 and we've been talking a lot about bark, and we kind of coined this phrase barkophile because we love bark. And like Tom said, I mean, there is a lot of value to that for an ornamental feature. So, what's so great about bark? We have just that. It's an ornamental feature. Not only just fact that, you know, leaves are not on a lot of these trees for a good part of the season, but they do enhance the quality of the actual ornamental plants as well. I don't do handouts, so I do apologize. So, and we're going to go through quite a few trees. But with bark in itself, it is very diverse. We have different colors. We have different textures. We have exfoliation bark, and that's what gets really fun. We have early exfoliation when they're young, and then that we may lose that. We have some species that don't have exfoliation when they're young and they get it later in their life, so there's a lot of variability, a lot of exciting. But ultimately adds multi-seasonal interest because this is what we're used to, unfortunately. And this is a pretty typical Fargo landscape, which is absolutely horrible. So, we want to get beyond our despair, and so why do we want multi-seasonal interest? Because we want to have happy trees. So, just like Bob Ross, we're going to have happy trees. I wanted to start with one that will never ever grow, but this is a zone 10 to 11. I apologize, at least for those of you in this room in Colorado. This projector is absolutely horrible. So, what is this? Not sure. That's not at all. This is a rainbow. You can use this to get rid of the chance to go in. Okay. Close right. On the line or to the right. You have an opportunity to just touch a bark. And, again, this projector is horrible. This should have some nice reds, orange, greens, yellows, all in it. So, I'm going to apologize, at least for here in Fargo. This presentation is going to be absolutely horrible. Menture and stride maple. So, I'm going to start with some maples. And, I just want to talk in general about them, and then we're going to look at the bark. So, this is a smaller tree. It has a really nice form. The fall color is yellow, so nothing too exciting there. But, what's neat about it is the bark itself. It has this green-white vertical striping. And, it maintains that for a good long time. Here, you can see the fall color in contrast with that kind of green and white striping. And, so it's a really, really striking plant, you know, in the landscape. Acer trifluorum, this is one that is reliable for a good fall color. But, it is propagated by seed. And, so, it's variable with the colors you're going to get. You can get some yellows, orange, or reds. And, yes, you have selected one that's red. So, you get a really nice fall color, good high-quality foliage in the summer, too, with the trifoliate maple. So, it has three leaflets, not a single leaf. A smaller tree, 25 by 20. And, what's great about it is it has a vertical, fissuring, peeling bark. And, it is quite attractive. And, it's actually seen very early on in its growth. So, it's a very attractive tree, very early on. Here, you can see the three leaflets. And, it actually, you know, gets a really nice kind of pumpkin, at least this selection is orange or glow. And, this has been selected more for that orange-red color. Here's just another couple shots of what you can see. And, unfortunately, with a lot of these trees, people don't properly lign them up. So, you can actually see the bark. And, here's a good example where it has been properly pruned to enhance the bark feature. What's nice about the triflorums is that we don't really see the damage with sunsculls in the winter because of this type of bark. This is a new one for the NDSU release. It's the costata birch, the dwarf Korean birch. That's what I'm really excited about because we have river birch, which we're going to mention here in just a moment. But, there is one that's similar to this, it's a dwarf. But, it's not reliably hardy for us in our region. And, this one is extremely reliable. It's also a dwarf. We got a picture of a full-sized costata when we were in the Morton Arboretum down in Chicago. And, as you can see, it will be about 25, 30 foot tall. Ours is only about 8 foot tall. And, the name is Cinnamon Curls because the inside of the bark is actually cinnamon. On the outside, it's more of a creamy white. But, a really beautiful natural form. And, again, this projector is absolutely horrific. But, the background of the snow on this plant, and when you see it, it's just absolutely gorgeous. Great profile, outstanding color. You know, this is one that would make a great accent plant into any entryway, whether it's a residential or a commercial type setting. Which goes into then river birch. River birch for us. Most of the cultivars are not extremely hardy for us. We hit about that zone 4. Once we get into zone 3, we see a lot of tip dieback. Even in a zone 4, we can see some tip dieback. Also, with river birch, we see a lot of problems with chlorosis. Just what was mentioned earlier with the soil. So, we can have some of those issues. So, we got to be mindful of our soil type. But, with river birch in general though, we have that really nice, creamy peeling bark. And, this is more of a later. It doesn't start to peel until it starts aging a little bit. What's nice about river birch compared to all the other birches is that it is completely resistant to