritime domain that touch on security, including heritage as artifacts as conflict resources and intersection of transnational crime, both in and through the maritime domain, not only involving antiquities but combined with other other trades. And also the use of heritage as a narrative and hybrid warfare and great power of conflicts to press territorial claims to keep maritime trade groups and sea lanes so there's a diverse areas where it touches upon the themes of this series and with that I will turn it over to Peter. Great, thank you Chris. Thank you for the invitation. I appreciate it. It's great to be with you all here remotely today. So I'm going to speak about the intersection of maritime cultural heritage, as I am a maritime archaeologist, and security, and this is really a growth sector. There's a lot of movement at the moment by a number of different countries, and a lot of the people have been gathered together to discuss these things by Chris. So he's he's really kind of leading the way on on maritime cultural property protect. So, to begin, let's hope this advances. There we go. I'm just going to be speaking on these topics today. As I said I'm a maritime archaeologist. In addition to maritime archaeology I also work on cultural heritage under threat. Looking at transnational trafficking of cultural heritage, working with groups like the OSCE on on workshops and training of border security and customs agents. And as as studying you know the destruction and political use of cultural heritage by groups such as Islamic State. But in this talk, I'm going to talk about security risks from underwater cultural heritage now most of us think of underwater archaeology, in terms of photos like this so this is one of our shipwrecks in Albania. So the AD Roman shipwreck carrying garum or fish sauce. And what you see on the sea floor are a pile of amphoras these kind of bulk carriers they're essentially the barrels of antiquity. And they're still lying there in the shape of the ship. Well, not every shipwreck is as inert as this one. So I'm going to touch on one first just define underwater cultural heritage and discuss it in terms of global contexts, but then talk about unexploded underwater ordinance and its use potentially used by criminals as a resource. There are options to global trade and transportation, transnational threats, and, and then kind of criminal and terror financing as well and then, and kind of big picture with the weaponization of archaeology for conflict that's currently ongoing in the world today. So what is underwater cultural heritage so it is essentially archaeology underwater. It's not thought of as shipwrecks, but it's much more than that. There's a lot of types of sites that are overlooked. And the key takeaway is that every country has underwater cultural heritage, even landlock countries, and you need to think of it in much more than just dollar figures these are important sites for cultural identity and social cohesion. These are the sites that hold communities together. And so here are some great examples. Obviously you have shipwrecks like the one we discussed in Albania. But you also have ships that are sunken harbors, like in Turkey over on the right, you have sunken cities, which you have in the middle there with by Italy, which is a Roman Roman city full of villas that submerged due to volcanic earth movements and paleo landscapes and these are huge tracts of land, such as the photo in Sweden on the right in the middle, where global sea levels used to be much higher and have now been submerged. You have sacred springs you have aircraft you have isolated finds like the Riace bronzes right in the middle. And then you have lakes and so down in the bottom in the center into the right you have have two lakes one with a basilica and another with shipwrecks and so it's much more than just shipwrecks in the region. You have lots and lots of different types of sites. So even incredibly landlocked countries such as Mongolia for example, has rich underwater cultural heritage in its lakes and rivers. Now, as I said you have to think beyond dollar figures for these types of sites they are important for social cohesion community growth and sustainable economic development. So if we look at the UN sustainable development goals, it touches on a number of them that I have listed there. And so because of this underwater cultural heritage tells us about the human past often in better detail than sites on land where you might have the city being built over in multiple iterations over centuries. The shipwreck or sunken city in the ocean or a lake or elsewhere is often preserved it has that time capsule element so often we have better preserved narratives about the past from underwater sites than we do on land. So they're really really critical sites, though they're often overlooked because they are difficult to access only certain percentages of the population can access them through diving or other remote activities. So they are a challenging aspect because they are out of the both the public consciousness but also out of the consciousness of law enforcement military and other groups. So, as a maritime archaeologist, we are concerned about security risks, as well as other things such as pollution and hazards associated with these heritage sites that could one impact the integrity of these sites. And an impact how long they will survive into the future, but also how the public engages with them so certainly security risks are concerned in terms of both preserving our past but also the public's engagement with them. And so, since this is the naval war college I'm just going to quickly mention an example of our ongoing research. So in 2004 the Italian carbonieri rated a home in Sicily, and captured this object over on the left and this is a bronze warship