 Τεσσαλονίκη είναι το 19ο Νανοσάινς & Τεχνολογική Κοφερενσία, που παίρνει για 10 χρόνια, 10 χρόνια. Είναι το Παλάς Κοτέλ. Είναι Τεσσαλονίκη. Άχι, όχι σήμερα, όχι σήμερα από το 2020. Πυσικά παράδειγμα. Είναι Τεσσαλονίκη, όχι σήμερα από το 2020. Στην Καπιταλ, από το Νορθο-Κρήση, δεύτερη κρίση στην χώρα. Τεσσαλονίκη δημιουργήθηκε από Αλεξάνδρια, το μεγαλύτερο Τεσσαλονίκη 23 χρόνια. Και η Κοφερενσία παράδειγμα, όμως σε ζωή και βιζιωτική. Φυσικά παράδειγμα. Βρισκόματος, βρισκόματος, βρισκόματος από τη Άλφα-Βιου-πλατφόρμ. Και εδώ πρέπει να πω πολύ ευχαριστούμε, φωστυρόπουλος Κώστας και φωστυρόπουλος Νίκος, δημιουργήθηκε όλους 3 χρόνια. Για να χρησιμοποιήσουμε αυτή η πλατφόρμ. Ξέρεις αυτή η πλατφόρμ, να χρησιμοποιήσουμε αυτή η πλατφόρμ. Βρισκόματος για κάθε παράδειγμα. Και αυτή η πλατφόρμ was very ready, let's say, in April 2020, to decide that we can make the conference virtually and live. Βρισκόματος, φωστυρόπουλος, is somewhere here, we'll see later. So, some statistics, how things change progressively the last 3 years. Sorry, it's going here. You see how change the percentage with the live participants and the virtual. How change this one from year by year. Today, this year, you are almost 77% of participants are here. Not only in nanoscience, nanotechnology conference, but in the whole event, because nanoscience and nanotechnology conference is part of nanotechnology conference and you will see some details for this later. Just here you can see that the conference, the nanotechnology event, involves not only this conference which started today, but also involves the school which started on last Sunday, 2nd of July, and will finish next Saturday. Also involves the conference ISFOA, which deals with organic electronic materials, started yesterday, and yesterday at runtime started also the EXPO, and you will see tomorrow another conference who started 5 years ago, and deals also with 3D printing and 3D bioprinting. All these together with other events take place in parallel in the same umbrella. So, this conference involves 4 well-established workshops. The first one is deals with, let's say, with anorganic technology, or anorganic, mostly, materials, and deals with nanoelectronics, photonics, phononics, plasmonics, and nanoenergy, but all based mostly on anorganic material. This is the base of this workshop. The second workshop based on nanomaterials, nano fabrication, nanoengineering, nanoconstruction, you have a mix of all materials of anorganic and organic material, all polymeric materials. Nanostructions and nanoparticles are also several of the topics of this workshop, and while the third one deals with a subject that started almost 7 or 18 years ago, the nanomedicine, the area where modern biology with nanotechnology and medicine are with. So, you have subjects related to nanobiomaterials, but also nanoparticles for medicine, clinical applications, 3D printing, bioprinting, actually. Regenerative medicine are some of the topics of this workshop. The last conference of this workshop, which is also in parallel with the other workshops, like the workshop number 3 of nanomaterials medicine, is the workshop on biosensors and bioelectronics. It's a new era started approximately 10 years ago. It's the era where advanced materials, modern electronics, biology, medicine meet together. Of course, diagnostic is some of the main subjects of this workshop. So, many thanks now to our distinguished professor. Today is the plenary session with three distinguished professors coming from Germany, Professor Paul Bloma from Max Planck-Gessitut. He is going to talk mostly on organic light emitting diodes. Professor Lorenzo Moroni from Netherlands, University of Maastricht. He is going to talk about the textile scaffold, so bioprinting. Professor Jenny Nelson from Imperial College to talk about molecular electronic materials. But also many thanks and these distinguished professors from various places. I'm not going to say one by one. Some of them are already in the room. Some others are coming. So this is the keynote speakers. Of course, many thanks to 150 distinguished professors, young scientists, people from industry which are invited to give the talks. Not only in these numbers, but also in total cumulative numbers. For those related to other conferences, I mean the organic, electronic and 3D printing as well. Or other events which included in the program of nanotechnology 2022. Also you have the opportunity and many thanks to 36 European projects will be presented, they will present the results. Some of them they have the meeting, annual meetings or review meetings. More than 150 million correspond to this cumulative budget of this 36 projects coming from 130 organizations. And I hope to enjoy to see this consortia, the people from these projects to discuss. There are a lot of opportunities here in Europe, but also internationally to build a new consortia. This conference is quite an interesting point of networking in order to build such a kind of consortia. Just a few words about the history of this conference started, as I said, 19 years ago in Aristotle University. The first workshop at that time it was during the first graduate from Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Master Degree of Aristotle University in 2004. It was in Physics Department of Aristotle University. You see around 50-60 people at that time started this conference and since then 2004 you used to make Professor Dabianowicz it was one of the people, maybe there is this picture and Ivanka from both professors in Belgrade also evaluators of this degree, also Professor Lukusula, he is not here and Professor Berkley. He was in waiting for his daughter last Sunday, came from San Francisco. They were the evaluators of this Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Master Degree in Aristotle University and the first graduated was Professor Sarakinos. Later today he will give an invited talk in Sweden now. So this was the first workshop in 2004 and then for almost 9-10 years this used to take place in Aristotle University and in 2010 actually it was the 10th conference moved to this peninsula, the third peninsula where we met and made the two places, two conferences, these conferences and another one who started to get earlier it was the ISFOA, International Symbotion on Flexip Organic Electronics. You organized the two conferences and the school at that place and this was the last year you made the two conferences outside of the city and then moved to Thessaloniki the last years and the last 10 years this conference takes place here in Porto Palas Hotel. So this is the main event, the Nanotechnology with one conference, the second ISFOA, the third one, the I3D, the International Conference on Nanoprinting and this is also in detail the conference, what involves in the conference in the ISFOA where you have also four workshops just to say. It deals mainly with organic staff, organic semiconductors and several other organic materials but all of them are mostly printed and some of them are vacuum technologies based on workshop and organic large area materials, organic photovoltaics perovskites or LEDs, organic thin film transistors and sensors or biosensors, wearables and internet of things in parallel with the common special workshops like the workshop on agrovoltaics this year, we introduced to this conference a special workshop on agrovoltaics especially for energy but also for light sensors in agrovoltaics, the printed sensors and integration of battery to photovoltaics, the workshop on open innovation and standardization running from several European projects, a computational modeling and materials device and process which is common in all conferences and the workshop on real time and in situ and quality control for nano manufacturing. So this special workshop run in parallel with three conferences and the third conference is this one which started almost five years ago. Of course deals on mainly on 3D printing techniques and 3D bio printing techniques also on tools, new tools and metrologies, equipment and laser and digital additive manufacturing. So around 40 exhibitors are presenting the results. There is a launch also exhibition on organic electronics, let's say photovoltaics, organic photovoltaics third generation, OLEDs and sensors exhibition. Also just not to forget during Wednesday tomorrow every year in this conference takes place this much matching event, the B2B event for technology transfer and business partnership. All the aim of this event is to bring together the people either for academia and research or from industry to talk and to build consortia or to talk about technology transfer for applications. The school as I mentioned in the very beginning started on Saturday. It's a school where three days you have lectures the last weekend, Saturday and Sunday and next Saturday between the five days the students follow these conferences. They have to choose in one of the directions either in nanoscience and nanotechnology or in organic electronics staff relate mostly with the conference, the ISFIRE conference and nanomedicine which is a mix of these three relate also with biosensors and bioelectronics. Of course the conference has also these entertainments you used to have a second one which was the, except of official gala dinner where all people from all conferences and the school are invited to take place after the plenary session which is today afternoon around 20, 30, 8, 30 to 9 o'clock in this roof garden, this hotel, this roof garden. So all of you are invited. I start to say that we have another event. It was the beach party every Wednesday afternoon. You cancel this one in order to take some protection let's say against the COVID and to protect ourselves. So many thanks to organizer, Professor Hajiouano, Professor Giannellis, Professor Corvopoulos I mentioned he is here but he will connect it on because he has the weddings last Sunday. Professor Silvides here, Professor Tanaka from Japan. He changed university, it's called Yamata University. He is in Kinawa in Japan and Dr. Gravalidis thanks a lot. Well, Christophoros is somewhere here. He is the head of this conference. Many thanks to these people, of