 A very good evening aspirants, I welcome you all to the Hindu Rayleigh News Analysis brought to you by Shankar Reyes Academy. Aspirants, those who have not, subscribe to our YouTube channel, do subscribe and hit the bell icon button so that you will get regular updates about our current videos. Today, I am going to cover important news articles from the Hindu newspaper, dated 28th of November 2023. Displayed here is a list of topics that we will be discussing today. At the end of the video, we will also have prelims practice question discussions. So try to watch the entire video. Now let us get into our first news article discussion. Look at this article from the text and context page. This article talks about the fiber optic cables. This article explains the science behind the working of fiber optic cables. So we shall understand them in this news article discussion. Now first let us understand what is this fiber optic cable and how it is made up of. Optical fibers which is otherwise called fiber optics are made up of thin cylindrical standards of glass. The diameter of a typical fiber is close to the diameter of a human hair. These fibers can carry information like texts, images, videos, telephone calls and anything that can be encoded as digital information. The fiber optics can carry information across large distances almost at the speed of light. Now talking about the main components of fiber optics, fiber optics consists of a core, cladding and a buffer coating. Now let us take core. Core is the central tube of very thin size made of optically transparent dielectric medium. This core part is only made up of glass. Also note that the core can be made up of plastics also. The core carries the light transmitter and receiver and its diameter may vary from about 5 to 100 micrometre. Now coming to the second component which is nothing but cladding. See cladding is the outer optical material surrounding the core. It has a reflecting index lower than core. So it helps to keep the light within the core throughout the phenomena of total internal reflection. We will see about what is total internal reflection in a minute. Now coming to the final component which is nothing but buffer coating. See the buffer coating is a plastic coating that protects the fiber. It is made up of silicon rubber. The typical diameter of the fiber after this coating ranges from 250 to 300 micrometre. So these are the main components of an optic fiber. Now moving forward let us understand the working of the optical fiber. The optical fiber works on the principle of total internal reflection. Now let me explain the concept with an example. Imagine you are having a straw or a pipe made up of glass. If you shine a light into one end of the straw the light travels through the glass. But if you try to shine the light at an angle towards the edge of the glass something interesting happens. In normal situations light would usually bend or refract when it moves from one material to another. But if you shine the light at a shallow angle towards the edge of the glass it does not actually come out of the glass. Instead it reflects back inside. This phenomenon is called total internal reflection. This total internal reflection is the basis of guiding light across long distances without a significant loss of optical power. The signals are encoded as electromagnetic waves and fed into one end of an optical fiber. Then they reflect and bounce many times between the glass walls as they transverse several kilometers bearing the information in the signals. So this is how the optic fiber works. Remember a fiber optic communication system consists of three parts. It includes a transmitter, an optical fiber and a receiver. The transmitter encodes information into optical signals in the form of rapidly blinking light pulses of zeros and ones. Then an optical fiber carries the signal to its destination. And finally the receiver reproduces the information from the encoded signal. I hope you got the complete picture of how optical fiber works. See optical fiber has numerous advantages than the traditional ways of communication. The optical fiber has revolutionized the communication sector and made efficient data transmission possible. The optical fiber has high carrying capacity, high data transmission rate up to several terabits per second in a single fiber. The optical fiber is also insensitive to external perturbations such as lightning and bad weather. In addition to this, optical fiber is flexible, lightweight and has less signal degradation. Also it is less expensive, it consumes low power and it is non-flammable. So due to these advantages, they have huge applications in various sectors. Now we shall see them one by one. Apart from its uses in telecommunication, optical fibers can be used for data transmission in high level data security fields of military and aerospace applications. They are used in wiring in aircraft, hydrophones for sonars and seismic applications. Since they transmit information at lightning speed, they are used in airbags and traction control in automobiles. And it is also used in medical applications to view the internal body parts. Apart from this, they also help in imaging of hard to reach places. And that's all regarding this discussion. In this discussion, we saw about the basics of fiber optics, then we saw about the components of fiber optics, then we saw about the working principle of fiber optics, then we saw about the advantages of fiber optics and finally