ram, dating to the third century BC. And the fisherman was a he had pulled it up in his nets and he was attempting to traffic it out of Italy, onto the illicit antiquities market, and probably find a buyer overseas private collector. And they turned it into them they turned it over to the sovereignty and Denza Del Mar, the superintendent of the sea in Sicily, who contacted an American not for profit to search for where this ram came from because it was only the third at that time the third known example of what was the pinnacle of ancient warships so ancient warships would smash it to each other and try and sink each other. And what happened was, it was determined that this ram came from the battle of the egeti islands, which was the ultimate battle, the final battle of the first Punic war, where it went from a regional power to a Mediterranean power. And so it's one of the most important battles in history. And because this was turned over, an international team led by the store print and Benza Del Mar a, especially Sebastian a to so who's the director, together with the conical foundation and American nonprofit and global underwater explorers a group of deep sea divers have been searching this for the last 15 years we have another season plan for August, and have found many many more of these bronze rams as well as all these other associated artifacts, locating the first ancient naval battle that's been found on the sea floor of all the ancient naval battles that occurred throughout history. And this is the only one that's been found because it's so difficult to find small objects on the sea floor. And so here you can see it's the only known ancient naval battle rewritten what we understand about ancient naval battles. And so why I mentioned it because of the audience but to, because this is really an exceptional example of how law enforcement and archaeology can work together for the public benefits, and how a crime a trafficking transnational crime that was about to occur was stopped. And this resulted in sustainable economic development for the region. There's a museum now on one of the local islands displaying the artifacts these artifacts have been shared in museum traveling museum exhibits around the world. Throughout Europe to Australia. And it's completely rewriting history books there's been lots of documentaries made and that sort of thing so it just goes to show that there's enormous potential for objects in the sea that can be used for criminal activity. But working together. Incredible things can happen between law enforcement archaeology. So that was a brief aside, but now specifically on security. I work on a lot of shipwrecks, but probably the only thing I found more than shipwrecks in the ocean are bombs there are unexploded ordinance all over the sea floor in huge numbers. So it not only on the number significant but for those who work at sea they are incredibly accessible, and they can be found on naval vessels that have sunk, they can be found, just in terms of bombing runs that were where bombs were dropped on vessels or on on practice targets that did not explode, and they're sitting on the sea or in munition dumps and there are quite large munition dumps that you come across. They're just sitting on the sea floor with thousands of bombs sitting there, quite readily accessible. My most experienced with is World War two explosives in the Mediterranean because I work a lot with fishing communities, freedivers, sponge divers throughout the Mediterranean, and they all know where bombs are and often they bring up bombs and one of my local informants on a small island. I am not using any names, because this is being recorded and will be broadcast so I won't mention any countries or individuals of course. But so one of my local informants spoke about a small island that was near a US base during World War two, and it was used for practicing strafing runs and they were using live ammunition. And so they are bombs. I'm not sure the technical terms you can hear I don't have a military background myself. So they would drop the bombs on this island to practice and then every once in a while, some of them wouldn't detonate and they would go down sink to the bottom of the sea floor around this island. So for generations now, two or three generations. These divers families have been going and recovering the unexploded bombs, bringing them back into small remote bays. They diffuse them take out the explosives, and then subdivide those into smaller units and then they sell them to other fishermen for 100 euros each. And they use this for dynamite fishing essentially they will go into small bays often in the morning. We had one site where we found a 16th century shipwreck, as well as Roman ruins, and one morning when we showed up a fisherman was just leaving and when we dove down in the water, there were dead fish and octopus and everything, all over the sea floor. And what he had been doing was he had waited for the morning schooling of fish in this bay, not recognizing or carrying that there was archaeology in this bay, and he dropped the dynamite off the side. It explodes sends out a shockwave and then a port a large amount of fish float to the surface but equally large amounts sink to the bottom. And this is a way to very easily fish in large numbers but it's incredibly destructive. But this is a very common fishing technique even though it's illegal in almost every country throughout the Mediterranean and it's primarily using explosives leftover from from World War Two. You also have weapons of mass destruction from conflicts such as the Balkan Wars in the 90s, where these were taken and the safest place that was determined to discard them was the sea, and they're still lying down there and you can you come across them in marine survey, obviously they're dumped much