course many thanks to our exhibitors and our sponsors. They help a lot in this conference, not only the NN but also the whole event, the nanotechnology event. And of course many thanks to you and I hope to enjoy the conference, the meetings with the other and networking with the other conferences. And meeting people from the 36 projects, European projects. And I hope also to have the time to enjoy the life in city. These days there are many people in the city. So you're welcome to Thessaloniki, you're welcome to NN2082 and nanotechnology 2022. And I hope next year to be all people here and less people to be on virtually to be connected. I suppose that it will remain this virtual connection or connection with not physical way at least for some invited people. Because it's a new way of life we discovered during this possibility that help us in some cases. But in any case we hope next year from 70% of participants here in live presentations to be more than 90%. Thank you and welcome to Thessaloniki. Thank you very much. I'm Aris Christou, University of Maryland in USA. I'm very happy to chair the first session and very happy to be here in person after two years of attending virtual conferences. To have the opportunity to be present in person and to talk to with many of you and to interact with colleagues and fellow scientists. We're very fortunate this morning to start off workshop one with our keynote speaker who's Professor Andreas Ofenhauser, Ulich Germany. Professor Ofenhauser will speak to us on engineering the neuro-electronic interface with nanoscale tools. Thank you very much and I'm also very happy that I can be here in person after two years of in let's say virtual conferences. I hate this virtual conferences and I'm glad that you could organize a real conference. Thank you very much for inviting me and I'm also glad that I will start this series here with my presentation. Which is on the interface between nanotools and life cells. I guess it's a nano-medicine or bio-electronics session. As most of you know, our brain consists of neuronal cells. These neuronal cells are connected through synaptic connections to each other. They transmit signals and the synaptic transmission is one of the major parts of this neuronal signal processing. This involves on the one side that neurons produce so-called action potential. This is an electrical signal which a neuron can produce and which sends it over the axon to the synaptic left. Where it then produces a so-called post-synaptic potential or post-synaptic signal. This is what happens in our brain every second so that post-synaptic signals are produced and at a certain point they lead to action potentials. To study neuronal signal processing I mean we cannot go to the humans. There are not so many people available which are contributing to their brain. There are many model systems around and they start from, let's say, worms to flies to fish to mouse and to rodents. But on the other side there are also lots of model systems which are working in situ, so kind of in vitro model systems. For all this one needs to find tools to measure the electrical signals. One of the goals standard is the so-called patch clamp technique. The patch clamp technique for this you use a glass pipette which you bring to the cell or to the muscle. Then you open the cell membrane and then you get direct connection to the cell interior. By this way you can measure with the highest standard with the best signal to noise level you can measure the signals from the cell. However, this is invasive and it works typically only for a couple of hours since the cell is usually dead. So one is looking for other alternatives. One alternative is the so-called microelectrode array and in this case one measures from the outside. So this is how the microelectrode array is fabricated. You have these metal leads which go into the center of the microelectrode array. There is one spot opening and typically you record from this spot here you record the activity of neurons. So these are nowadays kind of standard so on the one side you have the patch clamp electrode which is invasive which is very powerful. But you can handle typically only a couple of patch clamp electrodes at the same time. Over a couple of hours on the other side you have microelectrode arrays where you can record from the outside of the cell for a long term. Let's say from many neurons which allows you to analyze neuronal activity of networks. However, there is a so-called unsolved cell electrode coupling challenge. And this comes from the fact that when a cell sits on an extracellular electrode there is always a gap in between because the cell needs to adhere to this substrate. And this leads to an electrical circuit model which indicates already here one of the main problems. This is the so-called seal resistance and the seal resistance is formed by the cleft between the cell membrane and the electrode. And I come to this in more detail. So to simplify the electrical circuit model looks like you have the electrode indicated with a resistor capacitor. You have the cell membrane in contact with the electrode or the resistor capacitor. And this cleft here forms an electrolyte field conductor so this can be modeled by a resistance. And now the size of this resistance determines what you measure more or less. So if this resistance is high the signal will be high, if this resistance is low the signal will be low. And as a consequence with classical microelectrode you record only a very small fraction of the action potential of a cell. Only 1 or 2% maybe of the action potential. And this will not allow you to measure this so-called post-synaptic potential which I mentioned at the beginning. The signals transmitted between the synapses. So to better know what or how large this gap is one needs tools to characterize this interface. So how large is this gap? And one way of course is as usually always electron microscopy. So in electron microscopy for instance you make a cross-section or first of all you embed your cell in a resin on the substrate. Then you make cross-section of this situation and then you analyze in detail the clefts between the cell membrane and the electrode. And when we do this we find distances typically in the range of 50 to 150 nanometers. So a cell is not approaching an electrode closer than around about 100 nanometers. Of course you can imagine that such a method takes time. I mean this preparation for this cell took about one week time. And this is of course very time consuming, it's very expensive and we were looking for alternative ways. So one way is to use so-called focused ion beam cross-section. So focused ion beam cross-section is used typically in semiconductor technology to characterize materials. To make cross-sections and then look by electron microscopy and characterize materials. And Francesca Santoro which did a PhD in our institute and is now back as a professor in our institute. She developed a method where she was instead of this classical let's say a critical point trying, she was using a resin embedding or developing a resin embedding. In this case the cell was embedded in the resin and then the resin was washed away in a very quick wash. And then one could do again this cross-sectioning in this case by focused ion beam sectioning. And this gives very nice and very detailed views of the cell on the one side especially when you do staining. So you can do heavy metal staining of the cell membrane and this gives very details. You can see here cell membranes, you can see the nucleus, you can see vacuoles inside of the cell and on the other side you see in detail the contact of the cell to the substrate. And you see the cleft and you see the distance between the cell membrane and the electrode. However, again, this is a very time-consuming process. I mean it takes a couple of days especially when you do osmium staining you have to take care on safety issues. And focused ion beam is something which has a million dollar price tag as a machine. So it's also not something you can just buy and so on. So we were looking for other possibilities and one way to analyze the interface between a metal and let's say a cell is the so-called surface plasmon resonance microscopy. So in surface plasmon resonance you shine light under a certain angle on a metal surface and this causes evanescent waves and this evanescent wave is very sensitive to what happens on top of this metal layer. And by this way you can study in situ the interface between the cell membrane and the electrode. And we have let's say used on the one side this live imaging surface plasmon resonance microscopy. As you can see here now you see really in situ. So the cell is still alive when you do these experiments. You can see in situ how far the cell membrane is from the electrode. And to get more details one can do so-called focused surface plasmon resonance microscopy. In this case one focuses only on one spot and analyses always the reflectance curves and can model for every spot a reflectance curve. And by this way you get a very detailed information on the distance between the cell membrane and the electrode on the one side. You get information about the refractive indices and by this way you learn also a lot on how the cell membrane is behaving. And during this one can really do a kind of a three-dimensional plot of the interface between the cell membrane and the electrode. Here an example for neurons. So how far is the neuron away from the electrode and you can see now here the distance profile. And you see some parts are very close in the range of 40 to 50 nanometers. Some parts are rather in the 100 nanometer range. As I mentioned before what we have seen with electron microscopy. And we did a comparative study and found that the surface plasmon resonance microscopy gives very similar results than focused ion beam measurements. So coming back. So what can we now do to improve the recording? So I mentioned typical microelectrode arrays. You get very small signals. You are not able to get post-synaptic potentials. So how to improve? And here the idea is to go 3D. So to use rather 2D structures and a planar surface. The idea is a cell likes not to