bronze birch borer. Which is the number one problem that we have with birches and ultimately with decline of them. And, this doesn't have that. We do have a release out of NDSU that is resistant also. It's tolerant to a pH, high pH. So, we don't have the chlorosis issue with Northern Tribute. And, that's going to be on the market here in a few years. So, don't get too excited about running to the nurseries and trying to find this or asking for it. It will come eventually. But, no winter kill, no chlorosis. And, then the outstanding, just beautiful peeling bark. And, all these trees just, they scream, you know, just touch me, feel me, hug me. You know, that's why we have these barco files. You just, you got to get instant with your, with your tree. Heritage river birch is really common. But, this is one that you'll find in the nursery. And, I don't really recommend it because they do get some winter kill. Especially if you're into a true zone 3 somewhere in the state. So, you do have to be careful with this one. Paper birch is one that does very well for us. But, again, it is susceptible to bronze birch borer. So, you'd never want to allow your birches to be stressed. But, we get that nice, peely bark. Again, it's being washed out for us here. But, you know, really a beautiful, beautiful bark in the winter time. Even during the summer because it's just, you know, nice vivid white really stands out of the landscape. But, we want to make sure these birches stay moist, cool, with our soil. And, that helps with the bronze birch borer component. If they get stressed, then you can have serious issues. Prairie dream paper birch is the one I recommend. Not just only because it came out of MDSU. But, it is bronze birch borer resistant. Also, within drought we had with 2012, all of the birches out at our research farm were in pretty poor condition. A handful of them were doing well. That's worth Korean birch I mentioned. As well as prairie dream. And, this is readily available in the trade. You can find it in many nurseries locally. But, it just really performs well. And, it's the brightest white bark out of all of the cultivars of paper birch. So, quite striking, you know, even with the yellow fall color. You know, we need to have diversity. But, it's nice sometimes even to have the yellow. But, that yellow and white is quite striking to have that bark color. I'm a big fan of horn beam. And, so, carpina, the older branches develop a fluted muscle-like appearance. So, just like what you see, you know, with your arms and your legs with, you know, with our muscles, that's the type of wood that this develops. So, it's kind of creepy at first. But, it kind of, you get used to it. But, it's very unique. But, it is a smaller tree, 25 foot. One of the big problems is it is two of those variable fall colors. So, I know we're talking bark, but it's also nice to have these other ornamental features. But, it's pretty much what's propagated by seed as well. So, you just didn't know what you were going to quite get. It's tolerance of periodic flooding, which is nice. So, if you are in an area where you do receive flooding, it's a good one for that. It's, that's its entire environment that I really enjoy. But, what's great, and part of what this talk is hopefully going to come across is not only is bark exciting, but it's just another feature to focus on and a different way to look at these trees. But, also, here we have one that's pest-free. And, we have the big problem that we're facing now, and we'll ask for, you know, not a matter of if, but when it's going to hit North Dakota. We have Asian longhorn beetles coming as well. And, so, we need to get diversity. It's no longer, you know, we just can't do autumn blades maple with a stupid idea that was. And, so, we need to get variety. We need to have diversity. And, so, here, this is what this is all about, is talking about diversity and ornamental features. So, here's how that fluidic look to it. Traditionally, the fall color, again, is more of a yellow. Out of Johnson's Nursery in Southeast Wisconsin at Menominee Falls, they released a, what's called, fire spire. And, it's a very tight upright of a horned beam with really nice fall colors, reliably red fall color. And, it's a quite striking plant. It's one I'm definitely recommending. I'm a big fan of hackberry too. You know, hackberry is just a beautiful tree. Used a lot on boulevards because it can withstand just about any condition, compacted soil, poor pH, you know, whatever, extremely urban tolerant, great tree of, you know, again, we're looking more to yellow fall color. But, with the corky bark extensions on them. You know, I kind of enjoy that. Some people don't really like it, but I find it, you know, to be intriguing. It's, again, a little bit of variety than just a standard smooth bark. Ketsura tree, this is a tree I really love. It doesn't maybe have necessarily the best bark, but it has a little bit of a feature to it. But, it's the overall package that I really love about this tree. And, not too many people are familiar with Ketsura tree. But, it has a, kind of more of a shaggy bark where it attaches in the middle and it'll split on either end at the top and the bottom. And, I'll show you a picture of that here in just a moment. But, here's the form. It's 40 by 25, so it's still a bigger tree now. But, it has a, you know, a little tighter, kind of width to