 Welcome, I welcome you all to this lecture in the course Sandhi in Paninian Grammar. In this lecture we have started studying the Hull Sandhi and we take it forward, the Consonant Sandhi. We have stated that Hull Sandhi can be described into two types, Ekasthanika Ekadesha where we have one Substitute which is replaced by one Substitute and also Ekasthanika Dvyadesha where one Substitute is replaced by two Substitudes. Here are the two instances of Ekasthanika Ekadesha, one Substitute replaced by one Substitute. So we have Purvanimittaka Ekasthanika Ekadesha and also Paranimittaka Ekasthanika Ekadesha. Purvanimittaka Ekasthanika Ekadesha is explained diagrammatically on this slide where we have B plus A in close proximity in the Samhita mode and immediately before A there is B. So B is the Purvanimitta, A is Paranimitta and in the environment of this Purvanimitta B, A is substituted by C, A is the Stani, C is the Aadesha, B is the Purvanimitta. So B plus A is the input and B plus C is the output. Then we have Paranimittaka Ekasthanika Ekadesha where we have A plus B in close proximity in the Samhita mode and in the environment of B which is Para, A is Purva over here, A is replaced by C, A is substituted by C, A is the Stani, C is the Aadesha, A plus B is the input and C plus B is the output. There are two instances of Purvanimittaka Ekasthanika Ekadesha, Shtutva Sandhi as well as Shtutva Sandhi and there are several of Paranimittaka Ekasthanika Ekadesha namely Shtutva Sandhi and Shtutva Sandhi, Anusvara Sandhi, Parasavarna Sandhi, Purva Savarna Sandhi, Anunasika Sandhi, Chhatva Sandhi, Jivamuli Sandhi, Upadvani Sandhi, Kutva Sandhi, Jastva Sandhi, Shatva Sandhi and Natva Sandhi. So Purvanimittaka Ekasthanika Ekadesha is what we shall study in this particular lecture. First let us study Shtutva Sandhi, Shtutva Sandhi is stated by the Sutra, Stoha, Shtuna, and Shtuhu, 8, 4, 40. This Sutra has got three words, Stoha, Shtuna and Shtuhu. Stoha is 6 slash 1 of Stu. Stu is Sa and Tu. Tu means Tavarga that is the, the, the, the and Na. Stoha means in place of Stu, in place of these sounds. Shtuna is 3 slash 1 of Shtu. Shtu is Sha and Chu. Chu is Chavarga that is Ch, Ch, J, J and Y. So what Shtuna means is in association with Shtu or in combination of Shtu and once again we have Shtuhu 1 slash 1 of Shtu made up of Sha and Chu. Chu means Chavarga once again, Ch, Ch, J, J and Y. This means the substitute Shtu. All this put together the meaning of Stoha, Shtuna, Shtuhu can be stated in this manner. In the close proximity of sounds, Samhitayam in the combination of Shtu that is Sha and Chu that is Chavarga, Ch, Ch, J, J and Y. In place of Shtu namely Sa and Tu that is Tavarga, Th, Th, Th, D, D and Na substitute Sha and Chu that is Chavarga that is Ch, Ch, J, J and Y. I repeat in the close proximity of sounds in the combination of Shtu that is Sha and Chu in place of Shtu that is Sa and Tu substitute Sha and Chu. Now let us look at the meaning of the word Shtuna. This is a very peculiar usage of the instrumental case Trotiya. This case indicates the environment for the substitution to take place but it does not indicate the left hand environment or only the right hand environment. Rather it indicates both left as well as right hand environments for the substitution to take place. Shtu will be both left hand as well as right hand environment for Shtutva Sandhi to take place. So we have Chu plus Shtu for example in this case Shtu is Purva and Shtu is Parha, Shtu is the Nimitta, Shtu is the Sthani or the Kargi and in this case Stho Shtuna Shtu applies. There is association of this Shtu the Sthani with the Nimitta and so now Stho Shtuna Shtu applies and substitutes this Shtu by Shtu. So the output we get is Shtu plus Shtu. This is called Purva Nimittaka Ekasthanika Ekadesha. Similarly if we have Shtu plus Shtu this is Shtu and this is Shtu. Shtu is Purva Shtu is Parha. Now Shtu Shtu is Sthani or Kargi Shtu is Nimitta. In this case Shtu is substituted by Shtu and we have Shtu plus Shtu as the output. This is called Purva Nimittaka Ekasthanika Ekadesha. Since we have Shtu and Shtu where we have Shtu as Sthani or Kargi and Shtu as Aadesha or Kargi and also as Nimitta. The natural question is about the correspondence between them and the answer given by the tradition about this correspondence is the following. In this case Yathasankhe relation exists between Sthani and Aadesha, Kargi and Kargi only. Yathasankhe does not exist between