we saw some points regarding the applications of fiber optics. Remember all these points, this can be asked in both problems and means. Now with these points in mind, let us move on to the next news article discussion. Look at this picture here, yesterday on November 27th, the Guru Nanak, Guru Puraab was celebrated. This is a festival honoring the birth anniversary of the first Sikh Guru, Guru Nanak Dev. Here you can witness people gathered together to observe and honor the birth anniversary of Guru Nanak Dev. So in our discussion today, let us see a few points about Guru Nanak Dev. Guru Nanak Dev was born in 1469 in the Nankana Sahib. His place is located in present day Pakistan. Guru Nanak is considered as the founder of Sikhism and he is the first of the 10 Sikh Gurus. Guru Nanak led the foundation of Sikhism. He established Sikhism, core beliefs, practices and principles. Apart from this, he also composed hymns and spiritual verses that were later compiled into the Guru Granth Sahib, which is the holy scripture of Sikhism. Now moving forward, let us see some of the important teachings of Guru Nanak Dev. His teachings revolved around three core pillars. The first pillar is Naam Japna. Naam Japna means meditating on God's name. In the second pillar is Kirat Karni. Kirat Karni means living an honest life and earning through hard work. And the final pillar is one chakna. One chakna means sharing with others, especially with the less fortunate. Okay, see these are the three core pillars of the Guru Nanak's teachings. All the other teachings of the Guru Nanak are derived from these three pillars. Now let us look at his other important teachings. Firstly, Guru Nanak advocated Nirguna. See, Nirguna is a practice of devotion and worship of a formless divine being. Secondly, Guru Nanak preached the concept of Hik Ankar, which means the Oneness of God. He believed in the unity of God. He emphasized that all humans are equal in the eyes of the divine regardless of their caste, creed or gender. In addition to promoting religious equality, Guru Nanak also advocated for social equality. He condemned discrimination based on caste, religion or gender. He established langas, that is community kitchens in Sikhism. In these community kitchens, people from all walks of life could sit and eat together, regardless of their background. Through this, he promoted social equality. Apart from this, Guru Nanak also promoted the concept of Seva. Now what is Seva? The selfless service to mankind is known as Seva. This Seva is the central to the teaching of Sikhism. In fact, Guru Nanak advocated the concept of the Swenth or donating one-tenth of one's earnings among needy persons. Okay, in addition to this, Guru Nanak also laid plans to create an egalitarian society. For that, he proposed three innovative social institutions. They are langar, pangat and sangat. Langar, as we already saw, is collective cooking and sharing of foods. Pangat is partaking food without distinctions of high and low caste. And finally, Sangat is collective decision making. Okay. So through this, three innovative social institutions, he laid plans to create an egalitarian society. And finally, he rejected renunciation. His renunciation means austerities are rejecting worldly pleasures. Nanak advocated a way of life that allowed for the discharge of domestic obligations of family and spiritual duties. Even the Guru himself, after attaining enlightenment, came back to Punjab and continued to live as a farmer. Okay. So these are all some of the important teachings of Guru Nanak Dev. And that's all regarding this discussion. This discussion we saw about the basic information about Guru Nanak Dev. Then we saw in detail about the teachings of Guru Nanak Dev. So remember all the points that we discussed. This can be asked in UPC problems. Now with these points in mind, let us move on to the next news article discussion. Take a look at this editorial article. This article talks about various challenges faced by the Supreme Court of India and the need for reforms in its functioning. This article discusses the structure and the functions of the Supreme Court of India highlighting its jurisdiction division of benches and the challenges posed by the backlog of pending cases. It also outlines the importance of Supreme Court's constitution benches which addresses significant constitutional law issues. The article also raises the issue of pending case load and the need for structural reforms in the Supreme Court. So this is the summary of the editorial given here in this context. Let us discuss various challenges that hinders the effective functioning of the Supreme Court and what can be the steps needed to be taken to address those challenges. As usual, we will approach this topic through mains answer rating approach. Before that, let us look into the syllabus. This topic comes under GS PAPR 2 under the section of Structure, Organization and Functioning of the Executive and the Judiciary. This is the syllabus. Now let us look into the question. The question is, nearly 80,000 cases are pending in the Supreme Court of India. In this slide, analyze the challenges that hinders the effective functioning of the Supreme Court of India. What can be done to improve the efficiency of the Supreme Court? 