 Hello everyone, I am Salma Dayer, economist for SDSN. Thank you to everyone who joined us today. This webinar was organized to launch a new study produced by the University of Sydney, the Sustainable Development Solutions Network and the Giselle Schaft's Field International Sousa's Manorbyte, excuse my accent, GIZ, on behalf of the German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development, BMZ. It is called Making Globalization and Trade Work for People and Planet, International Spillovers Embodied in the European Union's Food Supply Chains. This event will bring together practitioners and experts to discuss the issue of international spillovers embodied in trade and consumption in the context of Agenda 2030, the Sustainable Development Goals and the Paris Climate Change Agreement. We're glad you're here. First of all, I would especially like to thank our moderators and panelists. We greatly appreciate your participation in this webinar. Before we begin, I wanted to share a few points about logistics. First off, if you are having any technical issues following this discussion today, please share them via chat and select all panelists and someone from our team will try to help you. We ask for your patience. Second, we invite you to participate to our discussion as much as you want by sharing any questions or comments you have with the panelists via the Q&A box, not the chat box, the Q&A box. Please let us know your name and organization with your question. We will select them and then transfer them to our panelists. Finally, I would like to inform you that this webinar will be recorded. We are now 87 people attending. So now let us start the webinar. I am pleased to welcome Dr. Ingolf Dietrich, director of the 2030 Agenda, expert on different topics like poverty, democracy, rule of law, equality, human rights and education, commissioner for sustainable development, for the federal ministry for economic cooperation and development, BMZ, for the welcoming remarks. Thank you, doctor. Thank you, moderator. Mr. Lafortun, Dr. Malik, dear colleagues and dear audience. I am especially thankful to STSN and GIZ for organizing this event on this important topic of international spillover effects in achieving the STGs. And I am also thankful for the invitation to speak on this event. You may know the concept of sustainable development expressed through the 2030 Agenda and the 17 STGs. It is a key principle of the world, of the German government and my ministry, the federal ministry of economic cooperation and development, the BMZ. It serves as our compass and our guiding framework for our development policy. Since the Russian attack on Ukraine on 24 February, two of the world's most important exporters of cereals, it's about 20% are in war. The war in Ukraine will have effects on food security worldwide. Current trends show it will limit food, goods, food supply resulting in skyrocketing of food prices and hunger. We also recognize food security in many countries like Egypt, Indonesia, Bangladesh, they are among the most important importers of cereals of the two countries. Egypt, for example, is importing 80% from the two countries. The people in the global south will be the ones who suffer severely and it's our responsibility to face the problem. Today's world is highly globalized. The countries are interlinked similar like the 17 STGs and actions of one country can affect another country positively and negatively. Such international spillovers are linked to many fields like greenhouse gas emissions, financial flows, demand of a certain maybe sometimes polluting commodities, labor standards and general production consumption correlations. Over the past years, German politics increasingly takes spillover effects into account. However, STG monitoring generally looks good for countries in the global north as they are passing many difficult problems on to developing countries. The so-called footprint is an expression of that consumption in the north can have negative effects on the south. This aspect is not a small statistical detail, but a blind spot and does not always reflect the reality when essential information is missing. Fortunately, and thanks to the impressive work of the partners here, there is the powerful tool of spillover analysis. By analyzing flows of materials and money of geophysical interactions and other factors between countries, spillover analysis can give us a much clearer picture of reality when using it to complement conventional STG ratings. Measuring these spillover effects is a powerful tool in the STG implementation and it's also powerful to make informed policy decisions and concerning resource allocation and priority setting. Only such negative spillovers across countries are managed carefully. The promise of the 2030 agenda can be fulfilled, particularly since negative effects tend to flow from rich to poor countries. BMZ has been partnering with STSN since 2013 to strengthen the role of science in general in policy making and on the topic of spillover effects in particular. Today's topic is another example of our good collaboration of the last years. It brings together the study of global spillovers and food supply chains as a real-life issue affecting people all over the world, like I mentioned before. Especially against that background of this development in Ukraine, sustainable food supply chains and food security must be given high priority attention. And with this important and global topic in mind, I would like to thank again STSN and GIZ for their ambitious work on the spillover effects and for our good cooperation in the last years. And this closing, I wish everyone in the audience an inspiring or inspiring and new insights into the new important research on spillovers. Thank