Nimitta and Sthani or Nimitta and Kargi as well as Nimitta and Aadesha. It exists only between Sthani or Kargi and Aadesha or Kargi. So, what it means is that if we have Shtu followed by Sthu in this case where this Sthu is Parha and this is Purva Nimittaka Ekadesha. So, this Sthu will be replaced by the first sound in Sthu that is Sthu. Similarly, if we have Sthu plus Na, Na appears at the fifth position of the Tavarga and so this input will be replaced by Sthu plus Yin which is the fifth letter in the Chavarga. There exists a correspondence relation Yathasankhe Nyaya here. This is the Sthani, this is the Aadesha, this is the Kargi, this is the Kargi. Nimitta and Aadesha, Nimitta and Sthani, there is no such correspondence that is stated. In case of the Parha Nimittaka Ekadesha, when we have Sir plus Shtu, once again Sir is substituted by Sir which appears in the first position in the set. Similarly, Tha followed by Sthu and Tha will be substituted by Chir which also appears at the initial position of Chavarga. Similarly, if we have Tha followed by Sthu, Tha will be substituted by Jir which is the third consonant in the Chavarga. So, there is correspondence between Tha which is at the third position and Jir which is also at the third position. Tha at the first position and Chir at the first position but this correspondence does not exist between the Sthani and the Nimitta and Aadesha and the Nimitta. So, let us now look at Sthutvasandhi with Purva Nimittaka Ekasthanika Ekadesha. So, we have template examples of this kind Sthu plus Sthu and Sthu will be replaced by Sthu. For example, we have Chir plus Na and 8 4 40 applies and returns the output in the form of Chir plus Nya. Similarly, you have Chir plus Na as the input and the output is Chir plus Nya. Let us take the examples of Chir plus Na as the input and Chir plus Nya as the output. We have the verbal root Yacha to which is added the suffix Nang by the Sutra 3 3 90. So, Yacha plus Nang and so this Na now coming in contact with this Chir, this is Sthu, this is Sthu. So, this Sthu is replaced is substituted by Sthu and the correspondence relation Yathasan Khyennyaya comes into play and Na which is the fifth sound in Tavarga is replaced by the fifth sound in Chavarga. So, we have Yach plus Nya and then we add the feminine suffix to it and we get the word Yachiyan. Similarly, we have Priyapanchan plus A deriving the instrumental singular of Priyapanchan. Now, 6 4 134 comes into play and replaces this A over here by 0. So, we get the output in the form of Priyapanchan, Na and A. So, now in the absence of this A, Chir comes into close contact with Na and now this is Sthu, this is Sthu and Stoschanasthu applies with the Purvani Mitra and therefore this Na is substituted by Yen which is the fifth sound in Chavarga. So, we have Priyapanchan and A, so Priyapanchan. This is the example set of Chir plus Na being the input and Chir plus Yen being the output. Now let us look at the examples where we have Chir plus Na as the input, 8 4 40 Stoschanasthu applies and Chir plus Yen is the returned output. So, once again we have the verbal root Yajur to which is added the suffix Nang by 3 3 90 and now this Na which is 2 which comes into close contact with J which is Sthu and now remember there is no correspondence between the Nimitta and the Sthani. J appears at the third position, Na appears at the fifth position in the Tabarga. But still this Na will be substituted by the corresponding fifth sound in the Chavarga that is Yen and so we get Yaj plus Yen, Yaj Yen that is this word Yaj Yen although it is pronounced in different ways in modern India in different places differently, Yaj Nya in Maharashtra, Yaj Nya in some other parts or Yaj Nya in some other parts. Then we have another example where we have Rajan plus A, once again we are deriving the instrumental singular form of Rajan and once again this A after consonant J this gets deleted by 6 4 1 3 4 and so we have Raj, Na and A and so this J and Na they are in Samhita mode now because this is one Pada and so now this is 2, this is Sthu, this is Purva Nimitta and now this Na will be replaced by Chu which is the fifth consonant of the Chavarga which is Yen, so we have Raj, Yen and A and that is Raj Nya and we get the final form Raj Nya this is how we write it, this is how we write J plus Yen over here also even in this case this is a Dhatu and Pratyayya so Samhita is obligatory similarly this is also Pratipadika plus Pratyayya so