250 words, 15 marks. See, this question is pretty much a straight forward one. The question asks to analyze the challenges faced by Supreme Court that hinders its effective functioning. Then we must also provide some suggestions to improve its efficiency. So the body of the answer can be divided into two sections. The first part, we shall mention the challenges and in the second part we will suggest some steps that can be taken. So this is how we are going to approach this particular question. Now let us start with introduction. This is the question about Supreme Court. We can mention about the basics of Supreme Court in the introduction part. The introduction can be like, Indian judiciary is an independent body that ensures the fair and impartial administration of justice in the country. The Supreme Court is the highest court of appeals in India. It comprises the Chief Justice and 33 other judges appointed by the President of India. The Supreme Court has original appellate and advisory jurisdiction. Here you can also mention some constitutional provisions regarding Supreme Court. For example, Article 124 to 147 deals with Supreme Court. Article 124 states that there shall be a Supreme Court of India constituting of a Chief Justice of India. So you can mention all these points in the introduction part. Now let us move on to the main body of the answer. Here we are going to explain the challenges faced by Supreme Court and the steps that can be taken to improve its functioning. Now we shall see the challenges that hinders the effective functioning of the Supreme Court. The first challenge is backlog of cases. One of the most significant challenges faced by the Supreme Court is the backlog of pending cases. The court is burdened with a large number of pending cases leading to delays in justice delivery. As per the data from the Integrated Case Management System, there are about 80,000 cases pending in the Supreme Court. Also note that there is no time frame for judges for disposal of cases. This also leads to more delayed disposal of cases. So this is the first challenge. Secondly, judicial vacancies. Vacancies in the Supreme Court impact the disposal of cases. The delay in appointing judges also contributes to the backlog of cases and also hinders the effective functioning of the Supreme Court. This is the second challenge. Thirdly, conflict with the executive. There have been rising conflicts between the executive and the judiciary over multiple matters such as delay in appointments, open criticisms of judiciary by center and so on. This leads to the creation of tensions and mistrust between judiciary and executive. So this will reduce the efficient functioning of judiciary. So this is the third challenge. Then the fourth challenge is strike by lawyers. The Supreme Court bench stated that lawyer strikes are one of the major reasons for the pendency of cases. As per the data provided by the Supreme Court, lawyers strike for 9-1 days and hours per year. So this also contributes to the problem of judicial inefficiency. This is the fourth challenge. And the final challenge is less use of technology. See in order to have a more efficient judiciary, it needs to adopt the latest technology. This will reduce the huge amount of paperwork involved. The database of the court is also not maintained in one place and there is also no recording of the proceedings and hearings. So these concerns also hinders the effective functioning of the Supreme Court. So these are all some of the important challenges that hinder the effective functioning of the Supreme Court. Now we shall see the steps that can be taken to improve the efficiency of Supreme Court. Firstly, in order to reduce the pendency of cases in Supreme Court, regional benches should be established. Article 130 of the Indian Constitution empowers the Supreme Court to set up Supreme Court benches across India. So setting up of regional benches will facilitate faster dispensation of justice. Also establishment of more fast track courts will also reduce the burden of Supreme Court. Okay. This is the first step. The second step can be modernization of courts. Supreme Court need to be fully digitized and a proper infrastructure should be built to provide ECSS. Improving judicial infrastructure through the use of e-platforms and setting up of more courts will ensure a timely disposal of cases and reduces backlogs. Okay. This is the second step. Thirdly, strengthening the alternative dispute resolution mechanism can also help to improve the efficiency of Supreme Court. Some of the alternate dispute resolution mechanisms like arbitration, mediation and conciliation can help the parties to communicate and resolve the dispute without going to court. It offers to resolve all types of matters related to civil disputes. So many of the cases releasing the courts can be settled at the pre-litigation stage through counselling. Okay. This also reduce the burden of pending cases in the Supreme Court. Okay. Fourthly, establishing an all India judicial service and creating a judicial management cadre to manage the administration of judiciary at all levels will solve the problem of vacancies and reduces the backlog of cases in the Supreme Court. Fifthly, in order to deal with the pendency of cases, the courts should be open throughout the year. However, calendar of Supreme Court provides weak long vacations each for Holy, Dasara, Moharam and Diwali along with the long winter vacations. So increasing the number of working days will strengthen the efficiency of Supreme Court. Okay. So these are all some of the steps that can be taken to improve the efficiency of Supreme Court. Okay. That's all regarding body part of the answer. Now, coming