you very much. Thank you doctor. I will now leave the floor to my colleague Zach Wendling, Program Manager for the Global Common Stewardship Index at STSN who will be moderating the panel discussion. Thank you Zach. Thank you. Hello. We're delighted to welcome you to this webinar on study of EU food supply chain spillovers. And for this discussion, we're pleased to welcome two lead authors of the study. We'll start with Guillaume LaFortune, the Vice President and Director of the Paris Office of STSN. Guillaume, hello, and thank you for accepting our invitation. You have the floor for 15 minutes. Thank you very much, Salma, Zach, and thank you, Dr. Dietrich also for setting the scene so well for this webinar today. But also for the continued support from the German government to document and work on this issue of international spillovers in the context of DSDGs and Agenda 2030. A major thank you to the BMZ, to GIZ for supporting our work throughout the years, and also to our co-author here at the University of Sydney who are doing phenomenal work in putting numbers around those issues. I concur completely with Dr. Dietrich in the sense that it's hard to host today's workshop on spillovers from the soup food supply chains without making the connection with what's going on in Eastern Europe. Obviously, what's going on is a major setback for the SDGs, a major distraction from medium and longer term goals, but it also has very direct impacts and implications on food prices, prices of fertilizers and issues like under nutrition as well. And, you know, Ukraine at the end of the day is the second biggest country in Europe. More than two thirds of the country's land surfaces on their agriculture and it has some of the most fertile soils in the world and also very favorable weather conditions. As I was mentioned by Dr. Dietrich, this has major implications, the disruptions in the Black Sea area have major implications on wheat exports by barley and fertilizers, crude sunflower oil and other food commodities around the world. It's actually like Eritrea, for instance, sources entirely of wheat imports from Russia and Ukraine, 100%. Lebanon, it's 60%, for instance, and many countries in Europe obviously the Middle East and Sub-Saharan Africa will be impacted by what is going on in a context where food prices have been rising already during COVID-19. The FAO just released an estimate this year which is very connected to our work at SDSM on the SDGs and estimates that undernourished people could increase by 13.1 million people through this crisis, which is another major blow on SDG2, which costs for addressing issues around hunger, diets, malnutrition and sustainable agriculture, which was a goal already in SDSM's work which we identify as one of the goals which since 2015 and even before the COVID-19 pandemic was not going in the right direction in many parts of the world due to rising under nutrition but also rising obesity rates and unsustainable diets. And with these disruptions to food supply chains, then it might generate some self-reinforcing social instabilities as well, again in a context where food prices were already high before. So there might be trickling down effect on other SDGs as well. So from an SDG perspective, this is obviously a major humanitarian crisis. It has impact on food security and it's also a major distractions for medium and long-term goals, objectives and plans. Policies are refocusing on the immediate short run and it's not always clear whether the short run policies are fully aligned with longer term structural direction which are called for in the SDGs. So, you know, if we needed one, this is a reminder that peace is an absolute prerequisite for making any progress on the SDGs. And to circle back to the topic of today, obviously COVID-19 and global security issues have direct impacts on food production, prices and trade. And it's also a reminder that the more silent but also dire consequences of climate change, soil erosion and damages to the global commons that stem from unsustainable production and consumptions will have on issues like access to food and resources. And this is what our study focuses on today, which is on how the EU is contributing to climate change and harming trees, plants and soil abroad through imports of food commodities. And how can the EU play a leadership role in promoting sustainable supply chains. And of course not an anti-trade call, but rather a call for making green deal SDG diplomacy, the central pillar of the EU's foreign actions and partnerships moving forward. So what I'll do in the next couple of minutes, and sorry, Zach, I might be a little bit longer than 15 minutes but not too much longer. I'll walk you through and put into a bit of context this study on the food supply chains, linking it to the SDGs and to the measurement work that we've been doing, and then I'll hand it over to Arunima which will really deep dive into the methods and the findings of the study. So I'll be sharing my screen, which I hope you should be able to see now. So at SDSN we've been tracking since 2015 the performance of all the WEM Member States of the 17 SDGs and we've put at the center of this work, this issue of international spillovers. International spillovers are incorporated within our SDG index and dashboard series of reports. So we have a global edition which comes out in June every year. And then we also do a special edition for Europe, the latest one came out in last December. And so, maybe to connect a little bit with what Dr. Dietrich was saying right before, it is true that from a global standpoint, European countries stand out as the countries that perform best when it comes to sustainable development, but also another assessment made by the SDSN, the World