it. Again, it has variable fall color, but that's actually one of the better features. But, the leaves, really, and again, you know, we're talking bark, but now we're going to talk about leaves. The leaves are kind of cool, because when they first come out they have a citrus fragrance to them. Now, it's not going to knock you over, but you do get a, you know, feel of that. If you have a bench underneath there, you can really enjoy that. And then, when you end up when they synapse in the fall, they actually smell like vanilla and cinnamon. And, this is quite striking. You can smell this 50 feet away. And, I really enjoy it. But, here's the bark, where it gets this kind of peely bark when it's younger. When it gets older, it kind of makes this little zig-zag pattern. So, you know, there's, you know, not the most exciting bark, but it's the whole package, I think, that I really like about it. And, again, this is, I think, projector is unbelievable. Because this is not neon leaves. So, but it is a mix of these apricots, kind of red, apricot, orange, yellow. It does this real mix of a fall color. It's not just one solid color, which I find quite attractive. And, again, so you can, they can be kind of variable, but, you know, this should be, this is a really nice apricot kind of color, but it's not really coming across. But, whenever I go into, like, an arboretum in the fall and there's a katsura tree, I mean, you can just smell, like I said, from 50 feet away and you're looking for it. Where is the katsura? Because it's quite, quite fragrant. A Kentucky coffee tree, again, this is one that is awesome for the urban environment. It does have that interesting bark pattern. Again, these are not ones that are, you know, jumping out saying, wow, amazing bark. But, it is cool bark in general, but it's the whole package. Again, very large tree, 70 by 40, maybe a little bit smaller, again, depending on where it's located, but it's an urban tolerant tree, coming up on a lot of the Boulevard lists throughout the state. No serious pests or disease issues, at least at this point, you know, so, again, it's about diversity. But, the bark itself, it's a very stiff bark, you know, and when you look at this at first, it's like, you want to go ahead and start peeling it like you do, like a river birch, but you really can't. It's a pretty stiff bark, but it has a lot of good textural component to it. American Hophorn Beam is also another one that is gaining value, and I'm really excited about Emerald Ash Forest. I think nothing better could have happened, because now we're forced to do diversity. You know, it's great that ash, ash are great trees. Don't get me wrong, but 80% in the town is not a good idea. And so, it's great that Emerald Ash Forest is coming across, so we will be forced to diversify. Because that is what we need. We never learned, you know, Dutch Elm Disease, right, you know, we learned from that, not really. But, here, the same thing, we have that vertical fissuring that exfoliates at the end, similar to that young cassera. But then, again, the whole package, we get this hoplite fruit, again, a little bit larger tree, 30 by 20, but no serious pest or disease. You know, so these are the things that we should be looking at. One big liability, though, is not tolerance of salt. So, you know, I do see them on the boulevards, and I don't think that's a really good idea. But the bark itself, you know, has a really neat texture to it. You know, here, you can see where it is doing the long fissuring of peeling. Here, on the older bark, you get more of a plating type of an effect, but it is a nice visual. But the fruit is cool, because it does look like hops. And the fruit itself actually has, it's blown up with air. And it is kind of cool. It will turn brown in the fall, fades from a kind of yellowish green to a brown. Here, in this picture, you can see how it's dotted with the light green. That's all the fruit all over it. So, just adds a neat little feature to it. But again, diversity, really no pests, really nice tree. Amber cork tree, this one, too, no pests, you know. And I don't understand why we're not promoting these more. Why, and that's, again, why I'm so glad that emerald ash borer is coming through. Bark is really heavy and quirky. This is one where you want to touch it. You don't realize you want to touch it until you finally do touch it, and then you don't want to take your hands off from it, because it is a spongy cork. And it's maybe not necessarily the most attractive bark, but it's spongy, and it's really weird. And as soon as you experience it, you just got to touch it. But it's wider than it is tall. So, this is one that will never end up on a boulevard. It should never end up on a boulevard. But it's, you know, it's a nice park tree. But, again, no pests. So, we're going to look at the one on the left first, then look at the one on the right. So, this is the pattern. So, it's a really irregular look to it. And, again, it has a spongy cork to it. They don't make cork from this bark. It's from other species. But it just has a really neat feel to it. Now, it does have the inner bark as yellow. It's one of the few species that have the inner bark as yellow, but, again, that's not a good thing to test and find. Not very helpful to the tree. We have sycamore. And this is one that's out of NDSU, but they are growing across the state. It's one that I