deeper than the kind of coastal scuba diving would find, but you find them with with marine research vessels and marine work, work boats, and using robots so remotely operated vehicles and autonomous underwater vehicles. And so they are accessible to people who work at sea. These are the really incredible and quite sad examples of looting of naval vessels has taken place very recently in the Java sea. And this was scrap metal looting of World War shipwrecks. This include British American Dutch and Australian warships and you can see some of them pictured here. And these sites were identified quite recently in marine survey. The vessels were found in relatively intact on the seafloor standing upright, and just a year or two later when the same marine research companies went back to see the wrecks, notably a Dutch archaeological company. There's nothing left of the ships at all just holes in the ground and you can see in the lower left, the multi beam image of these, just the hole that was left and what used to be an entire warship. And so these are scrap metal solvers who are trying to get the metal from these warships. But of course they are recovering other things as well they are recovering human remains. All of, of remains that were dumped after being brought up were found recently in Indonesia. And, of course they're finding unexploded ordinance on these vessels as well. So I think this is a great example of how accessible large amounts of UXO are. However, there hasn't been any evidence yet of any misuse of that UXO. And we can't point to this, we can point to it as criminal activity in terms of illegal salvage and contravening a number of international laws around the protection of war graves. But we can't point to it as, as use of UXO for criminal activity or terrorism or anything like that. But I think it points to the potential that these sites are accessible and if somebody was looking for for explosives for some sort of activity that they are accessible from underwater. Another very interesting example is the SS Richard Montgomery. So this was a World War Two Liberty ship that was carrying munitions to airy and its anchor dragged in the middle of the night, and it came to rest on a sand bank and as the tide went down the next morning, it cracked its spine, and it's been, it hasn't moved since. They were carrying a huge amount of munitions and currently they unloaded as much as they could safely, but there still remains 1400 tons of explosives on board the vessel today. It was the first ship in Britain to be listed as a danger zone in 1973 so quite early on, it is continuously monitored with radar and visually, and they've established an exclusion zone around the vessel. However, it still remains a significant threat for explosion so there's been a number of studies done. It could explode at any moment due to the shifting of cargo a vessel if it loses power or navigation could crash into it causing an explosion. Even the changing tide it's been said could shift the cargo enough that it would cause an explosion. Or of course you know that there could be a potential attack by somebody driving purposely driving a vessel into the shipwreck could cause an explosion. This is really important because it's located just outside London, which would impact a lot of East London and Sheerness on the coast, as well as several airports that are in the area. Because of the low lying land the proximity to London there's a number of airports in that area because that land was available to build airports after the war. The closest parallel that there is is the Kelsey which was a vessel that they similarly Liberty ship or not Liberty ship so it was a Polish vessel but transporting munitions. And they tried to move it in 1967 and it exploded and it was carrying far less munitions. Then the Montgomery currently has on board and nevertheless it registered a 4.5 on the Richter scale so significant and significantly impacted impacted the coastline in the vicinity. You can see that and the Kelsey is the reason why more work hasn't been done to remove the munitions from the Montgomery because there's a great amount of fear that of course this explosion could impact both those removing the munitions but also all of East London. So it's a bit of a conundrum in terms of what to do, but you can see how this is essentially a ticking time bomb sitting right next to London. And of course, the Montgomery is very well studied being near London and the British maritime authority, but of course there are sites like this in harbors and outside major cities, and even in rivers all around the world from the World Wars. So I mean this is not an isolated vessel. Of course you have these sorts of of wrecks all over the place. So every year there are disruptions to maritime activities from UXO. As more maritime surveys done that includes magnetometry surveys and these are identifying ordinance underwater. When I was working in Albania, for example, we were diving looking for ancient shipwrecks and we found something that looked a lot like an ancient Roman amphora like the ones you saw in that photo from that Roman shipwreck. I started dusting it off and all of these these kind of rust particles started flying up and we realized that this was in fact a World War two bomb. And when we went to the surface, we looked over and we were not that far from an Italian hospital ship that had been bombed by the Germans after the Italian surrender and part of Germany's vindictive campaign against Italy for surrendering. And this appeared to be one of those bombs that were used to distinct that vessel, but it never exploded and land on a sea floor. This is right in the middle of the largest harbor in southern Albania, which has significant ship traffic and so the area had to be cleared and then it was blown up in situ by the Albanian demining group. It was blown you know there there's examples of that every year where bombs are found in major waterways and harbors and they have to be blown up and there's there's enormous potential for an anchor dragging and striking one or vessel grounding on top of one and setting it off so there's significant risk involved from all the unexploded ordinance. What we consider about underwater cultural heritage is that the places that were significant in the past for ships continue to be today. And so underwater cultural heritage is clustered around certain nodes such as strategic straits islands, all the places that are still important today were important in the past and so you find the bulk of shipwrecks, as well as submerged harbor facilities and that sort of thing in these same regions. So there's, there's a significant risk for both unexploded ordinance but also risk to underwater cultural heritage through these, through these issues and so when you're looking at streets and choke points like Gibraltar, Malacca, Hormuz, the Turkish Straits. You can see how how the underwater cultural heritage plays a role in kind of the security risks associated with these areas and their maritime activities today. So the the accidental but also the purposeful potentially purposeful detonation of UXO in these waterways could severely disrupt trade and transport. And I think that's that's kind of very well demonstrated by the ever given as we all recently witnessed in real time, how prone global trade networks are to disruption from a vessel grounding and, you know, there's often been a discussion and security circles about, you know, what would happen if tankers were sunk in strategic waterways and strategic straits around the world that would be, you know, significant hindrance and shut down global trade for different periods of time. But you add into the mix that a lot of these sites were used in the world wars and other conflicts and you have unexploded ordinance that potentially a vessel could strike those and sink and then you again have disrupted it in a similar way to ever given block in the Suez. So I look at intertransnational threats, which is my primary area of research. So I look at antiquities trafficking networks and how robust, but simple networks function and how you have constantly changing actors these aren't necessarily all career criminals. You know, they're farmer fishermen police on occasion politicians, museum curators and academics all playing a role coming in to make money opportunistically at different times, and intermixed within this antiquities trade our arms narcotics and human trafficking as well as cigarettes and everything else under the sun, the smuggling networks that move antiquities are also those that move all these other items. And, and so the structure of the trade is much more complex and difficult to disrupt than a traditional criminal hierarchy. So these trafficking networks are generally fluid networks, instead of hierarchies so the typical example of the hierarchy is the mafia. And so if you disrupt, you can use the people at the bottom to disrupt the hierarchy moving up. And if you cut off the head, then then largely the hierarchy can collapse. And so that's why you've often use kind of footmen to go after the mafia dons and you arrest the dons and that's largely then crime disrupted. But with these fluid networks, it's much more complex. The person doing the looting on the front end often has no contact whatsoever with the person on the back end. Instead, you have a bunch of kind of middlemen throughout popping in and out. And it's not. It's not a hierarchy and a steady chain that's used over and over instead, it's typified by single transactions that converted settings and so it's constantly different people. What you see is you have people that are very prominent looters, moving large amounts of material, but they're giving them to different middlemen and traffickers along the way, and you have traffickers that are communicating with different people as well. You have people that make one off fines, such as a fisherman who pulls up something in his nets, and sells it on, and these all flood into arterial networks trafficking moving the antiquities towards towards markets, predominantly in the west but also growing in the east. But it's very different from the hierarchy and you're, you can't disrupt it by focusing simply on either end instead you have to focus on the middle. There's a great quote here by Timothy Green, who talks about the complexities of these where it's really hard to see how these are connected to each other because it is such a different structure from hierarchies. And so what this means is that underwater antiquities also feed into these networks and it's much less studied than the the looting and trafficking of materials from the city. But there's some great examples such as the Fiala of Acheris which was looted from Sicily, sometime in the 70s, and then sold around to a bunch of different very suspicious characters in Sicily, before being sold to dealers in Geneva and New York, and then onto a very prominent collector in New York who eventually had to surrender it. And it's thought it was thought this was originally looted from a city, but recently it's been proposed this was actually looted from a shipwreck a shipwreck that might have also been carrying statuary elements that have turned up elsewhere in Sicily for sale. And some of them handed it over into museums. And so there, it might be the product of a very high end shipwreck that was from the late antique period carrying a bunch of cargo that fishermen had been dragging and then secretly selling these artifacts on the on the market. And so this is my model of the illicit antiquities trade, which I published in a paper in 2013, as a method