Happiness Report and actually the 2022 edition of the World Happiness Report is coming out tomorrow. And so if you look at the top 10 countries on both indices, the SDG index and World Happiness Report, you can see here that a majority of them are European countries and many are actually EU countries. And this is, you have to recognize that the European model of social democracy seems rather conducive to sustainable development and happiness. Now, having said that there is one area which we have flagged over the years as problematic for Europe and the EU as a whole is this issue of international spillovers. This is a particular dose that are embodied into consumption and trade. Right, so it's one thing to, for instance, decarbonize domestically but this is if this is achieved by outsourcing key sectors like cement or steel, and then re-importing the production. And so having a global responsibility, this is not acceptable, it needs to be tracked. And so, in addition to the SDG index, we do this international spillover index and we see here that many European countries are actually among the worst performers in the world. And so that's, that was the static picture of, you know, according to the latest data that we have how European countries are doing, but even if we look in terms of trends over time, what this graph which comes from the European sustainable development report release last December shows is that these are growth rates and these are CO2 emissions and the two blue lines, the dark blue line is the domestic CO2 emissions and the light blue lines are the important CO2 emissions. Right, so CO2 emissions that are emitted abroad for satisfying the consumption of European citizens. And while you can see sort of a structural trend towards a decline in domestic emissions in the EU, although we could always say that the decline is not going fast enough and there's variations across countries, it's hard to see the same structural trend when we look at important CO2 emissions. Actually, according to the latest data that we had at the time of publication, there was an increase in imported CO2 emission in 2017 and 2018, which was largely due actually to a volume effect, an increase in the volume of imports. These are three year moving averages. On one hand we do see some progress on the domestic side, even though I think there's a lot of study that shows that things are not moving fast enough, but from a spillover dimension, we don't see a clear trends toward a reduction of the impacts that are being generated at least on CO2 emissions in the rest of the world through EU's consumption. So at VSDSN we've been advocating for years that VSDGs call for six major transformations and today the study that we are presenting focuses on one of those six transformations, which is sustainable food, land, water and oceans or transformation for here, which is probably one of the most complex transformation of all. And so when we polled what I would say the SDG community back in 2020 and we made a global survey asking how do people perceive government efforts and actions to implement the six transformations. Transformation four was one of the transformations where the respondents flagged that they were seeing the least progress compared with other transformation. And this aligns with some of the points I was saying with our SDG index which shows that the trends on SDG two for instance was not necessarily going in the right direction but also when we look at issues like biodiversity like marine and terrestrial, this is also a goal which we have been flagging at VSDSN as not moving in the right direction and obviously there's major international reports that also pointing at those issues. We at VSDSN and working with many partners including the Food and Land Use Coalition are doing a lot of work on this issue on food and land. And so through FELD we're tracking policies and actions on food land transformation. There's modeling work being done by our FABL team and pathways to sustainable land use, and more specifically also on aligning the reporting and actions of businesses in the food supply chains to the SDGs. So this study is part of this, you know, broader work that is going on at this DSN on spillovers and food and land and basically what the main objective of the study and I will dive into the results in a second but is to put precise numbers on those spillover effects. Right, so it's one thing to say the EU is generating impacts abroad, but with precise numbers, it's easier to advocate for for action and so last year we documented for instance the fact that through textile supply chains 400 people die every year to satisfy our products and more than 20,000 people are injured at work for satisfying this consumption. And so in the same way this year we have looked at the food supply chains and look at specific impacts that are generated through this supply chain. So every year the EU imports about 145 million tons of agricultural products and what the study shows is that there's negative impacts through the food supply chains which are very significant right so around 40 to 60% of the impacts in terms of CO2 emissions, SO2, air pollution, NOx and land use happen outside of the EU. And so those generate climate change impacts, biodiversity threats, soil erosion, water acidification and air pollution abroad. And what the study does also is to look more precisely at specific food commodities so crop growing, meat and fish products, livestock farming and so on. What are driving those negative impacts but also which countries are being impacted and that's really the strength of those multi regional input output models is that you can map also which countries more specifically are being impacted. So I won't spend too much time on this because I don't think I will walk you through the detailed results in a second. But in terms of let's say policy conclusion and what you can do to address those billovers, I guess the study and our work identifies sort of four main levers to address those billovers and strengthen policy coherence in the EU. So the first one is around financing the SDGs globally. So through COVID rich countries were able to finance recovery plans and, you know, the EU has obviously mobilized a lot of funding for an inclusive and green recovery. But obviously fiscal space is much more limited in low income countries and many countries around the world and so this question of financing was identified by the UN Secretary General as the number two priority for 2022 after taking actions to eradicate COVID-19 in his message to the UN General Assembly in January 2022. So the question of financing is very important which countries fell short of their promise to dedicate $100 billion for climate finance. So the question on how do we channel resources to support SDG transformations in developing countries is really an important aspect of those spillover effects. The second one is around SDG Green Deal diplomacy, including the transfer of knowledge and technologies development cooperation by that role relationships how all of this can be mobilized to support actions around the world in cleaning up supply chains but also EU's role in international for like the G-20, the G-7, UNGA, HLPF and other forms. Domestic reforms can obviously play a role and there's discussions on the due diligence regulation, you know, questions around diets, the border adjustment mechanisms. Although some of those measures, especially the border adjustment mechanisms might be perceived as being protectionist measures from the rest of the world. And as a way to deny the right to development of certain countries so that's why we emphasize in the study the need to complement those border adjustment mechanism with efforts on international financing and diplomacy. And so the other aspect to this is Rava's data and monitoring systems which was mentioned also by Dr. Dietrich. I think here there's obviously, you know, as the EU is moving towards a due diligence regulation, it's very important that there's the right monitoring framework that is put in place to track actions and impacts of companies throughout the full supply chain it's a key element of enforcement. At the country level we've been advocating and supporting the integration of spillover data and consumption based metrics into official statistics. And in terms of reporting to the UN, it's good to see that a country like Finland and its voluntary national review has integrated this issue of consumption based and spillovers in its voluntary national review and as the EU is working, particularly to present the EU wide VNR at the UN. It will be important that this issue of international spillovers be part of this EU VNR. And so, on this issue of due diligence and specifically our work on food companies we published at the SDSN and working with other partners a framework for aligning the reporting of companies to the to the SDGs. The products that are put into the market the sustainable, the internal processes and value chains issues around good corporate citizenship, which hopefully can help improve and align corporate reporting in actions with the SDGs. Now to spend too much time with this this is this is detailed in the study but also in a report that was a separate report which was published in December, but there are detailed, let's say, interventions and metrics that are listed to guide the reporting of food companies and to align it with the sustainable development goals. So I will stop here and hand it over to a woman who will walk you through the methods and the key findings of the study. And now over to you. Thank you goom. And thanks to SDSN GIZ and BMZ for recognizing the importance and the need for quantifying international spillover impacts and for supporting this important work. Thanks also, in particular to my co-authors. Thanks to Salma, Zach and colleagues at the University of Sydney and also in particular to GIZ, Nina and Barbara for again supporting and initiating this work. So I'll share my screen and I will walk us through the key methodologies that we've used and the results that have come out from this assessment. As Gium mentioned, the aim of the study was to quantify international spillover impacts, and we addressed this by looking at upstream supply chains. So just as a way of illustrating, let's say you have the EU and the demand for you in terms of a range of food products be it primary products, fruits, vegetables or processed food, whether it's meat cakes, other processed food, bread, cheese, dairy products. We wanted to track the various kinds of food products that the EU sort of has demand for and trace their international supply chains to see where exactly are these impacts taking place in the world. So for this we needed to use a multi-regional input output analysis, which is a technique that Gium mentioned allows us to scan impacts internationally and also to look at the imports and exports. So for example, if we have the EU getting imports from a range of countries, then where exactly are those impacts taking place. To talk about impacts we need to drill down and really specify what kind of impacts I'm interested in quantifying. So for this study, we decided to look at a range of social indicators, environmental indicators and economic, which linked with the UN Sustainable Development Goals. So for the social we had employment, for environmental we had carbon, dioxide, air pollutants, land, for economic we had income. For air pollutants we had nitrogen oxide, we had sulfur