 Namaskar. Dear learners, welcome to Krishna Kanta Handic State Open University. Today, we are going to discuss on the topic social change, which is the 12th unit of our BA4 semester sociology course titled Introduction to Sociology. In this discussion today, we are going to talk about the concept of social change, which is the 12th unit of our BA4 semester sociology course titled Introduction to Sociology. Today, we are going to talk about the concept of social change, which is the 12th unit of our BA4 semester sociology course titled Introduction to Sociology. In this discussion today, we are going to talk about the concept of social change, we are going to explain the characteristics of social change, the processes and nature of social change, the types of social change and the forms and the factors of social change. First, we are going to talk about the concept of social change, which is the 12th unit of our BA4 semester sociology course titled Introduction to Sociology. First, we are going to talk about the concept of social change, which is the 12th unit of our BA4 semester sociology course titled Introduction to Sociology. And the first button, the first button of our BA4 semester sociology course titled Introduction to Sociology, which is the 12th unit of our BA4 semester sociology course titled Introduction to Sociology. And the second button of our BA4 semester sociology course titled Introduction to Sociology, which is the 12th unit of our BA4 semester sociology course titled Introduction to Sociology. And the third button of our BA4 semester sociology course titled Introduction to Sociology, which is the 12th unit of our BA4 semester sociology course titled Introduction to Sociology. And the third button of our BA4 semester sociology course titled Introduction to Sociology, which is the 12th unit of our BA4 semester sociology course titled Introduction to Sociology. And the second button of our BA4 semester sociology course titled Introduction to Sociology, which is the 12th unit of our BA4 semester sociology course titled Introduction to Sociology, which is the 12th unit of our BA4 semester sociology course titled Introduction to Sociology. The King's say that when we say our own body, we will not call it body, we will not call it the Hal Halani. The way our body is retired, the way our body is retired, the way our structure and function is the way our body is carried out, and the way our body is carried out, the way our body is carried out, The learners, we all know that change is an ever-present phenomenon. No society is static. Change is the only reality. Every society, the institutions, the social functions of a society, it keeps on changing. The different institutions, organizations, associations, everything keeps on changing With new inventions, new technologies, society, we all know how, since the dawn of civilization, how society has gradually changed over the period of time. So change is the only social reality and individuals as well as society keeps on changing from time to time. Anthony Giddens, while defining social change, has said that social change is the alteration of underlying structure of an object or situation over time. So when the basic structure changes, when the basic structure of an organization, of an object, of a situation changes, we can call it social change. Similarly, Kinsley Davis has also defined social change by stating that social changes are those alterations or social change is meant for only those alterations which occurs in social organization, that is the structure and functions of the society. So when the structure and the functions of a society changes, we can call them social change. So for them, social change is not just a simple change, but the change in the structure and the function of a society. Let us now try to understand the characteristics of social change. So when we talk about change, change is always in reference to a particular point of time. We always compare, what was the situation earlier and what is the situation now? How was the society earlier and how is it now? So when we talk about social change, there is always a reference being made to time. It means that the social situation before a particular point of time was different from the social situation at the present point of time. So there is always a comparison, there is always a reference to a particular point of time, what society was earlier and what it has become, what it is now? What a social situation was earlier and how it is now? So there is always a comparison. So social change undergoes, when society and social situations undergoes change over time, it is called social change. And as I have already said that social change is the only reality. Society is not constant, society is not steady, it keeps on changing. Therefore change is the only reality. And we have to also know that just like our human body is divided into different parts and change in one particular organ will lead to a change in the society, will lead to a change in our body, isn't it? For example, today something happens to my eyes or something happens to my heart, then I suddenly do not feel well and that affects my entire body, that affects the functioning of the entire body, all our body parts are interrelated. One part begins to dysfunction, it creates problem for the whole body, it creates changes in the whole body, today a particular metabolism changes or particular there is a hormonal change, the entire function of the body changes, the same is the case with society. Every institution in society is interrelated, be it education, family, law, polity, economy, all these are what, these are social institutions and all these are interrelated. A change in one particular institution will also bring simultaneous changes to other institutions. For example, if there is a change in the polity, for example, the government brings changes in a new policy, there is a change in the international relations, it will affect our economy, it will also affect our different other institutions also. A price rise, for example, if we take the rise in the price of food, the rise in the price of groceries, food items, it is not a mere economic change or change in economy, it affects our personal lives as well, it affects our family like it affects polity. So, as I was saying that whenever we talk about social change in the society, we have to remember or we have to keep in mind the example of our body, we have to always remember how one organ, the change in one organ or one part of our body can lead to a simultaneous or lead to a total change in the entire functioning of our body, same is the case with our society, the change in one particular institution can lead to change in the entire society or lead to change in the other institutions. So, this is what it is and then a change is often the result of many factors, this is because the components of society are interrelated. As I have said the institutions or the components of the society are interrelated and therefore change is caused by multiple factors. Sometimes it may be one cause but then most often it is different causes that leads to social change. So, these are the characteristics of social change, we have to remember when we talk about social change, we always talk about it in reference to a particular point of time, then we also have to remember that society is not static and constant, it keeps on changing, then change in one particular aspect of the society, change in one particular component or institution leads to changes in the other institutions as well. Similarly, social change is not merely caused by one factor, it is most often it is caused by multiple factors. Why? Because society comprises of different components, different institutions and therefore all these institutions and components are interrelated and therefore social change is caused by multiple factors, the change in one particular institution may lead to change in all the other institutions, again multiple changes in different institutions can lead to a total change in the society. So, these are the basic characteristics of social change. Now, what are the characteristics of social change? Authenticity, Rajnity, Poreal, Aayn, Hikha, these are the characteristics of our institutions. All these are the characteristics of our institutions or all these are the characteristics of our institutions. So, these are the characteristics of our institutions. And we have to be very careful about our institutions, we have to be very careful about our institutions which are different from our institutions, different from our institutions. So, we have to be very careful about our institutions. So, we have to be very careful about our institutions, we have to be very careful about our institutions. This is the result of our magic polygons. But be careful, because our magic polygons are very dark.