think we definitely should be utilizing a lot more. It is a bigger tree, though. So, again, you look in 40, 50 foot tall, 20, 30 foot wide. It's a big tree. But it starts to exfoliate in these pieces that will shed very early on in its young branching. And then the older growth continues to peel into this kind of a gray type of appealing. And you get kind of a model of the fact with multiple colors. So, it's really, really attractive. I am a choke cherry. You get a really nice cinnamon brown bark to it, 30 by 30. You know, again, we do have the flowering effect as well. You know, so we do get a really nice color. We also get the exfoliating bark on the problems that we do have as splitting with snow loads. So, that can be problematic with this tree. You know, this is typical to see a nice crack going through it. So, it's not necessarily one I would recommend, but it does have on a mental bark that's quite attractive. Small white oak is definitely one we should be utilizing a lot more. 50 by 50, it's a big tree, drought tolerant, you know, that's a great feature for it. But the young branching, it starts out, again, with this exfoliating bark, you know, which is not very typical of oak. So, really good urban tree for us. Here you can see another shot where the bark is just splitting. I mean, it looks like it has a disease or something where it's kind of split and shed the bark, but there it is. And then it does hold on to its foliage into the fall or into the winter. So, you got kind of a neat effect there. Burrow is highly variable in its bark. You know, it's one that, again, is a good urban tree for us. Now, we do have diseases moving in on that too. So, in diversity, there's a new one called burroke light that's going to decimate the burrokes. 70 by 70, pH adaptable. Again, it's variable in the amount of cork. Some of you can find are quite corky. What you should, though, if you're looking to grow a burroke, when you go to the nursery, find one that has extensive amount of cork, that will be a characteristic that holds on into its maturity. If it's light on cork, these corky extensions, it will never develop more cork. It will always be light on the corky extension. So, there are some now that are being selected for the sixth corkiness. So, cobblestone oak, that's a cultivar from Jay Frank Schmidt, where it's been selected early on for that type of corkiness. Peek and lilac. You know, Japanese tree lilacs are really popular. It's one of the most popular trees that's being planted now. I recommend peek and lilac, because Japanese tree lilac does not have exfoliating bark, whereas peek and lilac does. And you still have everything, because it's a subspecies of Japanese tree lilac. And so, you still get the creamy, panicle flower, but then you get exfoliating bark. And there's several cultivars that have been selected for this coppery color, one being copper curls from NDSU. And it maintains this peeliness all the way into its maturity. The color does fade a little bit, but it just is quite a striking plant. There is China snow out of the Morin Arboretum, and that's one that's also been selected for a high amount of this coppery kind of color and the exfoliating bark. So, beautiful, beautiful tree. Again, the peek and elastics, they tend to be a little bit more multi-stemmed, as you can see here. So, that's one of the disadvantages compared to straight, reticulata of the Japanese tree lilac. But just gorgeous bark. Just a couple of evergreens, and we'll be done. This is not one of my favorite trees, Layspark Pine. You know, I don't understand why people are not planting it more. I found it when I was in Inner Mongolia, which is the exact climate that we have. And so, we're working on this one now. Thirty by thirty. One problem though, it can have some limb breakage issues with the crotch angles that it has, but I think it's definitely worth trying. This is one though, I don't know about a zone three. If you're in a true zone three, I would be hesitant in using this. So, those of us in zone four here now, this is one, you know, definitely, you know, Fargo, Bismarck, and across the zone four range. But it does have this exfoliating bark, and I call it the camo tree, because once it starts dropping that bark, it ends up looking like this. So, you get all these different shades of green and all these different patterns. And, you know, it ranges from some yellows, some greens, and again, this is kind of washed out. This is all pink all through here. So, some can be turned into more of a pinky color, so it's quite attractive. Last is our Scotch pine. I think a lot of us are familiar with Scotch pine. Really nice pine for us. It tolerates drier sites, it's pH-adaptable. You know, you identify it by the orange upper bark. And it does exfoliate quite readily, so it's quite attractive. But this past summer, I was in Chicago, and I saw one of the coolest things, where in a Japanese garden, they're using Scotch pine and pruning it to get this Japanese look. And I think, wow, that would look awesome in everybody's backyard. Pruning it that way, and I'm like, that's how all Scotch pines should look. You know, don't leave a natural pruning off like this in the layers. Because that's what Scotch pine does. They like that horizontal branching. So, just gorgeous, gorgeous specimen. So, I'm going to get some and start doing this to them. And even out at our research farm, if