dioxide in particular matter. So we wanted to capture a range of environmental impacts in terms of EU's demand for food. The methodology that we used for quantifying such impacts relied on taking into account the custom built functionality of this industrial ecology virtual laboratory platform that we've developed in collaboration with a range of universities. This platform essentially allows us to look at a range of datasets and construct a customized global international trade model that we can use for our specific research question. So just as a way of illustrating what kinds of different IE labs, we call them IE labs, so what kind of different IE labs are there around the world. So we have IE lab global that enables construction and quantification of impacts in terms of international spillovers from a country perspective. So different countries how they're importing exporting coupling information about imports and exports and quantifying impacts. We have IE lab Australia which provides a subnational model. So that's subnational detail for IE lab Australia and similarly we have IE lab China, Indonesia, Japan, Sweden, Taiwan and US all giving subnational detail within these countries. For this specific case study because we were interested in looking at international spillover impacts we used IE lab global or we also call this the global MRI lab. The global MRI lab has information for 2,201 countries and for each of those countries we can select sectors for construction of a customized global international trade model from a selection of 6,357 sectors so more than 6,000 sectors and 2,21 countries and we can use this for constructing a model that can be used for scanning upstream supply chains. So for example, demand for specific crops, demand for soybeans for example in the EU where exactly are these soybeans being produced and really scanning those upstream to pinpoint where the hotspots are of these impacts and by impacts we looked at employment income. Income, carbon dioxide, air pollutants and land. So this is an illustration or a schematic or a heat map as we call of a multi-regional input output table as it looks like it's essentially a matrix or a range of matrices that come together to form an input output system. For supply chain modeling of course we need information on regions and sectors in the rows and regions and sectors in the columns, which is really the core of how we are able to trace these international spillover impacts because ultimately we need a way for figuring out where exactly are these commodities produced around the world that are ultimately imported by various EU nations. So we looked at EU related impacts for all individual EU states. So where exactly are these commodities produced and what are the different impacts that are happening around the world. So the key results that we sort of found from this study and I'll walk us through the different components of this diagram. So in this radio we have 5%, 10%, 20%, and 50% and you can see that we have the colors sort of broken down by various bands. So there are three bands in each sort of a radio for every indicator. So land SO2, these environmental indicators, social and economic. These bands at the middle specify the direct impacts, so impacts happening directly in EU for production and consumption. In addition to sort of capturing international spillover impacts, we also quantified impacts resulting within EU for domestic production and consumption. So direct impacts, first order impacts, so who are these immediate suppliers of these food producing sectors and supply chain impacts. So we looked at the entire supply chain and we scanned the supply chain by different layers of production in that supply chain tree that I demonstrated in my second slide where you start off with the demand for certain food commodities and you make your way up as you scan suppliers, suppliers of suppliers and so on. And you can do this at a sector level to see what sectors there are in the supply chain where hotspots are taking place. And you can also scan by region to really understand where exactly are these impacts taking place in terms of the geographic location of the impacts. So sectoral information as well as well as regional information in terms of the impacts. So we see that there are range of indicators that you have direct impacts, you also have first order and supply chain impacts. So really only looking at the direct would result in us missing on this important information about these hotspots that are hidden in the supply chain. Another information that this diagram is trying to communicate is this information about intra-EU related impacts and the rest of the world. So contribution of domestic production and imports to the overall consumption based footprint of EU demand for food products. So intra-EU, for example, shows trade between different EU nations. So that could be, for example, Netherlands and Germany trade between those, whether it be vegetables, dairy products, bakery products, seeds and other agricultural related products. So essentially different EU nations producing commodities and trading within EU. So that's what we are capturing here in the intra-EU trade. In the rest of the world, we are capturing the spillover impacts. So these are your impacts that take place outside of the EU for satisfying EU's consumption of food products. So that could be trade between Brazil and the EU where the soybeans or coffee is produced in Brazil. So impacts are taking place in Brazil, for example, or in Mexico, if we have Mexico trading with the EU or some of the Asian economies, impacts are taking place outside of the EU for production of goods and services and the final consumption is taking place in the EU. So this sort of varies