to the conclusion, in the conclusion part, we can suggest some more steps to increase the efficiency of judicial system. The conclusion can be like, in order to reduce the frequency of adjoinments and better case listing, reforms on case management is much needed one. There should be a balance between judicial accountability and judicial independence. Both these concepts aim to bring about judicial courage and judicial integrity is to be enforced together to increase the efficiency of working of the judicial system. Okay. So that's all regarding this discussion. This discussion through the means answer rating approach, we saw the challenges that hinders the effective functioning of Supreme Court of India and then we saw the steps that can be taken to improve the efficiency of Supreme Court. See this question can be asked in UPC means. So revise all the points that we discussed. Now, with these points in mind, let us move on to the next news article discussion. Look at this news article. This article is taken from the science page. This article talks about the observation made by the James Webb Space Telescope. Recently, the James Webb Space Telescope observed some 23 teenage galaxies. These teenage galaxies were formed roughly 13.8 billion years ago. Since these galaxies are in their teenage years, they showed some unique features. Firstly, these teenage galaxies have a sufficient number of stars and they are rapidly growing. Secondly, the star-forming regions of the galaxies were very hot with roughly 13,350 degrees Celsius of temperature. Okay. So these are the unique features of the teenage galaxies observed by the James Webb Space Telescope. This is all about this news article in this context. Let us see some important points about the James Webb Space Telescope. The James Webb Space Telescope, which is in short called as JWST, was designed to be the successor to the Hubble Space Telescope. The JWST is a joint project led by the NASA, the European Space Agency and the Canadian Space Agency. Okay. Now, let us see the unique features of the JWST. The JWST is a large infrared-optimized telescope. Here note that the Hubble Space Telescope is a small, visible light and ultraviolet light-optimized telescope. Now, you may have a question. Why the JWST observed the infrared light? Because when the very first stars and galaxies formed, they emitted ultraviolet light and visible light. But these ultraviolet and visible lights have been stretched by the universe's continual expansion as the universe expands space stretches. Now, when light travels far in this stretched space, the wavelength of the light elongates. As the wavelength of visible light and ultraviolet light elongates, it turns redder and becomes infrared light. This phenomenon is called the Doppler effect. So, to observe the earliest history of the universe, we need to observe the infrared light. This infrared light will be captured by the James Webb Space Telescope. This will help in exploring the origins of the universe and our place in it. Okay. So, this is the first important feature of the James Webb Space Telescope. The next important feature of the JWST is its location. The JWST is positioned at the second leg-range point that is at the L2 point. This L2 point is situated about 1.5 million kilometers, that is roughly 9,300,000 miles away from Earth. See, this location provides a stable environment for the observations being made by JWST. Here note that the Hubble Space Telescope orbits the Earth and it is not placed at any specific position. Okay. So, this is the second important feature and the final important feature is the JWST has a 6.5 meter primary mirror. This is significantly larger than the Hubble Space Telescope. So, using the JWST, we can observe the fainter stars. Okay. So, these are all some of the important features of the James Webb Space Telescope. Moving forward, let us see the objectives of the JWST. The James Webb Space Telescope has three main objectives. Firstly, the JWST aims to shed light on our universe's cosmic origins. Secondly, it aims to observe the universe's first galaxies, then to reveal the birth of the stars and planets. And finally, the JWST aims to look for exoplanets with the potential for life. Okay. So, these are the main objectives of the James Webb Space Telescope. Now, finally, let us look at some of the contributions made by the James Webb Space Telescope. Since becoming operational in July 2022, the JWST has delivered a steady stream of beautiful cosmic pictures. These images help scientists to look back through time at our early universe. Then it also helps to examine planets orbiting other stars. And the images also help to monitor worlds in our own solar system. Okay. See some of the sample pictures captured using JWST are displayed here for your reference. You can go through it. In addition to this, the JWST has helped observe some of the most distant galaxies in the universe. These galaxies are not only the most distant galaxies to be observed, but they are the oldest to be observed. Okay. And finally, JWST helped capture the atmosphere of Titan. Note that Titan is one of Saturn's moons. Titan has rock made of water ice. It also has rivers, lakes and seas made of liquid methane and ethene. Titan is the only moon in our solar system to have a thicker atmosphere. The atmosphere of Titan was clearly captured using the JWST. Okay. So, these are all some of the recent contributions made by the JWST to astronomy. Okay. And that's all regarding