Samhita is obligatory these are within Pada Sandhis so we get the form Raj Nya once again this is pronounced differently Raj Nya, Raj Nya as well as Raghna in different parts of modern India this is J plus Yen always remember Raj Nya that seems to be the pronunciation so these are the other combinations, Sher plus Sir, Chir plus Sir, Chir plus Sir, J plus Sir and J plus Sir as well as Nya plus Sir on the left hand side and then on the right hand side you have Sher plus Tavarga, Chir plus Tavarga, Chir plus Tavarga, J plus Tavarga, J plus Tavarga and Nya plus Tavarga where as you notice the Nimitta is Purva and the Sthani occupies the Purva place amongst these there are some combinations which are already obviously omitted they are with some purpose and they are already taken care of and that is why they are not mentioned over here, Chir plus Nya was already mentioned in the previous slide and Chir plus Nya was also mentioned previously so they are not mentioned over here so these are the other combinations that are possible and there are several other combinations that can also be possible. Let us look at the combinations with Sher where we have Sher plus Sir in this environment 8236 applies and generates the output in the form of Sher Murdhanya plus Sir. Then this Sher is substituted by Ke by 8241 and then finally the Sher gets substituted by Sher by 8359 which is a conjunct consonant and even written as a conjunct consonant namely Sher so here is a concrete example we have this plus here plus T and there is Guna substitute which gives us Desha plus here plus T now this Sher is followed by this Sir over here so 8236 applies and substitutes this Sher by Murdhanya Sher so we have Desha plus here plus T now this Sher will be substituted by Ke so we have Desha plus here plus T and then this Sir will be substituted by Sher so we have Desha plus here plus T and Desha T so in the combination of Sher plus Sir the other rule is going to apply the Sutra 8 440 is a Siddha and therefore before it actually applies these rules get applied and then there is no more the scope of application of 8 440 and therefore 8 440 does not apply in this particular case we also have a Sutra Shaat which also negates the Sandhi in these combinations combinations with Sher Shaat is 8444 Shaat is 5 slash 1 of Sher which is consonant Sher Shaat means immediately after Sher consonant Stohu is continued 6 slash 1 of Stu in this case just the Tavarga is intended Shchuhu is also continued one one of Shchuhu and most importantly Nuh also continues from Napa Danta Toranam Nuh means not so this is a negation what this Sutra means is that immediately after Sher in the close proximity of sounds Sher and Chuh that is Chavarga do not get substituted in place of two that is Tavarga so if we have Sher followed by two this two is not replaced by Chuh it remains as it is this is the input and same is the output rather there is no output it is same so we have example Prathshah plus Nuh Nuh is added after the verbal root Prathshah by 3390 and so 6419 replaces this Chhah by Sher so we have Prathshah plus Nuh and there are some other complications which we do not need to go into the details of so we have Prathshah plus Nuh now this is Sher this is Stohu Stohu who should apply and then substitute this Nuh by Yam but Shaath 8444 negates this and so we get the form Prathsh Nuh as it is Prathshah which would be the form if we apply 8444 is negated by 8444 now let us look at the combinations with Chuh with the exception of Nuh any other sound from two appears immediately after Chuh then Chuh is substituted by Kuh this is by 8 230 Chhokuhu so for example if we have Vaj plus Tattva Chuh is replaced by Kuh so we have Vak and Tattva and we get the word Vak Tattva as a compound similarly Ruch plus Saar and Chuh is substituted by Kuh by Chhokuhu so we get Rukh Saar and Rukh Saar so in these combinations Chhokuhu will play an important role and remember Chhokuhu is 8 230 which comes earlier than 8 440 and 8 440 is Asiddha to 8 230 so these combinations will be taken care of by some other rules in the Ashtadhyay stated in the Asiddha Kanda to summarize what we have done we studied the basics of Halsandhi namely the consonant sandhi we studied the types of Halsandhi we also studied the first type namely we also studied the examples and we also noted the exceptions next we study the second type of Halsandhi or the consonant sandhi in the coming lecture thank you for your patience