sit on a class substrate on a very slippery, very smooth substrate cell likes to sit on a rather rough substrate. And so we use both. We use on the one side so-called nano cavities and on the other side nano mushrooms or nano straws. So for nano cavities here the idea is as we have an aperture. So a small opening where the cell sits. So you can think about this is similar to what a patch clamp electrode has as an opening. And then we have the nano electrode and above this nano electrode is a nano cavity. And this nano cavity is mainly for the purpose of increasing the surface. Why do we want to increase the surface of the electrode? Because the impedance goes down as a consequence of large area. And when the impedance goes down the noise goes also down. So that means we get very low noise level for the electrodes. We caught with this method a very high signal to noise ratio signals. And here is how we do it. So we add during the preparation we add a chromium layer and this chromium layer is then later etched away. And this gives this kind of openings. You see these bright spots. These are the under etched nano cavities while here is the electrode opening. And this gives very nice signals. For instance here we have measured from cardiac myocytes signals in the range of millivolts instead of let's say 100 microvolts. And when we do cross-sectioning with the focused ion beam we also see that the cell membrane goes into this nano cavity and closes this nano cavity gap. To better understand especially how is the optimal geometry for this recording method, we did measurement with let's say a coupling between patch clamp electrode on the one side and micro electrode array on the other side. This is a very difficult measurement. I can tell you not a lot of people can do this, not a lot of students are able to do this. Very time-consuming, very delicate. But what you can do now is you can do simultaneous measurements. And by this simultaneous measurement you can evaluate for instance the cell resistance. You can get details about the coupling and so on. And doing this we found out for instance that it seems that a kind of 8 micrometer opening is the optimal configuration for the best recording and this allows us then also to do recordings from neurons with a very large signal. So in the range of 400, 500 microvolts this is very large. I mean typical microelectrode array recordings are in 100 microvolts range. And again also with neurons we find that the 8 micrometer opening seems to be the optimal opening for such a configuration. How to improve more? So there are quite a number of approaches and I think we will hear in this meeting another approach as well. For let's say so-called in-cell recordings you can do penetration from the outside. You can build 3D nanostructures which penetrates the cell membrane. But most of these approaches require so-called electroporation or optoporation. And we were looking for an approach which does not need this, let's say, operation because this somehow changes the cell and you never know if the cell is the same after operations and before. So we were following an approach which was developed by Nick Mahler in Stanford. So he developed the so-called nanostraw and he used the nanostraw for delivery into cells. And we combined these nanostraws with our microelectrode arrays, especially this nano-cavity microelectrode arrays. And these were formed by, let's say, an ALD process on the nano-cavity electrodes. And we could form these nanostraws which have a conical shape and which have, you can see here, about 140 to 160 nanometer diameter at the base and about 200 at the opening. We studied how these nanostraws are interacting with the cells. And what you see here is that the nanostraw really go into the cell, at least it looks like, at least from the electron microscopy images, we have the impression that the nanostraws are really inserted into the cell. And when you look a little bit more in detail, so you see here, the cell nucleus, so the cell nucleus is not penetrated, but the cell membrane seems to be penetrated. So this is what other people also found and it confirms that the cell nucleus has a different property than the cell membrane. We sent it, again, recordings. So here you see recordings with these nano-electrodes. So this is nanostraw, nano-cavity electrodes. These recordings are without electroporation. So these are, let's say, kind of the cell sits onto the electrode. Obviously the nanostraw penetrates by itself into the cell and we get quite large signals. So up to several millivolts signals. Typical, let's say, average signal is maybe 800 to 900 microvolts. But what was also very interesting is that these high signals are stable for a long time. You see here after 18 days in vitro, so around about two and a half weeks' culture, after three weeks' culture, and so on. And we can record these high signals for a long time from the neurons as long as the neurons are alive. The recordings we did, so here are a summary of many spikes. Here are typical recordings. The recording looks a little bit like an intracellular recording. We don't want to claim it is an intracellular recording. It looks like an intracellular recording. So it means that we are in between the typical extracellular recording and the classical patch clamp recording, I would say. Here is a kind of analysis of the signals we recorded. Quite a high portion in the range of millivolts recordings. But we have also many different shapes. We are still in the face of finding out why the shapes are different, why we don't get all of these typically insider recordings. And we have looked into the distribution. So the most signals, we have this positive phase signals for the experts. This means probably very close to an insider recording. I mentioned already that this is stable for many days because it was not due to an electroopter operation or any chemical means. What we then also did was we looked into simultaneous on-chip patch clamp experiments. We looked at how the intracellular signal looks in comparison to the extracellular signal. What you see here, so the difference here, the intracellular signal is still a little bit longer. The extracellular signal is a little bit shorter, which indicates it's not a complete in-cell recording. It's probably something in between, so it comes from the membrane probably. So if we compare the blue signal here, so this is from the microelectrode array to the black signal, this is from the patch clamp electrode array, they don't match perfectly in detail. What was very interesting for us was that we found not only action potentials, we also found post-synaptic potentials. So this is the first time that people report post-synaptic presentation without any electric operation. So this was just by chance. These signals were recorded and you see here the post-synaptic potential measured by the patch clamp electrode and here you see the post-synaptic potential measured by the nano-cavity, nano-straw electrode. So they now match quite nicely to the signals we expected. So in summary, here with this nano-straw, nano-cavity microelectrode arrays, we are able to record very large signals spontaneously from neurons, which resemble probably a kind of in-cell signal and we are able to record also post-synaptic signals from the cells and this allows us of course now to look in more details into the neural communication on a post-synaptic level, so rather on a synaptic level than on an action potential. So in summary I talked today about first I mentioned that it is important to understand the cell device interface and for this we use on the one side, we use a method of resin embedding and focused IN beam sectioning, but also the setup of a surface plasmon resonance microscope which allows in situ life study of a cell and by this you can also study the dynamics of cell adhesion on an electrode in detail. I mentioned that to optimize a signal or to get better recordings and to have also signals from the post-synaptic potential signals it is necessary to think about nano-tools, nano-structures which allow on the one side to improve the cell resistance but to get really also sub-threshold signals from neurons and we believe that this nano-stores income combination with the nano-cavity electrode array is a very good tool for this. With this I want to thank the people which have done this work and I'd like to thank you for your attention. Thank you. Thank you very much. We have time for a few questions. Firstly, thank you very much for your very interesting presentation. I would like to ask a clarification more than it's a question. Regarding the geometry of the substrate that you've been using, it's like the nano-straw, right? So you've mentioned that also the geometry has an effect on the amplification of the signal or probably will have an effect on improvement of the intracellular recordings. Also because recently we have seen a similar presentation that almost this kind of similar geometry that is the conical shape. So I'd like to understand to what extent or what kind of geometries that one could use to have an improvement in such a recording? Thank you. So let's say, I mean, if you want to use nano-tools from the substrate, I think this kind of nano-straws, nano-cones, whatever are the right way to go. And I think there is a kind of a rule of thumb that this nano-structures should have an aspect ratio higher than 14 to 15. So obviously you need to have a very sharp, either needle or nano-cone, nano-straw. I cannot tell what is better. At least for us it worked very nicely, especially it worked spontaneously. So we did not have to force the cells to break the cell membrane. And I think if you think about what electroporation does to a cell, you don't know if it is still in the same shape. So I think at least I believe one should try to avoid electroporation to get this good contact. Any other questions? Well, I had one. If you could clarify whether the focus on the milling does any damage to the cells. It's an energetic process. Definitely. I would say, of course you cut through material. The material, it's an organic material and you bombarded with heavy ions. So I'm pretty sure that