with different indicators. So you can see that for some of the indicators, it's roughly 50-50 in terms of the consumption based impacts, whether it's domestic production and consumption or whether it's reliance on imports that is leading to spillover impacts in different parts of the world. So unraveling the supply chains of the rest of the world. That is what we really were interested in this study. So understanding where exactly outside of the EU are these international spillover impacts taking place. So in terms of the impacts that are taking place outside of the EU, we considered the rest of the world portion of production that is needed to support EU's consumption or demand for food products. So we captured a range of food products. So primary food products and also processed food. So for satisfying or meeting the demand of EU's consumption, where exactly are these products being produced and what are the associated impacts. So we have three indicators on this slide for illustration. We have CO2 emissions, land and PM. On the X axis, so the horizontal axis represents the different layers of production and by production layer we are essentially essentially trying to cover the supply chain of the product that you have a demand for a certain commodity, that demand for meeting that demand, you need inputs from other sectors of the economy, whether they are produced in a certain region, or a range of different regions of the world. And then you have sectors in turn needing to interact with other global sectors and global regions to be able to produce that commodity. So if you have a demand for a processed food product then you would have a supply chain that sort of starts off with primary production, which then is then sent off to maybe another sector or industry for adding value to it or processing of meat for example, and then ultimately to the final consumers so upstream supply chain impact in terms of the regions and the sectors so this particular slide shows the regional perspective, and we have the different countries, sort of aggregated into the region so we had a range of countries in our input output table, about 164, and for the ease of illustration we've aggregated those into broad regions. And as we can see that the Asia Pacific sort of stands out for CO2 emissions and PM related impacts. We have Africa, for example, and a range of other countries, Latin America, but stand out for land use related impacts. We also have Latin America standing out for PM related impacts. So really trying to understand for these different indicators whether it be environmental or PM, which ultimately also have health related impacts in these in these countries. So we wanted to capture what are the environmental implications and what are the social implications in terms of these commodities that are being produced with produced for satisfying use demand for food products. So really the core of this diagram is unraveling this supply chain, which starts off with demand for a range of food products primary and secondary and looking at the supply chain perspective and drilling down deeper to see where exactly are these impacts taking place. So if we wish to sort of drill down from a broad region level to a country level, then we can see that EU's international food related trade links they pretty much originate in countries worldwide. And we only have the top links shown in this diagram. So we have, again, CO2 emissions, land and PM related impacts. Within EU, of course we have our intra EU trade where a country produces goods and goods related to the food sector which are then consumed within the EU. And we also have impacts taking place in the rest of the world which we consider all other parts of the world, apart from the EU. So impacts are not just concentrated in the food sectors and this is an important point to note. It's not just the food sector if we're considering the study to be about international supply chains and the spillover impacts for food for the demand for food, but it's also broadly across a range of sectors in the supply chain. And that's largely because the food sectors that require inputs from other sectors of the economy. So the processing of meat, for example, requires input of electricity. So, so that, even though the final demand is for the meat products in the supply chain for that meat products we would have electricity featuring and how is that electricity produced whether it's fossil fuel based or whether it's renewable source based. It carries a greater environmental impact so all that needs to be considered in the final consumption of a particular commodity. So it's really important to note that at a sector level, the impacts are not just concentrated for the food sectors but also in the supply chains for electricity, for example, which shows up here as red. So the agriculture here is is green, but it's also in the transport sector, for example so transportation is also a key sort of a driver in terms of the impacts that take place for satisfying demand food products. And if we consider what exactly is traded with the country's worldwide or imported into EU for satisfying the demand or meeting the final consumption of the EU. We have a range of products and I've only really highlighted some key ones, ones here. We have fruits, nuts, spices, we have soybean, oil cakes, coffee, oil cakes, we've made products, vegetables from all around the world essentially where the impacts are taking place in various proportions in some countries are facing far greater impacts than others. Ultimately, for producing imports for that go into EU. I would just like to finish off by picking up on the points that have been made so far so of course we know that disasters have quite a big impact on food security and