this discussion. In this discussion, we saw about the unique features of James Webb Space Telescope. Then you saw about the objectives of this telescope. And finally, we saw some points regarding the contributions made by James Webb Space Telescope. Now, with these points in mind, let us move on to the next news article discussion. Look at this news article. This news article says that two pelicans with unusual brownish feathers were recently sighted in Pallikarni marshland in Chennai. These brownish pelicans are distinct from spot-built pelicans, which are usually present there in Pallikarni. It is important to note that brown pelicans are a different species found in the southern US coast. And they are non-migratory, while spot-built pelicans are found in South Asian region and they are migratory birds. This is the crux of the news article given here. Now, in this context, let us understand the basics about spot-built pelicans. The spot-built pelican is a large migratory bird belonging to the pelican family. It is one of the eight living species of pelicans. It is also known as the gray pelican. The spot-built pelican has a predominantly white plumage with black flight feathers. The most prominent feature is its grayish-brown back and it has spores on its bill. And that is why it is called spot-built pelican. Now, talking about the habitat, the spot-built pelicans inhabit wetland areas including marshes, large lakes and lagoons. They are often found in areas with abundant fish, which is their primary food source. They mainly inhabit shallow lowland fresh waters. Now, coming to the distribution of spot-built pelicans, the spot-built pelicans is primarily found in parts of South Asia including India, Sri Lanka and South Asian countries like Cambodia, Vietnam and Thailand. In India, these species are mainly found in Ramsar wetlands, particularly in the wetlands of Tamil Nadu. Note that Tamil Nadu has 14 Ramsar wetland sites. And spot-built pelicans can be found in all these sites. Now, coming to the conservation status, the spot-built pelican is classified as near-threatened on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Okay, now what are the threats faced by spot-built pelicans? These species face various threats due to habitat loss, degradation of wetlands and disturbance at breeding sites. These pelicans breed colonially in trees by building large stick nests. These breeding colonies are highly sensitive to disturbance which can offer their nesting success. As fish eating birds, spot-built pelicans play a vital role in maintaining the balance of fish populations in their habitats. Okay, and that's all regarding this discussion we saw, various facts about spot-built pelicans. Now, with these points in mind, let us move on to the next news article discussion. Look at this news article. This news article is about a paper published in the Lancet magazine. The title of the paper is Retinopathy of Prematurity in India. What can we learn from the polio legacy? This article emphasizes how the lessons learned from successfully eroticating polio can be applied to enhance the quality of Retinopathy of Prematurity services in India. Okay, this is about the news article given here. In this context, let us see some points about Retinopathy of Prematurity and we shall also see some points about the Global Polio Eradication Initiative. Now, let us start with Retinopathy of Prematurity. Retinopathy of Prematurity, which is in short called as ROP, is an high disease that happens in babies who are premature, that is the babies who born early. It mainly affects the babies who weigh less than three pounds at the time of birth. See, normally the blood vessels of the retina start to develop in the fourth month of pregnancy and finish developing around the due date or nine months of pregnancy. But if a baby is born very early, these blood vessels may stop developing normally. The retina then develops new blood vessels that are abnormal. These abnormal retinas can leak or bleed. This causes scaring and retinal detachment in the babies. This in turn can result in vision loss or blindness if left untreated. So, this is how retinopathy of Prematurity occurs. Now, what are the symptoms of retinopathy of Prematurity? See, when a baby has retinopathy of Prematurity, it crosses the following symptoms. Firstly, the baby's eyes wander, shake or make other unusual movements. Secondly, the baby's eyes don't follow objects. Thirdly, the pupils of babies look white. And finally, the babies have trouble in recognizing faces. So, these are all some of the symptoms of retinopathy of Prematurity. Now finally, let us look at the available treatment options. See, many babies with retinopathy of Prematurity have mild cases and get better without any treatment. But some babies need treatment to keep retinopathy of Prematurity from getting worse. Firstly, there is laser treatment. Babies with advanced retinopathy of Prematurity may need laser treatment on the sides of retina. This treatment can help to keep retinopathy of Prematurity from getting worse and help to protect child's vision. Secondly, there is the anti-vascular endothelial growth factor drugs. Doctors inject these drugs into the baby's eye. These medicines work by blocking the growth of abnormal blood vessels. Okay, and in advanced cases, surgery can be performed to prevent blindness. Okay, so these are all some of the treatment options available to treat retinopathy of Prematurity. Okay, this is all about