you damaged the first angstrom's nanometer of the cross-section, but with this focused ion beam milling you typically look... I mean we use typically scanning electron microscopy. So this is not so accurate. We are now trying to get into cryo-mode. So doing cryo-fixation and cryo-milling. I'm not sure if this is really the better choice, but definitely. I mean, this is not a perfect process, but of course it's only a limited damage. Okay, let's thank Professor... Okay, our second talk today is by Dr. Connolly from G.E.P.S. in Paris. And is he here? Yes. And he will talk to us about simulating experimental techniques. Calvin Probe forced microscopy. Okay, shall I share my screen now? Yes, you can share it. Okay, can you see me? Can you see the slides? Yes. Okay, so good morning everybody. All I can see is my slide, so I can't see the audience. So thank you for having me at this meeting and I'm glad to participate in particular because there's a partnership with a journal that we have here in France which is EPGPV. So, onto the talk. So I'll talk to you about simulating experimental techniques. And this work is in partnership with partners in Paris first and with the Veselin Donchev in Bulgaria and Ahmed Nejim of Sylvako in the UK. And I'm financed by this project Bob Tandon, which you can see the logo here in the middle. And the partner institutions are Central Tupelek, GIP, CNRS, Sophia University and IPVR. So moving on, a quick summary. First we'll introduce what Kelvin probe force microscopy is. And then we'll have a little look at political and numerical methods. And then I'll take you through simulating experiment in detail. A word with respect to the abstract, I was intending to include more modelling of experimental data. This has not been possible for a range of reasons. So what you'll see is mostly a description of how the model works in some detail. So first, what is Kelvin probe force microscopy? It's a method of measuring a surface voltage which can be as a function of incident photon energy or it can be in the dark. The difference between the dark and light is the surface photo voltage, which yields much information on the band structure of photovoltaic devices in particular solar cells, which is my focus. It also allows the study of semiconductor materials and surface and interfaces in particular optoelectronic devices. It's contactless, non-destructive and there's no sample preparation or junction fabrication required. All you need is a contact on the back and the probe, not in contact with the surface that's being studied. From this technique with quite a lot of analysis, which is difficult, you can extract information on the type of dopane. You can also extract band-to-band transitions via surface photovoltaic spectroscopy. You can also evaluate diffusion of the minority carrier lifetimes and you can evaluate the open circuit voltage of a solar cell. So the challenge is because it's a surface peak, it's dominated surface defect and the solution to this is modelling. So how does the technique actually work? You have an atomic probe derived from atomic probe microscopy, I should have started by mentioning that. So you have an atomic probe which you scan over a surface and the atomic probe is controlled by crystals which allow a very, very sensitive position control. As two modes, one is the amplitude modulation. It's amplitude of the signal as a function of the frequency applied to the bias. The other one is frequency modulation. I won't go into detail on this because this is more of the specialization of my colleague Jose Alvarez. This talk is mostly about modelling. A brief sketch of the technique looks like under light from Clémont-Marche as each thesis. Moving on to the equipment, the Kelvin force from the micro microscope looks a bit like this. We apply a bias to the Kelvin probe and we minimise a field between the sample and the probe, which is sensed the force on the probe which is sensed by a feedback mechanism. We can illuminate with lamps or monochromators and we can look at the difference between lights and dark. And this gives us SPV, surface photo-voltage spectroscopy. Now, what actually happens and how does this look like from the sample point of view? Here on the left you see a semiconductor material with defect states at the surface such that there's a space charge region front. In this situation, first of all, we can measure the work function of this material simply by buying a bias to our probe. And when we have the zero force or zero field condition, we compare that bias with the known work function or KPFM tip, and this allows us to deduce the work function of the material. When we illuminate it, we get a quasi-fermilevel thing which changes the conduction and valence position at the surface and therefore changes the work function. This is why we get a difference between the light and dark which allows us to define the surface photo-voltage as sketched here. In the dark, the work function is affected by the surface and charges as we've just seen and we also need to know the work function of our Kelvin probe. If we look at the light, however, it's slightly different because the light, the SPV is independent of the atomic probe function because it's a difference, so the work function of the probe is eliminated. It's a point of work remembering, easier in some senses to measure SPV than it is the dark signal. Now, a sketch of analytical models. I won't go into this in detail, although there's quite an interesting talk to be given on this subject alone. This is my colleague Jean-Paul Piedaire of the CNRS who's been working at this and has developed an analytical model of van-bending near the surface which is implemented in MATLAB. So it's numerical to some extent still. The value of analytical models is that it allows us a deeper physical understanding of problems that we look at as opposed to numerical models where the physics of the system is slightly further removed. So we've compared the van-bending of a bulk silicon material then without acceptor and donor defects and we've compared this with the numerical model which is using Selvakar software where the numerical model allows us within reason arbitrary defect distributions and arbitrary geometry of our sample. In practice of course we have convergent issues and so on and so forth which many of you will be familiar with. The object that we're studying is bulk silicon and in the analytical model we have a 2D surface state distribution so that's square centimeter. The 3D model uses bulk. We've studied this and there's no difference to this SV measured or the van-bending. The extent of the volume at the surface is actually the same as long as the total density of the number of charges is. So moving on to an analytical and numerical comparison. This is very recent work so it's just a start. At the top you see the SPV as a function of light intensity where here the light intensity is griped by the excess minority carry concentration at delta n because this is p-type silicon. So this is the surface to voltage as a function of illumination for a range of acceptor and donor defect densities where the distributions are just to say that they're Gaussian distributions which are close to the conduction and close to the valence band respectively. On the left we see this calculation for capture cross sections which are equal for electrons and holes and we've been looking at having asymmetric capture cross sections on the right which is actually more physically exact where you have a factor of 100 between electron and hole capture cross sections in donor and acceptor defect distributions respectively. On the bottom you see the same calculation but this time in terms of incident flux directly which is more representative of an experimental measurement. This makes the two distributions difficult to compare exactly. So all I'll say at this point is that we have qualitative agreement. We have a SPV versus flux measurement which is similar between analytical which give us understanding and numerical models which are more exact. So and there's anti-future work in here which will be the publication we are paying as a result of this presentation at Nanotexology. So moving on to the main body of this presentation which is after all how to model experiments. So a few words on the simulation strategy might think when we want to measure a Kelvin probe experiment that one should simulate the motion of the tip. However, this is actually computationally intensive and beyond the capability of standard numerical software. So this would require a fair amount of development. So what we've done is to solve a static case where instead of solving precisely the motion of the tip and adjusting the bias until the force is low, what we do instead is we solve the problem to achieve a zero field between the tip and the sample. This I call it a stick work function solution. And just to simulate the experiment we sequentially move the probe across the surface of the sample just as the experiment would. And the method is to use a numerical software by Silvanco as a computational engine. And I've written a software pilot or driver which sequentially writes the Silvanco input script, calls the program, does data treatment and so on and so forth. So below you have a brief, well it's not that brief, flowchart of the program which is the CalScan KPF model. And it reads, saves, modifies, material structures, models and all the rest of it. And it's quite long and is about those many, many different parts to this piece of software. So moving on to some first reminder, the Kelvin probe method which is as sketch in this figure here. What we do is we see in the first figure A the situation where we have a sample and tip that are far apart. As we bring them together, the difference in work functions generates charges, negative and positive charges. Between the two to balance difference in work functions. What we do is we apply this DC voltage between the tip and the sample and as you can see here we eliminate charges and we eliminate the field between them. And here is an example as well, just to show you in practice what we're talking about. On the left is a sample and on