we, we have quantified this for COVID-19 and the current situation in Russia and Ukraine would have a far greater impact of course. So with COVID, with the quantification that we've done, we know that livelihoods are impacted. So this diagram is taken from a study where we looked at the environmental, social and impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic and how there have been income losses from industries shutting down. So if we have a manufacturing industry that shuts down, and if that is part of a supply chain for a particular commodity that consumers have a demand for, then of course supply chain disruptions, they lead to impacts that sort of span beyond one indicator. So it could be employment losses or it could be jobs and livelihoods going down from these disasters. So really, there are broader implications for spillover assessment. So we need to address these impacts. And as you mentioned as well in this talk, the level of EU leadership, we need to look at the companies, consumers, but we also need to look at the data sets and making them more robust to be able to quantify these impacts at a further local scale. So in addition to drilling down to certain countries, we should also be able to drill down to certain regions within those countries. And that is where some of the research in the development of nested international trade models could come into play, where you have a certain region in Brazil, for example, really, we're able to pick that up in terms of how that certain region in Brazil or certain region in Australia or China or US, how it trades with the EU or other countries, and we're exactly in that region impacts are taking place. So there is still much work to be done in this space for quantification of international spillover impacts. And that is where I'll leave. If you're interested in reading more about the study and the results in detail, it is available online. Thank you. Alright, well thank you to both panelists for some excellent presentations with lots of good details about the overview of the work in this area, as well as how complicated and technically challenging. It is to track these spillovers. We do have some time for some questions and answers. So if you will open up the Q&A box and drop your questions in there. So we can get into these. And we'll go and start with a couple of questions that seem to be related thematically from Bettina Rudloff, from the trade and agricultural expert at the Institute for International and Security Affairs. The first question talks about how these results couldn't feed into existing subsidies tools at the OECD and the World Trade Organization. Yes, there's a companion question to that how these tools could also feed into EU initiatives on avoiding deforestation. So, you know, perhaps you could lead off and maybe address where you see these kinds of tools plugging into existing policy efforts. Thank you, Zach. And, you know, I think so I only might have shared results which come from the IELAB model and work so I'll let her also describe how this connects and how that might be different to other work that is ongoing but there's obviously a fundamental work that's being conducted in many institutions, including at the WTO and the OECD. I would also said the Joint Research Center of the European Commission where there's actually a whole platform now looking at those issues. So I would say that this this topic of international spillovers and in particular of measuring and tracking consumption based impacts has picked up a lot over the past couple of years. And I think more and more just to build on what I was saying, I think it's, you know, going more and more granular at looking at specific supply chains, commodities, but also, you know, within countries where those impacts are happening. And at the end of the day, a lot of the efforts to clean up those supply chains have been industry by industry, there's, you know, governance processes for each industry. And so the more we can document the impact of specific supply chains and sectors, the better it is. And one of the great value of the IELAB is this ability to actually map bilateral interactions between EU's consumption specific individual countries that are being impacted. That's one of the difference with other databases which might have a bigger rest of the world category where, you know, we need to, these are assessed in terms of regions and less country by country. But I let that would be my compliment on this on the question around the forestation. And how this links also to some of the processes going on in the EU I mean that's precisely what we're trying to do here with those with those studies to to feed into those processes to inform some of the reforms that are that are being done, we know that when we release the study back in 2020 on the textile supply chains, there was some interest from the European Commission and the team working on due diligence to with these numbers on the 400 people dying every year for satisfying the consumption of textile and the the accidents at work happening in the supply chain so by putting precise numbers we feel it makes those issues even more tangible and concrete and on deforestation. So we know that, and that's according to WWF that the EU is responsible for around 16% of tropical deforestation globally so that's not our number that's the number for WWF in this study the proxy that we used is land use. And in the global comments to a chip index we, there is an indicator related to land use biodiversity loss. And we are doing work at this DSN working with many partners to strengthen our ability to track precisely those impacts generated on deforestation. So I can just take one more question because I saw there was an important