retinopathy of Prematurity. Now, let us see some points regarding the Global Polio Eradication Initiative. See, in 1998, the World Health Assembly passed a resolution to eradicate polio. This led to the establishment of Global Polio Eradication Initiative, that is, GPEI. The GPEI has a number of stakeholders that include the World Health Organization, Rotary International, the Center for Disease Control and Prevention, and the UNICEF. Now, what are the strategies adopted by GPEI? The GPEI operates in regions where polio remains endemic and where outbreaks occur. The initiative employs various strategies like mass vaccination, surveillance, and community engagement to eradicate polio. The initiative also tries to ensure that in areas endemic to polio, every child receives the oral polio vaccine or inactivated polio vaccine. Okay, so these are the strategies adopted by GPEI. Now, finally, let us see the contributions made by GPEI. Since the launch of GPEI, polio cases have decreased by more than 99%. In addition to this, polio vaccines have prevented and estimated 20 million cases of paralysis in children since 1988. Apart from this, the polio vaccines have stopped the spread of wild polio virus in all, but significantly in two countries such as Afghanistan and Pakistan. And finally, GPEI has aimed to eradicate all forms of polio by the year 2023. Presently, it is actively addressing the obstacles standing in the way of achieving this ambitious goal. Okay, so these are all some of the important points about global polio eradication initiative. And that's all regarding this discussion. This discussion is about the condition of retinopathy of pre-maturity in babies. Then we saw about the global polio eradication initiative. See, both these topics are very important for the prelims exam. So, revise all the points that we discussed. Now, with these points in mind, let us move on to the next part of the video. That is to discuss preliminary practice questions. As friends, today we are having four questions. I will solve three of them and one will be a quiz question for you. Look at the first question. Here, four statements are given. You have to find the four statements, pettings to which of the given four Sikh gurus. Look at the first statement. He was the guru who organized the Sikh community into a warrior class called as Kalsa. Commit the second statement. The concept of five case, Kesh, Kanga, Kirpan, Kanchera and Kara was introduced by him. Commit the third statement. He abolished all existing social divisions within the Sikh community. Commit the fourth statement. Two of his sons are executed on the orders of Aurangzeb. The above mentioned statements refer to which Sikh guru. Option A. Guru Gobind Singh. Option B. Guru Har Gobind. Option C. Guru Arjan. Option D. Guru Tej Bahadur. See, these statements refer to the 10th guru of Sikhism, who is none other than Guru Gobind Singh. See, Guru Gobind Singh is the last Sikh guru in human form. So, the correct answer is Option A. Guru Gobind Singh. Moving on, let's take up the second question. This question is regarding Hubble Space Telescope. Look at the fourth statement. Hubble captures images in the visible ultraviolet wavelength. This statement is correct. As we saw in the discussion, Hubble captures images in the visible and ultraviolet light, whereas the James Webb Telescope captures images in the infrared wavelength. So, fourth statement is correct. Now, coming to the second statement. Hubble orbits the Earth approximately 550 kilometers above Earth's surface. This statement is correct. Now, coming to the third statement. Hubble Telescope was recently decommissioned in 2022. See, this statement is incorrect. Hubble Telescope, even after 33 years of service, is still active and not decommissioned. So, third statement is incorrect. Here, only two statements are correct. So, the correct answer for the question is Option B, only two. Moving on, let's take up the final question. This question is regarding poliomyelitis. Here, four statements are given. We have to find how many of the statements are correct. Look at the first statement. It is a highly infectious bacterial disease. This statement is incorrect. Poliomyelitis is a highly infectious viral disease. Okay. Now, coming to the second statement. The disease mainly affects the nervous system and causes irreversible paralysis in infected individuals. This statement is correct. Now, coming to the third statement. There is no known cure for polio, but it can be prevented through vaccination. This statement is correct. Actually, there is no treatment for polio, but the polio can be prevented through vaccination. Okay. Now, coming to the fourth statement. In their issued polio-free certification by the World Health Organization in 2014 after three years of zero cases. This statement is also correct. In 2014, in their issued polio-free certification by the World Health Organization. Here only three statements are correct. So, the correct answer for the question is Option C, only three. This is a quiz question for you today. I will pose this quiz question in the community section. Try to answer it. And displayed here is the main question for you to practice. Go through the question, write your answer and post it in the comment section. With this, we have come to the end of the video. If you found our video to be useful, do like, comment and share it with your friends. And don't forget to subscribe Shankarai's Academy YouTube channel. Thank you for listening.