the right is a zoom on the actual tip. Where you can see the tip being made of metal needs very few hit points. So that's a great resolution in the volume of the material. So moving on to the solution method. What we do, I mean there's four examples here because there's actually a number of different ways we can minimize the field. One can minimize the net field over in the entire surface which gives you a reflection of the shape of the tip and is actually preferable. However, it's also very slow. So not just much time on this because time is passing quickly. I better speed up a bit. What we do is we look at once between the probe and the device which have this advantage of not taking account of the probe dimension which is a shortcoming but we'll bear with that for the moment. So a brief demonstration of the project and of how it runs. And since this is a large number of screen captures, I won't spend too much time on this. But first you see the interface of the gram here, cal scan. And option one is to read a sample. So this is all text based, good old fashioned programming without the use of a mouse. We choose a sample. This is a sample modification menu where we can modify all aspects of the material. That is to say the number of layers, the doping, the defect densities, the acceptor donor and the cross capture cross sections etc etc. We also define the probe here. So we define the probe dimensions and work function. Next point is the sample file format. Okay, this is the minor detail. The sample file contains all properties of the simulation. It includes the scanning, it includes the size of them and so on and so forth. The sample file is actually a Sylvaco input file. So it can be read directly by Sylvaco and it's read by cal scan in order to re-read all the parameters that have been put into it. Which computationally is a slightly tricky thing because reading and writing sample files is actually difficult. There's lots of interesting things to talk about that but this is not the time or place for that. So this is a sample with many layers. We can change the doping levels. We can see the doping levels which here the resolution is a bit low but these are the defect distributions in our device. Then we can change the APFM probe, accelerating it a little bit. This is just to give you a brief appreciation of the various parameters that you can modify. So the position, the gap between probe and the sample, probe length, width, work function and material, of course. So the first thing to do is a static solution. So this is just an appreciation of the structure. So this is a multi-layer structure here on the right. This is with acceptor defect distributions in this case and this is just to see what we have and what it looks like. In this case, we are plotting the electric fields as a function of this across section of this device. The only plot we can choose is many different quantities to display. So we have the biostructure, we have the quasi-firm level, many, many which we are going to. The prime function as we have already seen earlier when I talked about the solution is the contact potential which is the option 6 and 7. There is a range of methods as I mentioned earlier and we prefer the spot method which is quick even though the minimization method over the whole volume. This method is in fact more exact and takes the probe dimensions into account. Okay, so this is not of great importance. What's most interesting is the contact potential scans because this is what is mimicking or simulating the KPFM experiments. What we can do is we set a physician scan, the resolution and we obtain things like profiles such as this. So on the left you see a VTPD, that's the contact potential, and over PN junction and the doping is shown here on the right. Then we have implemented parameter scans where we can scan not only the position but we can also scan defect donor density, acceptor density. At least from one to three parameters can be scanned at one time which allows us to do one, two or three dimensional surfaces for solutions. This is a very quick way of identifying solutions if for example you're thinking of where do I have specific contact potential as a function of doping density and surface defect density. Now we'll look at an example of this in a minute. The time is running low, so this is examples of scans for a number of parameters. Forgive me for scanning through these screens a little bit quickly but these are all just specific examples of how this model works. Here we'll do an example of a dimensional profile. So this screen shows the parameters that you're being picked. And this shows rapidly the two-dimensional CPD plot as a function of effector defect peak density and donor defect peak density. So the thing to remember from all this is that this is a tool that allows exploration of a large number of parameters in a flexible number of ways and thereby helps to simulate the KPM experiments and understand what's happening. Another example of what we've been looking at until now has just been CPD. So quick example of surface photovoltage. Here we have a PN junction. We have kind of the surface defect donor distribution here. And here we see a cut of the band structure. What we see is that on the P side, P-silicon here, since we've put donor defects at the surface, we have a surface depletion layer. A surface depletion layer, if you think back to the beginning of this talk, the depletion layer is where you will have a quasi-firmly level splitting and you will have an SPV signal. If you have a heavily doped surface, you see no SPV simply because the Fermi level does not shift under a moderate illumination. If you go to very high illumination, you will see an SPV, but this is why Figure 4. You can see this shows the CPD in the dark and in the light. And in the red it shows the SPV. And we see an SPV on the side where we have a depletion layer. And we see the opposite behavior if we add acceptor defects. So concluding remarks. So the focus of this presentation is not completely in line with the abstract where I was hoping to talk more of experimental data, but we have had some issues with some measurements. I focused instead on describing the KPFM modeling text and the design of a user-friendly numerical modeling interface. The next steps will be to refine descriptions in the KPFM tip size, in particular, which I've mentioned a few times, to analyze new materials and especially to plan a publication EPJPV, which is a partner of nanotechnology. Final important part of support for this work is from Solar Irrinate, the H2020 program project Bob Tandon, which is finishing at the end of August, which I'm the core of nature. So thank you for your question and that's the end. Okay, thank you very much. We have time for a couple of questions. Yes. Hi. Hello. So any moment you didn't mention, let's say, how much the tip is embedded into this modeling of yours. So only in this outlook you said you want to add additional parameters on your tip. So if you do KPFM, it's pretty much tip dependent, it's pretty much centered on the tip, right? So I just wanted to understand that with respect to the tip. Well, let's go back to here. The tip that we have is rectangular and is usually about 10 nanometers across. So the rectangular aspect is already a question or one could quite properly say, oh, you should have a rather tip to reflect reality. Do you agree? However, that's the extent to which the tip is implemented. You can define the width, the material, the work function and the geometry of the tip, but only as a rectangle at the moment. And even if that's not perfect, it's a fair approximation to some extent. But then I can give you a simple example. You have your tip and you just put one small grain on top of it. All your results will be different one day. So let's say the electric field. Let me ask the speaker. Can you answer that question quickly so we could move on? A grain on top of the tip would make no difference. Between the tip and the surface, yes, it would make a difference. But the grain is not a problem with the tip. It's a problem with the surface. What you're talking about now is impurities between the surface and the KPSM tip, which is a different issue. What we do is KPSM measurements in the air. So yes, there are artifacts such as dust and so on and so forth. I have not gone into that, but this is true. That's a good point. Okay, thank you very much. Please follow up by communicating with email or other means for further questions on this. Okay, our next speaker will be on adhesion lithography for Nanogap electronics by Dr. Faber from Saudi Arabia, King Abdullah University. This is an in-person presentation. Alright, good afternoon everyone. Thank you for the introduction. My name is Henrik Faber. I'm working in the Lama Group of Professor Thomas Antopoulos at Calstone University in Saudi Arabia. I'm delighted that the organizing committee is giving me the chance to present a couple of our recent research work today. Specifically, I'll be talking about adhesion lithography as a fabrication tool for Nanogap electronics. I want to first explain what the technique is, how it works and what you can do with it, and then transition over into three different studies that we recently did which deal with high frequency electronics. I want to start off with a very simple premise that essentially all electronic devices make use of conducting electrodes that at some point connect that with some active material, let's say a semiconductor that is used for sensing purposes. Very much in all cases you benefit by reducing the gap size between the electrodes. Normally you get improved in operational speeds, maybe reduce the operation voltages. In any case, it is beneficial for you if you have a situation like this where you have one metal electrode on one side, one on the other and a separation of only a few nanometers in between. The question is in a regular research lab what kind of techniques are available to you to create this kind of structure. You could use something like e-beam lithography, there are scanning probe techniques that can do it, you may be able to do a break junction, but all those techniques