of trying to understand how you can have such diverse characters involved in the trade, and yet still have large scale networks and so you're constantly changing participants, and yet the movement of large scale objects, and you can see that you have the looters in the first stage, who are by and large impoverished individuals, or on the lower end of the scale, who are the largest population within the trade, who are doing a lot of looting so in terms of maritime cultural heritage this would be fishermen free divers sponge divers who are working to collect and harvest objects from the sea from fishes to fish to clams all that sort of thing, and occasionally come across shipwrecks sunken cities that sort of thing, and recover objects from them. Then you have the second stage, which is the traffickers and so these are the experts moving across border because the people in the first stage we rarely see them having this skill set. Generally, their skill set, they're very knowledgeable about local conditions and the local environment, and they know where to find the the archaeology, but they don't know how to move things across borders and so that's where you have the second stage we have kind of jack of all trade traffickers these are the people who are also moving arms narcotics cigarettes, all of that sort of stuff. And then you have the third stage which is generally in the market country so you know this is London, New York, Tokyo. This is the smallest population because these are the people who have to launder those trafficked goods on to the legal market, because with the antiquities trade you have to have a legal market the collectors are generally very wealthy individuals who don't want to own a list of goods, and they want to be able to show them to people who visit or they want to learn them to museums for display. And so this very small population are generally academics, curators specialists of different type, very talented auctioneers and gallery owners and that sort of thing, and they clean up the objects, conserve them. They create often a false provenance and say oh this is prior to the 1970 UNESCO convention, that sort of thing, and then they sell them on to the collectors, which is a larger population but still smaller than than the first two stages. So, you know, speaking generally there's of course exceptions to this model but speaking generally this is what we see. You can have one or more people in each stage. It changes all the time but this is generally the route that objects move through. I say this because there is significant money to be made in the illicit antiquities trade. And so if you look at criminal and to financing. There's the last 10 years of Islamic State, where they were under the territory that they controlled issuing permits to loot archaeological sites and then sell them and then they would collect a tax off of that. So there was significant money to be made from antiquities by Islamic State, excuse me, but we also see it with other groups like the Hikani network in Afghanistan, and others where they are selling or permitting the looting and trafficking of illicit antiquities for a percentage of profit. Now, this is also true for the maritime sphere, but there's much less focus on the maritime side of things compared to on land. But there are certainly examples that are known. There are certainly examples of the mafia dealing in illicit antiquities. One of the recent examples that's quite interesting is a bronze statue that was found off the coast of Gaza by a fisherman in 2013. It appears to be, and I say appears because very little known about this other than the photo that you see in a few others. That's all we know about this because it disappeared. It appears to be a first to second century AD copy of a Roman statue a Roman copy of a Greek statue, which is incredibly rare. If this were legal and had had a provenance and a record prior to 1970, and it came up for sale on the market today, this would sell for millions. So the potential value of this for criminal or chair groups is enormous. So this statue was found by the fisherman. He brought it up. His family was rejoicing. They thought maybe it was gold. So they cut off a finger to look and they could see that the copper within the bronze made it look like it was gold. They tried to find a way to sell it. But in the course of all of that, it was confiscated by Hamas. Hamas took it and it's disappeared and we don't know where it ended up today. It maybe disappeared into a smuggling network sold to a collector. We just don't know. We don't know what happened to it. It appeared briefly on eBay being sold for half a million dollars. And it said pick up only in Gaza. But you know, it's not easy to just buy Gaza and pick up very large heavy objects. So it did not sell. And it's unclear who posted it, but it might have been the fisherman's family who posted that trying to sell it. But it was quickly confiscated. So then kind of looking up on a larger scale. To end, I just want to look at kind of what governments are doing and kind of great powers and kind of elbowing each other for territorial expansion. It's very difficult to expand territory on land these days despite recent conflicts where territories have been expanded by Azerbaijan and by Russia into the Ukraine and elsewhere. It's quite difficult to expand on land, but the sea is rife for expansion. So there is the UN convention on the law of the sea, which governs what territorial waters belong to different countries. And for a while countries were happy with that to some extent, some more than others. But in the 90s in particular and in the 2000s, there was a big rush for marine minerals, and it really became evident the amount of resources and money available at sea from marine minerals. And as a result, countries started looking