you ever come out, they're all going to look like this. So, with that, happy trees is with all the different ornamental qualities, but more importantly, diversity, so we can combatter past. Thank you, guys. I'll give you a quick question, and guys, if you could please remember to repeat the question. First question, how much of what this bark is genetic? How much is environmental? Is there anything we can do to carry for the trees to create more bark? Okay, so the question was, how much is genetic? How much is environmental with this bark? And for the most part, it is primarily all genetic. And that's what breeders and plants improvement people are actually looking at, like that cobblestone oak, is actually selecting for bark color, such as like with copper corals, pecan lilac. Because here on campus, we have copper corals next to a straight pecan lilac. The straight pecan lilac has a dark brown, not very exciting bark, whereas the copper corals has that coppery bark. They both exfoliate the same, but the copper corals is copper, whereas this other one is not. And so, that's been propagated asexually, plants it everywhere, and it maintains that bark. There's not a whole lot we can do to necessarily enhance that. Like with the late bark pine, you could, and, but again, you know, maybe as us as avid gardeners, because we're a little crazy, we could go out there and actually peel. It's the same with like the sick mower. You can actually pull the bark off and create these patterns. There's another tree that's not suitable for our zone, but it's a Japanese Duarte. And I actually recommend to people, they actually scrub their bark. Because as you get the plated pieces come off, they discolor over time at different rates, and that's how you get that weird coloring. But there's really not a whole lot we can do. It's just properly selecting trees that have these. And the idea, again, is like with the fir oak. You know, if you're selecting with the nursery, and a lot of them are propagated by seed, if they're not necessarily a true cultivar, it's select ones that have good bark right from the beginning. Okay, the next question has to do with the hardening. Especially in northern counties, there's some skepticism out here about the hardening of the leaf trees to highlight some of the leaf trees that may not survive. Some of the leaf hardening ones we talked about tonight. Yeah, the lay spark pine. So the question was, you know, hardiness, especially in the northern counties, you know, there's some skepticism on survivability of these. And honestly, I think, you know, there are a few in here that I would put borderline like the capture tree. I would definitely put a solid four untested three. Lay spark pine is definitely a four. Questionable three, you know, those are the things that I'm going to be working on in the coming years to test them at some different various sites in the north. You know, we're going to be planting at Langdon. We're going to be planting at Williston. Just have some of these and hopefully we can find out. But definitely with that lay spark pine and the capture, I'd be very questionable on using those. A lot of the other ones that wouldn't have any problem get into a zone three. And because I really, that's what I try to focus with this talk is to focus on zone three or four plants. How about you talk about finding the tree in North Dakota nursery? Are there any tips on finding some either relatively unknown and most new? Yeah, so the question was finding these, especially in North Dakota. You know, that's one thing that can be difficult. You just have to work with your nurseries. You know, and that's the key is not only educating ourselves, but educating them. You know, the reason that there's so much ash in North Dakota is because it's a tree that is extremely easy to grow in the nursery industry. And it does very well in any environment. That's why we ended up with ash because it was easy. And hopefully everybody's learning now that easy is not a good thing. And so we do need to go to the nurseries and start asking for them. You know, I guarantee you're not going to walk to any nursery in North Dakota and find a cat surroach tree. But if you tell them that I would like to catch a surroach tree, there's likelihood in the future that they would be looking to get that. I know nurseries here around the Fargo area are very proactive. They're willing to extend beyond their own general knowledge and explore. But it really is an educational thing for us and them. Next question, Anthony, you would tell me your selection on saline soil. And specifically mentioned orange, Anglo-Maple, Northern Tribute River Birch, the very green cake and birch, cat surroach tree, can they grow in West North Dakota with the same answer? Cat surroach tree, I would say no. That may be a difficulty. With the others, they should be fairly okay. And the river birch, that river birch, I recommend the Northern Tribute. Again, it's not going to be one that's available for another 5, 10 years. That's the big problem with our program here in North Dakota. Is that it's a full process to get a plant out. But for a river birch itself, it has this, the Northern Tribute, it has all the characteristics that a river birch does not. It really shouldn't be a river birch, even though it is. It likes compacted soils. It likes high pH. It's tolerant to drought. You know, those are