come with certain downsides. Typically they're either expensive, they're rather slow, they don't really work well with large areas, and oftentimes they will have difficulties creating a situation where you don't have the same material on either side of the gap, like I've shown in this case where you have two different methods. We're using a technique called adhesion lithography, that is, as you'll see, rather simple, but it still allows you to do these kind of, we call them nanogap electrodes, in a fairly simple and cost-effective way in a large area. Let me run you through the typical process steps. You start off with a substrate and normally we're using, as you can see, sort of 4-inch wafer sizes, so already fairly large areas in that respect. You start off by depositing a first metal everywhere onto the substrate, and then you bring it into shape, you pattern it. Typically we use photolithography here, and we're using resolutions that are very relaxed, so like micron to millimeter size patterns that we introduced. And then the most important step is the following step where we do surface treatment of this patterned electrodes. So we're applying a self-assembled monolayer or SAM for short, which is made up of a short organic molecule, typically about 3 nanometers in length. And these molecules are chosen in a way that they specifically interact with the patterned first metal, but they won't bind to the substrate itself. So in the case of the example that I'm showing here, we're using aluminium as a first metal. I've been choosing a molecule, ODPA, which has a phosphonic head group, which likes to bind to the native alumina, which is forming on the aluminium, but not to the substrate material. What those SAMs are doing now is they change the surface properties of the first metal, they make it very hydrophobic, as you can see in the contact angle picture, and essentially they reduce the adhesion of anything that comes on top of it. That's where the name adhesion lithography comes from. Those SAM molecules are, as I said, specifically chosen with a metal that you want to pair it with. If, for example, you wanted to start with gold as your first metal, you wouldn't use a phosphonic acid-based molecule, but instead something like a tile group like you can see on the right-hand side. Now if you go on and you deposit a second metal everywhere on top of the substrate, the second metal will have two different regions and spaces, either it's sitting directly on top of the substrate, where the adhesion to the substrate is just normal, so there's no problem. Or it's sitting on top of the first metal which is treated with a SAM, where the adhesion is very greatly reduced. So now what you can do is you can apply a piece of tape or a kind of adhesive glue and then remove it, and as a consequence, all the areas that were initially overlapping the first metal will be taken away. And if you do it right, you end up with a situation where you have metal one on one side, metal two on the other side, and nanometer sized gap right in the middle. The interesting thing about this technique is that it's essentially flexible and all of these process steps, you can choose different substrate materials, you can do glass, flexible, substrate are possible. The metal combinations really only depend on if you can find a SAM that works for the surface treatment, and you're free to choose either symmetrical electrodes so the same metal on either side or asymmetrical electrodes like in the example picture here. A couple of other examples you're really completely free in the way that you pattern your first metal. And as I said, you can do fairly relaxed resolutions. You can also use different techniques, initially we do shadow masking or we tried out laser ablation in these examples down here. And the beneficial thing is really that the resolution of your patterning is decoupled from the size of the nano-gap that is created as a result of this peeling. So this is very beneficial for your process. But as you can see, you can do this on different substrate, you can make flexible devices, for example on PET. I want to say if you've worked about the nano-gap size, if you look closely in those pictures here, you see that the gap size is following the contours of the grains of the metals. So by changing those parameters, the different evaporation rates for example, you can fine-tune the edge of your gap. And then obviously because this is at the moment as a manual PDOT process, you can depend on the operator if you do it quickly, if you do it very gently, you'll get slightly different results. As you can see in the example here as well, it may matter in which direction you take the peel off, where you can have a size variation of about 20 nanometres between either case essentially. One thing to note as well, which is maybe the one main drawback here is the technique is good to give you gap sizes like this in the range of 20 nanometres. It's not very good if you want to precisely dial in, let's say, a range of gap sizes of 20, 50, and 100 nanometres. So this is not what this is good for. With the ability to make those gaps, you can then factor into different semiconductors, different arrangements, and you can make different kinds of electronic devices. Here are a couple of examples that we've done to incorporate these into transistor devices, made memories, made devices that can either sense light or emit light. There are different other things we're looking into at the moment and I think you have other ideas what we could use them for. Please come and talk to us, we're always open for that. The main applications I want to focus on in the rest of the talk, you can see on the top right, is to make rectifying short key types of diets for the use in high speed electronics. And as a quick intro why those kind of diets might be useful, I think we all have heard the term Internet of Things, our smart devices are constantly connected to the internet and to each other. This infrastructure, it is envisioned that we'll also have lots of small sensors that are distributed essentially in the world around us. And all of these autonomous small center nodes need to have some sort of power source. Batteries are not really applicable in this case. So we need to find some way to power them. Something like solar energy would be one option and another option would be to take and harvest energy from other signals that surround us essentially constantly. Some sources such as Wi-Fi signals, cellular or Bluetooth. So this is all stuff that is operating in the gigahertz range. So a very simplified schematic of how we could use this to capture energy, as you can see in the top right, where you have an antenna that can pick up the signal in the first place. And then a rectifier unit that is producing a DC output voltage that can then be used to power your sensor node. In the very simple case here, you can have one diode embedded in a half-wave rectifier circuit that is taking the signal and rectifying it giving an output voltage. And the figure of merit to judge these is called the cut-off frequency, giving you a measure of how fast your device can operate. For the most part determined by two parameters called the series resistance and the junction capacitance. So both of these to be as small as possible in order to give you the highest speed that you can get up. All right, let me go to the first study that I want to show to you today. Where we use nano-gap electrodes that are comprised of two different metals. We have aluminum on one side and we have largely gold on the other side. We're using a small adhesion layer that makes the gold stick better to the substrate, but it's mostly gold that acts as the active element. And you can see we often have this structure where we have one circular electrode that is completely embedded with the second metal electrode on the outside and the nano-gap is running along all the circumference of the inner electrode. So in this example we pair the aluminum and gold nano-gap up with a solution processed n-type oxide semiconductor zinc oxide in this case to make a short geek kind of die. One thing to note here is when you pay attention after the peeling off step this SAM molecule is still sitting on top of the first metal and those are typically insulating molecules. So before we apply any semiconductor we need to make sure that we remove that SAM and luckily this is easily done either with a UV ozone treatment or some short plasma treatment and then your device is ready for the, in this case, spin coating and the healing of the semiconductor and you're ready for your device. The other question or one other question that we often get is for this kind of nano-gaps are we actually able to fill the semiconductor into the gap which is why I'm showing the picture here. The elemental analysis on the bottom right is showing that the zinc coming from the zinc oxide you can find it on top of either side of the electrode but also very much in the center of the gap. So obviously this kind of TM analysis is quite costly so we can't do this in any case. Sometimes we see the fillings better sometimes we don't but in general it's possible to fill the gap. Right, let's look at the electrical characteristics of this kind of diet. First the static IV results and as you can see we indeed have a functioning diet so we have very low currents in the reverse bias where it shoots up over several hours of magnitude of the forward bias sort of as we would expect and then we often just as a sort of a sanity check we try to vary some of the input parameters so in this case you can think of the diameter of the circular electrode in the middle as we scale this up we see that we indeed we get a higher current as we would expect because we have a larger circumference essentially. Something I'm not going to talk much about here but I'll pick it up later in another study. When you use solution processing to put down your semiconductor you get all the benefits that come with it so you have the option to include something like a doping in the process to tune the parameters of your devices. Okay so we made sure that we have a diet the question is how fast do they operate. I