at their neighbors and they started looking beyond the territorial waters, looking to see where there might be resources for extraction. And so this led to countries trying to expand their maritime territory. And one of the easy excuses for expanding territory is saying our cultural archaeology, our cultural patrimony is lying in those unclaimed areas or in our neighbors areas. And so therefore that's evidence of our flag being planted there. And we want to claim that territory. There's an article I wrote for the New York Times and an op-ed about some issues that had arisen in 2015 that were quite acute and kind of warranted closer inspection. And that was the use of archaeology to expand territorial claims. And a number of things happened in 2015, if you all remember in the South China Sea in Ukraine. It was quite a touch point that year. And what had happened is China had been expanding. This 2015 was the year they were building the islands in the South China Sea to build their bases. And this was right in the beginning of the construction. But what preceded the construction of those islands? Archaeological missions. They were sending out maritime archaeologists to look for shipwrecks and to prove that China had been sailing in those areas that they were claiming for centuries. And certainly they found shipwrecks. They found over 100 shipwrecks that they attributed to being Chinese. But attributing a shipwreck to a culture is very difficult because often ships are melting pots. And so it's really difficult. But that's what was done. So that's China in the South China Sea. Canada located the Airbus and Terror, which were the British exploration vessels looking for the Northwest Passage. And this corresponded with the period of the first passage by a cargo vessel through the Northwest Passage during due to global warming, warming the Northwest Passage and the vessel was able to get through. And so the timing was very peculiar, though, to be fair, Parks Canada had been searching for those vessels for a long time and working with the local Indigenous communities who knew exactly where the ships were, they were able to find them. But nevertheless, the Prime Minister of Canada in 2015 took great pride in announcing that these vessels have been found in the Northwest Passage and that it was Canada's right to to maintain the passage. Russia 2015, if you remember, of course, Ukraine, prior to the invasion and claiming of Ukraine, they had been spending an enormous amount of money, proving Russian identity and archaeology in the Kurch Strait. Correctly, I mean, it's two kilometers or a kilometer and a half away from from Ukraine, spending enormous amounts of money on shipwrecks and harbors and the city on land in the Kurch Strait, proving Russian cultural patrimony in the Black Sea region. And immediately after Crimea was claimed by Russia, they sent out archaeological missions looking for shipwrecks off of their new territorial waters, which they claimed would haven't been affirmed by the international community. But you can see that maritime archaeology is preceding these territorial claims and following them as well. And finally, Spain and Spain has argued that their shipwrecks from the colonial period from the age of exploration in the Atlantic should be part that should justify an expanded exclusive economic zone for them in the Atlantic. Around the Canary Islands, even larger, because their cultural patrimony is sunk on the bottom of the sea floor there. And it's interesting, they argue that the treasure hunters that have been stealing their cultural patrimony are the reason why those sites need to be protected and why it should be their expanded economic zones. So quite interesting examples and I don't think we're going to see the end of this anytime soon. I think other nations are going to continue to weaponize archaeology in this way to justify maritime expansion. And certainly, archaeology has been used in the past for expansion on land. There's great examples from Europe of people invading other countries because archaeological remains have been found in those countries, and they claim that that's their cultural patrimony and therefore an invasion is justified, such as Germany invading Denmark in the Schleswig-Holstein wars. And that included a shipwreck as well that was confiscated and brought back to Germany and put on display. But yeah, in the last decade in particular, maritime archaeology has been used to justify the expansion of the EEZs. So increasingly, this is becoming an issue. And as I said, I think it's not the end anytime soon. So to conclude, underwater cultural heritage, it's found in every country. It's critical for our understanding of the past. It's critical for social cohesion, community development, sustainable economies. Unfortunately, it's one of the world's most rapidly declining resources because of widespread looting and treasure hunting. So you have this incredibly important resource. It's being extracted and destroyed at a really fast rate. And then you add into the mix of that possible security risks. So from my perspective, you know, we have to maintain underwater cultural heritage because it is the future of many communities. It is critical to sustainable economies, tourism, all of that sort of thing. But we have to be realistic about security, but also other aspects like pollution, especially leaking oil from from World War Two wrecks and more recent wrecks. And so investment in identifying and assessing underwater cultural resources, both by archaeology and military and police and law enforcement and border security. I think all these stakeholders working together will help one improve security but to also help develop a sustainable economy. So thank you all very much. I appreciate it. And if you have any questions, please ask them now.