all features that river birch should not be. But this one was, because it was actually selected from Dickinson. So this river birch does very well in the Southwest part of the state. How about if you talk about, your sites are beautiful, but how about till we see these with our own eyes some place? Yeah. If there are rains in North Dakota, is there a field day to answer that? So the question is, can we see these with our eyes? Where can we see these in North Dakota? And the answer is yes, you can see these with your eyes. Unfortunately, very limited location. One being at Apsaraca, that's the NDSU Horticulture Research Farm, located just east of Apsaraca by a few miles. And we do have a field day, generally in August. We haven't picked the date yet, but we will. And then when we do that, we'll be giving that information to all the county extension agents. So hopefully, that information will be available to everyone. But we have most of those out there. We are working on the Lace Park pine now. We're building up a population, so I don't have those to show you. But generally, everything else that you've seen here are already in your community or can be seen where we're at. Because it's amazing how much is actually out there, because there's a lot of people like us that are willing to try things. So be surprised that there isn't most of this somewhere in North Dakota. Which of these are the trees roll faster? Oh. Well, obviously, like the burrow, if you're looking to have a slower growth rate, but it's worth it over time. Which grows the fastest? I mean, they're all variable in growth. That's a hard question to answer. None. What do you mean, not none? Yeah, you've got to be patient with them. Yeah, for even maple's luck. Not a fan. Question here. So I have a question. We just bought a house that has an existing tree up on the street. So the previous owner has banged up the bark around the base of the lawnmower. Oh, yeah. But is there a point where it's not worth trying to save the tree? So the question was, gentlemen, bought a house. The street tree has been pruned or trimmed with a lawnmower. Mechanical damage, what do you do? Is there a way to save it or is it just an end cause? At that point, yeah, really, if there's enough damage around, it's been pretty much girdled and it's just on a downward spiral. There's nothing really you can do to it. Now's the time to diversify. Get something else in its place. Because I'm assuming it's ash or maple. I don't know what it is. It most likely is. It's sad that, again, we haven't learned, but that's, you know, most likely. Or even a linden, you know, that's the other thing now is we got Japanese beetles coming into North Dakota, too, and they decimate lindens, you know, and we have lots of lindens. So, again, we've got to diversify. Question. Can you actually say on this slide if you get on a stress kick and you start to lean? Okay, so the question is, if you get on a stress kick and you start peeling the bark off, can you damage the tree? You know, to a point, you know, because you don't want to act cause any wounding to it. You know, with a lot of those peeling barks, I mean, that's what they do naturally. But, you know, obviously, you want to just tear it all off. Because you're going to cause stress to the tree and potentially wounding. But, you know, it would take a lot of effort. But it's definitely not encouraged. Hit a stress ball. No, never peel a bark. No, never peel a bark. Yeah, never peel a bark. Question. Regarding the swamp. Yeah, swamp, so the swamp white oak, question is it a Zone 4? Yes, it's a Zone 4. Yeah, does it cover the pests and disease? The question now is, pests and disease, are there any issues with that? With the swamp white oak, really not so much. You know, there are some oak wilt that we could potentially worry about. But for the most part, not too bad. Again, it's more of the diversity. And maintaining that, you know, we don't want a full bowl of art of swamp white oaks. But, that adds a diversity in. How about the hardiness of it? Northern is an American plain tree. Yeah. So, the question is, what about the hardiness of the Northern Advanced Plain Tree? I would be comfortable on a Zone 4. It really hasn't been tested in a true Zone 3. So, that's still to be determined. We are propagating it now. And we will have, hopefully, plants in Williston and in Langdon this year. So, that's going to be to be determined. Last question, another, there are a lot of hardiness questions. I'm sure. American hornbeam, American hornbeam, American hornbeam. I would be hesitant with the American hornbeam. Maybe in a protected spot. You know, none of these trees in general. I mean, you just can't leave them out in the open. You know, we're looking at a lot of these being protected into your city-type parks and residents and, you know, not on a farmstead for a windbreak. I'm not a windbreak person. I don't promote any windbreak trees at all. I am an ornamental specialist. So, these are not windbreak trees. Do not put any of them in a windbreak. Do not plant them out into an exposed acreage. You know, that's not what these are for. But, you know, AmeriCorps tree, I would be questionable in a zone three. American hornbeam, I wouldn't be so concerned with. But, again, it's not one that I would put out in the open, you know, just to be left to die. Okay, let's say five. Okay, we got a five minute break.