was mentioning cut-off frequency as the figure of merits and there are typically two ways how people can measure it. One of them is called the intrinsic cut-off frequency where you just send the signal or whatever is reflected back from it and this technique gives you what is called the intrinsic cut-off frequency which is sort of the upper boundary of what the device should be capable of. It's a neglecting couple of losses that happen in a real application so a more better way to do it is to measure the extrinsic cut-off frequency. So the way this is done is shown schematically up here essentially you have a very specialized function generator that can generate gigahertz AC signals you send it to your device your diet is causing for the rectification and the DC output voltage is then measured across a load resistance. What you would expect is that as you increase the frequency the output voltage that you see eventually starts to decline because the diet cannot follow the high frequency anymore. If we look at the results this is exactly what we see here so we have fairly steady output voltage in the beginning and then slowly we decline and the cut-off frequency is then defined as a voltage where the initial level drops to 1 over square root of 2. So the good thing here is we do indeed reach the gigahertz frequency range for our cut-off frequency which is the target that I was mentioning earlier for signals such as Bluetooth or cellular networks. Here as well it's always good to verify that what you measure is making sense so as you imagine if you change the input power that you send to your device if you increase this you would expect that also the output that you get is increasing and this is shown here if you go from the blue curve up to here the input power is increased and also the output signal is increased as a result. The other thing is that this device here is a fairly large diameter diet if we shrink this down its size there are two things that are happening first of all you see the level of the output voltage is declining because our device is now smaller it can't give you such a high voltage anymore. The other thing is that if we shrink the diet size we are also shrinking those parameters that I was mentioning earlier series resistance and the capacitance junction junction capacitance which in turn gives us a little bit of a boost in the cut-off frequency that we measure so smaller devices give you a higher speed. Ultimately here we have highest values of around 7 GHz which if we put it on this map we see the mix of intrinsic and extrinsic cut-off frequency to be measured for different materials all the time. We have a box of... We have a box of... What? A box of right here. A box of right here. A box of right here. All right. Please wait a second. The sound will be back. The sound will be back. You should be talking about those values that are quite certain. Some laboratories, 3B batteries... Please introduce yourself. My name is Panos Βουγνας. I am one of the owners of Vector Technologies, and the managing director. Our company is a test measurement company and was established as a major supplier of measurement and measuring instruments στιγμή και στιγμή τεχνολογικής σύστασης, σπέστημα στιγμή στιγμή, στιγμή και τεχνική στιγμή και στιγμή τεχνολογικής στιγμή. Είμαστε στιγμήτες στην Ελλάδα και στην Σύπριο Μαρκετ, και σε κάποιες τελευταίες κυμμιουκάσεις είμαστε στιγμή για όλοι οι Βαλκανότητες. Η στιγμή μας είναι να προσπαθούνται στιγμή μας, η πιο εύκολη στιγμή για τα στιγμή their specific requirements, και τα πιο εύκολη και τα πιο εύκολη στιγμή. Η στιγμή μας είναι να αντιμετωπίεσουμε με τα στιγμή της κυμμιουκάς. Εδώ μπορείτε να βρεις κάποιες από τα κυμμίου μας, θα σας πω περισσότερα για αυτό, σε χρόνια. και τα φασίλικα μας είναι δημιουσιασμένοι στην Αθήνα, στην Αντικά. Είμαστε εδώ σε αυτή η εξεπισία για να προσπαθούν τα πρόταση μας και να βοηθήσουν τα χρόνια μας, τα R&D λάμπες, για να βρεις τέτοιμοι και να δουλεύουν με τα δουλειά μας, για να κάνουν τη δημιουσία τους. Θα πω πιο για τα πρότασης που μπορούμε να βοηθήσουμε. Είμαστε εξεπισίες μας για τα R&D λάμπες και το εξογραμμάτι, και θα πω πιο για τα πρότασης που μπορούμε να δουλεύουμε. Γεια σας, πρόταση μου. Τα πρόταση μας που είναι εξεπισίες σε αυτή η εξεπισία είναι η Γερμανική Πρόταση, η οποία υπάρχει κάθε εξογραμμάτι με την εξογραμμάτι, μετά την εξογραμμάτι. Οι εξογραμμάτις και οι εξογραμμάτις είναι το κυρίο της εξογραμμάτις. Θα μπορούμε να προσπαθούμε και να συγκρατήσουμε με την εξογραμμάτι με την εξογραμμάτι τους, και να βρεις την καλή εξογραμμάτι τους για τα εξογραμμάτι τους. Οι εξογραμμάτις, as I told, have several applications, the suitable solution for several applications like laboratories and chemistry laboratories, a battery solution if you need personal protection from the material that you work with, all-aid organic electronics, welding, material purification, thermal treatment, OPVs and all these sections. So there are many glove boxes and many solutions like lab masters, mini lab, OPTI reparation systems and gas purification systems. Many of our customers use glove boxes and they set inside their measurement tools and they protect the materials that they make in a very sensitive way. So they set inside the glove boxes the test and measurement equipment or the spin quarters or whatever equipment they need. So with this way they protect the material for the atmosphere. This is the general idea. On the other hand, Keith Leib is an electronics company. It's one of the, I think it's the leader for the semiconductor characterization systems. Of course we can talk the whole day here but I think we give you a very quick introduction of the solutions that we can offer. Yes, furthermore we can say that we have service support. We can support our customers with services for as many years as required. We are here to support our customers. Can you describe a little bit more what kind of customers you have? The company has three sectors. One sector and this is actually what you are interested for at the moment is the education sector which education means also R&D labs. As you know many of the professors they have their own labs, they make their own R&D and we are happy for that because we have a huge R&D in Greece, in the universities. So education R&D lab is one section. Second section is the military and the governmental authorities and the third is the telecommunication which is mobile operators. But here today we are for the education and the R&D labs. And it's very advanced machines? There are mostly advanced machines. We have education and testing measurement for the students but all of this that we mentioned before it's for a high-end equipment. And these companies you have many years of connection with them? Our company was established in 2006 and with most of them we work since then. We have long-relationship, we have a partnership agreement and we invest to that companies and the companies invest on that, on us because we need to train people, we need to have expert engineers, expert people who knows the products and know how to sell the product and not only to sell, how to support because the most important for us is the after-sales support. The after-sales is the easy part, maybe. The most easy. But to keep the customer happy is the most important. The customer needs to have someone next to him in case he has a problem. So this is our role here. To support the customers after sales. So it's very technical support? It's technical support. It's after-sales support. Maybe the customer needs some help on his application. So with this way we will bring the specialist to provide the solution. Sometimes they have technical issues. We need to send a technician on-site to repair the equipment. So it's a combination of R&D knowledge of scientific knowledge and technical knowledge, I'd say. When you have, for example, brochures right here. It talks about perovskite solutions. It's like the trend for the most advanced, is it just solar or many different things? For perovskites I think it's better to to let the professionals to talk about that. It's better to let the professionals to talk about that, because this is their job actually. We are here to to offer the solution. These are solar machines? Yes, this is the globe box which uses it especially for perovskites. The solution that M-Brown provides. Perovskite solution is one of the parts that M-Brown provides. Could provide. For people who are doing perovskite R&D we can say here that the first perovskite research. The first meeting here with M-Brown was here some years ago. Six years ago. Six years ago was our first contact with M-Brown. With M-Brown here in this exhibition a technological exhibition. So it's a great place to network with the right people. Exactly. We were here that period six years ago as exhibitors. At the same time M-Brown was here as exhibitors. So we communicate with them and we realize that our partnership will bring growth to our market. This is again the globe? Yeah, yeah. There are a lot of back solutions and many solutions that M-Brown can provide. There is a gas purification system Glove box solutions all the best. Gas purification system This is a particle removal. Electroelectric filling. So it's people doing R&D people doing research also people doing something that becomes mass production big project, brick production of stuff. Yes. Let's say a part of the production. Yeah. Yeah. Yeah, yeah, many. User protection is okay. It depends on what the material that they have to work with. The customer wants to work with. Glove boxes has applications not only in the nanotechnology or the pair of skies but also in the pharmaceutical area. Pharmaceutical companies also are using globe boxes for their applications. So are there more and more customers, let's say? Yes. There is a wide field for globe boxes. One thing of applications for globe boxes. What is the industry who realized that they didn't use it before but they should use it now? Of course this happens because that's why we are here that's why we are participating in exhibitions to show the customers what they need in order to make the life easier, let's say. Yeah. And what kind of discussions do you