 Hi everyone, this is the fifth lecture of the biochemistry lecture series, topic protein synthesis. In this lecture, we will know about the translational frame shifting and how this is used by viruses to enhance their protein synthesis efficiency. Please stay tuned to the end of the video to understand the concept in detail. If you haven't subscribed the channel, please do not forget to subscribe the basic science series YouTube channel to support the work by simply clicking the subscribe button present on the lower right corner of your screen. This will make you an important part of our basic science series community. In the previous lecture, we discussed about the wobble hypothesis. The wobble hypothesis explains the essential rules for protein synthesis. I will provide the link for the previous video in the description box. If you have any questions, please write the questions in the comments section and I will do my best to address those questions. Alright, without delay, let's start the lecture. Today we will discuss about translational frame shifting. Translational frame shifting or translational recoding is a biological phenomena that occurs during translation and results in the production of multiple unique proteins from single mRNA molecule. To understand this, we need to understand translation and frame shifting separately. Translation is the process where mRNA molecule provides information to ribosomes leading to the formation of protein molecules. In molecular biology, we term this process as translation. On the other hand, frame shifting is the process when a specific reading frame of RNA molecule or a DNA molecule shifts to another reading frame to provide a new protein sequence. This is known as frame shifting. To understand the reading frames, refer to the part 2 of this protein lecture series. I will provide the link in the description box. However, let me explain this again with an imaginary sequence of ATG, CCT and so on. If we read this sequence from ATG, this will be a specific reading frame and if we read this sequence starting from T, we will get another reading frame. In simple words, with the same DNA or RNA sequence, we can have two unique reading frames depending upon how we read the sequence. Now the question is how this is important in biological processes. Frame shifting is a very important cellular process but it has been used very efficiently by viruses. Viruses have a small structure and thus they have a small genetic material. They use this mechanism to significantly enhance their protein synthesis efficacy. Viruses can fuse either directly with the plasma membrane which is called receptor mediated fusion or after being swallowed into an endosome. That's the different topic to discuss. But suppose the virus is getting simply fused with cell membrane. In the next step, its small genetic material needs to hijack a big cellular machinery. It will be a tedious task if virus has few proteins to hijack the cell. Therefore, virus use the mechanism of frame shifting to produce large number of protein molecules from a very small piece of a DNA or RNA molecule. And that was pretty much all about the translational frame shifting. I hope this lecture was helpful for you to understand translational frame shifting. If you like the video, please press the like button and do subscribe the channel. Thank you for your support. I'll see you in the next lecture of Basic Science Series.