question also on small farmers as well, and then I'll hand it over to him to compliment. So, you know, I think, especially, you know, the issue of small, small farmers and also small and medium companies came up quite strongly in the debates and the discussions around the due diligence regulation it was a major point where you know a number of challenges, because obviously the point is to balance the need for reporting, including across the supply chain and so on but also balance it with not creating burdens that are that are too high, especially for small companies I think that there is obviously a need to accompany small holder farmers and smaller companies including financially and that was a big point by the way of our food and land chapter in our European report which came out in December. But at the same time there's also a need, you know, building on some of our results from from from studies that we've done there's also a need to strengthen the indicator framework and track a bit more the company level what's what's going on. So we did a study at this DSN working with the Columbia Center for Sustainable Investment, specifically on the hundred largest food companies in 2021. And we saw that there's major gaps in companies commitments measures and contributions to the transition towards sustainable food systems, 5% of the company surveys were actually disclosing targets, years, and timelines for sustainable management of the supply chain in their sustainability reports and 10% only of the companies had KPIs to monitor the first station, and this qualifies supplier for not non compliance with basic sustainability criteria so it's just to say that looking at those big companies, there's a lot of room to improve when it comes to robust reporting and monitoring of those impacts throughout the entire supply chains. Thank you excellent response. Dr. Malik, do you have anything to add. Yeah, thanks. Thanks, you. I echo what you said there is excellent work being done by the JRC also your stat European environmental agency there are research groups in Norway as well who are working on multi regional input analysis, yielding these these outcomes that are being used in a range of different formats. Maybe I can pick up on the point that you made about companies and also add to that, the point that consumers need to be taken on board as well. And as a small success story of how some of these findings are being used at a local level because of course we need to act, not just nationally but also in in our local councils as well. So, a success story that I can, I can share on that is a study that we did for a local council where we quantified such as in terms of the demand for food products for textile products and a range of other commodities, and that report was used for informing their sustainability strategy. So of course, these consumption based accounting measures or these quantifications that are being performed by a range of organizations and also with the IE lab platform. So there was a question specifically asking whether we did these calculations in MATLAB and what was the software that was being used. So we did use MATLAB for performing these calculations, specifically with the IE lab platform. And there are other multi regional input output databases that research groups prominent research groups have constructed around the world. So they're Eora, Exiobase, WIOD, so range of multi regional input output databases and also we have this IE lab platform now that sort of brings together this capability of constructing customized multi regional input output tables. So of course, there's work that needs to be done in the research space as always there is, but there are small success stories where we can see some of these findings being used at a local level. And also at a state level for informing sustainability strategies, whether it be for an entire council or whether it be for a sector, for example, so at a state level. I've seen some of these findings feature in their sustainability plans or a reporting statement. So that's, I think, a step in the right direction in terms of the implementation of the findings that come out of these models. Excellent thank you so much. We have lots of interest but unfortunately we're running short on time. Thanks to all of you who've submitted questions if you'd like to have some follow up with those. Please feel free to email us at info at SDG index.org. And we'll get back to you as soon as we can with, you know, answering these pressing issues that you have, or to incorporate this into your work. Thanks to the thanks also to the panelists for participating in this seminar and giving us excellent presentations and richer context in this Q&A session. So you will receive a satisfaction survey. Please fill it out and send it back to us your opinion counts it allows us to improve our online events, make them more responsive and useful to the audience that we have. So I would like to conclude with some additional remarks on our work. Yes. Thank you, Zach. I would just like to thank you all again and let you know that this study was actually the second study of this partnership. The first one tackled social speedovers. You can just drop the link on the chat and this previous study was particularly interested in use text to textile supply chains and accidents at work. Next year. At the end of the year 2022. We are expecting also to launch another a new article that will be more interesting, more interested in mineral supply chains in the European Union tackling another social spillover modern slavery. And also our sustainable development report that also takes into account spillovers will will be coming out in June this year. Thank you again for your participation and see you next time.