have here at the nanotechnology conference? Actually here we meet the most of our customers because they are doing their R&D so they discuss their application so we have the knowledge to offer solutions or maybe we can offer something that they haven't think so far that they can use it and they can make their research easier. Any customers can be anywhere or is this specifically agreed or... M Brown has customers worldwide but we have the authorization to promote our products in our territory which is Greece and Cyprus. But of course here is international event event and of course we are happy to help any customer worldwide and we will address his name and his contact to the right people so they can have local communication. And is there more and more high tech happening in Greece? Of course Greece has as I mentioned a lot of R&D labs but we don't have many companies that they make productions but we have let's say the last three years you know because of COVID situation it was difficult to have face to face meetings and this kind of events but I think now it starts again and we have more and more bigger events. I think this event here is the biggest one that happens every year. What are you doing during COVID? You just do a lot of video chat? We use a lot of video chat exactly. Skype Zoom, Teams whatever Of course we had a lot of savings from the traveling. Of course this is a joke. It is a reality but on the other hand we prefer the face to face meetings because it brings the relation with our people and our customers brings the relation I feel better to meet someone face to face let's say. What people watching this might be interested to contact you just contact you Of course We will be happy to be in contact with people that watch us and discuss their application and offer the solution. What if some new technology providers want to talk to you about distribution also? We are happy and we are open to discuss Of course. We are investor relations not only to sales We are looking forward. Cool. Thanks a lot. Thank you. Alright. I'll put you on a break right now in the chat See you in a minute. You use yourself? Yeah. Hello. You are in Nanotechnology 2022 I'm Costa Simeonidis City of BL Nanobiome and we are standing in front of the booth BL Nanobiome to introduce our services, products and generally what we do here and what we are about to present in this export. First of all, BL Nanobiome is a startup that is dealing with high tech novel nanotechnology systems What that means? That means that we are preparing technology and prototypes and then finally products for biomedical application like biosensors that are in the category of in vitro diagnostics like nanoporous materials or nanofilters like nanoparticles that have specific properties I'm sorry There's been a program. Do you mind starting over? No worries. The video wasn't on. Okay. No worries. Okay. Let's do it right here. We'll cut it later. I don't know the PRP video was I don't remember the product. Alright. Please introduce yourself again. Hello, you are Nanotechnology22 I'm Costa Simeonidis I'm the city of BL Nanobiome and we are sitting in front of the booth of BL Nanobiome to introduce to our company and our products here that we present here in this export. BL Nanobiome Is there to be back, right? Sure. After Covid session we are happy to see so many people around and to speak discuss about novelties and production. BL Nanobiome actually is a high tech startup company dealing with nanotechnology and biomedical application. What that means what we do actually we have innovative technologies like development and characterization of nanoparticles development of biosensor platforms that they act as point of care system to detect various diseases we are preparing nanomaterials like nanopores materials for filtering applications like you want to filter viruses or nanosize particles and of course our products for 3D printing that we can print in very high resolution 3D printed bio biospecimen So, here you can see our product which is a biosensor is based in free electrode system that means that you apply a sample and then it gives you a response So, let's come closer to see how this works Let's say you have actually this is about to detect troponin. What is troponin? A protein that informs the body about heart attack if the individual is prominent to a heart attack For us this is very serious So, we have prepared this device Again, this is prototype right now which you can insert the strip this is the biosensor strip and when you apply some sample let's say this is a blood or sweat it gives you an electrical response like a number in milligram per liter that means that we can prepare, we can develop biosensors to detect molecules in our body like troponin and this is our product for heart attack An individual can take it from pharmacy and to the testing house with not much money he doesn't need to go to the hospital or to the diagnostic center to make a blood test and he can get informed about if he is prominent for a heart attack Then, BL nanofilters can introduce our nanofilters Mr.Alexons Orphanos is the expert of the nanofilters he can speak about this Hi I'm Alexons from BL nanofilters I'm a production manager and I will present to you nanofilters As Kostas mentioned before BL nanofilters is a high tech nan... sorry It is a high tech nanotechnology company in order to deal with unmet clinical needs COVID-19 demands a big amount of needs for filters Our company focussed to create these nanofilters in order to protect people from surpassing molecules like viruses to surpass the human human body Let's say some things about nanofilters As you can see we create a very thin layer which has a very density of very small pores in order to block the path of these particles What is the advantage of the commercial filters Commercial filters like hip or melblon have very very big layers of these fibers in order to block the path BL nanofilters creating these nanofilters creating these very thin layers in order to block directly the path of these particles It is standard with mechanical properties without a greater problem with the breath of the user and may as well have very different applications especially in respiratory systems like this one or different applications in lab equipment or dust treatment membranes and generally the materials we can create one substrate in order to create antimicrobial surfaces This is the same technique This technique uses a big manufacturing of using the same development like biosurge everything that we can mass production of that I want to say about that antimicrobial surfaces can create a very exile environment for viruses and generally harmful molecules in order to stop them to evolve and have many different applications from public from very public uses and all their characteristics of that is generally the melblon as I said before we can enhance these materials over 10,000 because melblon has about micrometers in force diameter and we can enhance this blocking as well molecules like viruses So in overall in BL as you understand we are dealing with difficult situations as Alexis mentioned and me earlier we try to apply technologies of course in nanoscale level and why nanoscale level because in nanoscale you can understand what is going on and you can increase the specificity sensitivity or filtration efficiency as he said So as a conclusion I have to mention that we are participating in many research European and national projects to increase our R&D development and here you can see two national projects that what you are doing here we are developing nanoparticles to treat atherosclerosis directly in the vein So in the first step we prepare the nanoparticle then we coat it we encapsulate it and then we put it in a demonstration like a bioreactor which simulates the human body mechanical stress and environment So we can have very good very good response on how these nanoparticles can go through in real time situations and another national project this is we are trying to print bones and this is very important we have this machine which is a 3D bioprinting we prepare the mold then we prepare the bio gel and we incubate inside the mold and then into a bioreactor again to simulate the body response So we are trying to fix actually in dentistry the bones that are broken or need to be replaced So overall that's all from us happy to be here in nanotechnology 2022 happy to have you here in our booth and explain in details our product services and generally what we do What is a BL rapid test with nanotechnology Okay, have you been shipping a bunch of solutions or you doing a research for stuff that will happen in the future Actually what it is let's say that Covid just triggered this solution We are trying to prepare rapid test not only for Covid but for many diseases This is a qualitative method not quantitative as a biome changer to give you the number but it gives you a signal that you have or you don't have a disease So we have a versatile universal platform that we can develop it tailor made for whatever disease you want and this is because of nanotechnology So when I look at right over there it's like the circle of nanobiomed Intellectual property, R&D strategic cooperation Yeah, actually this is an overall of our company we are trying to prepare nano products We have our strong IPs We are a part of many R&D projects with strong collaborations with youth, OIT many European universities and companies We have a binary team of experts and expertise personnel and finally we try to find innovative solutions that are scalable and can go to production So nanotechnology has a huge place in the future of medicine I think so So this is what we believe that in nanoscale level you can find the answers that you can understand in the micro scale Cool, that's nice Thank you very much Happy to be here Alright Thanks everybody I'll put you in a break for a minute Alright, there's a lunch break right now So I'm going to put you on a break for a second Not for a second, maybe half an hour or one hour So this stream is going to end This is the morning live stream So check back Around an hour Continue for the afternoon Thanks for watching