 So with our history of intelligence and what it means out of the way that finally gets us to our idea of Artificial intelligence and what does it mean for something to be artificially intelligent? Okay Well what your textbook kind of does is it breaks it down into four separate categories thinking humanly thinking rationally think acting humanly and Acting rationally and each one of these has their own sort of little pieces in them Thinking humanly for example looks at the entire idea of quite literally How do humans think what is it that made me decide what to eat today or what type of shirt that I I pick out For recording youtube lectures each one of these little things How am I thinking about that? Well, you know again, we have a number of different categories Something like introspection, you know again thinking about The mistakes I've made this is take like number four or five Rationalizing what went wrong or you know what I should have changed Processing those different things and in fact that's actually where Experimentation comes in again. This is my like fourth or fifth take And so maybe you know that first time didn't quite work or the energy levels weren't quite there And so this time around I'm changing things up And so we're seeing if you know those work out or Quite more, uh, you know broadly, you know, if I go to a new restaurant. I'm trying out the cuisine I've never had Kangaroo meat, but I'd be inclined to try it and experiment and see what it was like Again, uh, one more interesting kind of thing that we are doing in the world these days Is something known as the f m r i scans which again are now thinking about how humans think but on a very very Realistic level we have neurons firing in our brain and you know sending electrical signals Well, we can put a cap on our head and you know map out Which parts of our brain are activating when I show you the color red or pink or blue And in fact again, you know, is that how humans think is just neurons firing Some people don't like that idea. Uh, but again, that's actually where we get into this idea of cognitive science What we're doing is we're looking at cognitive psychology and a i to see if we can have Theories on how the human mind operates Here's a good example of you know, uh, a theory of how the human mind operates When we think about memory in humans It's broken down into two sort of categories or two spaces Long-term memory And working memory Working memory and so if I gave you say for example five times 13 Try and do that math for just a second Okay, well, you know as you're doing that you're actually processing things In what we consider working memory As you work through that problem and whatnot you're again kind of focusing on sort of Evaluating and assessing and making the evaluations to figure out that that is what 65 65 Uh, but then we also have again long-term memory And so one of the current theories about long-term memory is again, that's where all of our information are our first Kiss our ability to ride a bicycle Words that's where all that's stored And the theory about it is that it is infinite In capacity Well, is that true or not? It's the working theory. It's currently what we think our brain is like again. I'm able to Know how to ride a bicycle even though I haven't been on one in years Or I am able to comprehend and remember my sixth birthday I'm waking up thinking I was spider-man so Again, how far does my memory go and when I forget where my car keys are? It's not that I've completely forgotten it. It's that the processing time To remember and pull that stuff out of long-term memory is just longer Okay, again, that's just one of the four different categories that again our textbook is using to sort of Evaluate what it means to be artificially intelligent And in fact, that's actually where we start getting into our next category and where the good old Turing test sort of sits this idea of instead of thinking like a human What if you just you take your agent to your entity and just make it behave like a human Is that enough to be a human and so a good example of this would be Let's say for example, I'm Sitting down and I have a chat window open up to someone known as alan and I ask alan a simple question Hey, can I ask you something to which alan responds? Sure, what's up? I ask are you a robot? Alan says what no lol I don't know if the kids these days still use lol Uh But whatever my entire point is again is alan and uh an artificially intelligent agent or a human And if I don't know the difference between That based on sort of my uh responses with alan Are they succeeding are they artificially intelligent because they are acting Humanly and in fact just to kind of show a little bit Behind the curtain of what all the different things going on in this kind of world are is this Actually breaks down into a number of different topics NLP or natural language processing is what's actually you know going on to process, you know this statement right here To do so all the different little questions Specifically when I ask if alan is a robot versus if alan is a cat versus alan is a human Again being able to deduce what I'm asking and in fact, that's actually where knowledge representation comes into play What is a robot versus what is a human and again, you know, I'm not trying to uh have any wild crazy conversations about this. I'm just sort of again Needing to be able to understand the difference between robot and human that's knowledge representation And again, we've got different little categories going on here Like the reasoning behind that and being able to make deductions based on what was being asked And then finally, you know the the good old big five dollar word that everyone loves machine learning and training a model that is Uh capable of responding in such a way like chat gpt But again, we're only now at category two acting human And so that actually brings us into the idea of thinking rationally category three and this actually, you know boils down into A good old-fashioned five dollar or five five dollar word Logic and the entire idea is well, maybe what it means to be intelligent is again being able to uh produce correct conclusions From correct premises, you know, let's say for example, I gave you a simple little kind of logic problem Let's say that adam is a student You know, I'm a lifelong student A lifelong learner. So okay. I'm a student You know something I know about students. I've been around the block a little bit. I've seen a few of you Students are lazy Oh, you might notice over here on the uh, the right, we're using something known as first Order logic notice the deflection when I called you all lazy Know the entire idea is we can represent these things. There is some entity out there such that it has The concept of being a student and then we're starting to create rules of what it means to be a student So for example for all x we're saying that if x is a student that would imply That x is also lazy now. Once again, what's the definition of being lazy? We haven't really defined that quite yet, but given these two statements adam is a student Students are lazy Could you make a rationalization? And in fact, again, that's where you know sort of logic problems come into play Based on the information that I was given get based on the Premises I was given I can draw conclusions from those premises. For example, I'm lazy not I'm Someone named adam if your name is adam Stop watching youtube However, there is some you know kind of key points as we get to them later on in the semester that we will talk about Major idea of again What does it mean? To be a student and having and making sure that you are again giving the correct definition of these types of things Or you know building relationships that actually work So that's going to be some stuff we'll talk about a little later on but The last one or another good example of this would be betty's brain. This is much more realistic kind of perspective But betty's brain is used to Teach students biology through again thinking rationally But if you were to ask say betty because this is a What is this learning by teaching is the theory that they're working off of here if you asked betty If algae in increased in amount Quantity, what would happen to waste? Okay. Well, you know again, there's this giant Uh graph out here in the background and so again, what we're asking or hopefully trying to Teach betty is okay. Well, you know if algae increases We also know that the relationship between algae and macro invertebrates is that Macro invertebrates eat algae and so if they eat a lot more algae because there's more algae to eat they're In theory going to produce more waste and so again, that's the idea here Is getting betty to think rationally based on the different relationships and how they interact with each other But the last thing we will talk about category four Is this idea of acting rationally and as you can sort of see from here This is where we are going to spend the bulk of our courses because again Intro to ai and things like thinking humanly. I mean that's hard to do acting humanly That's hard to do and thinking rationally We'll dance in that world a little bit But the big idea is again when we think about the concept of acting rationally again You're thinking and then specifically you make decisions That will hopefully achieve the best outcome So a good example of this would be let's say that we have a self-driving car, right again Slap a thing on there self-driving cars are Slowly going to take over the world and as I get older I will be a uh Fervently against them because that's what old people do as they reject technology whatever But again Self-driving car moving around having a good old ball and then a human shows up. What should happen? Not that no Heavens no and you better appreciate those animations because That's the that's the extent you're getting in this class uh Again, no, that's not uh Intelligent agent acting rationally if a human got in the way We are not saying you know try and get a high score in gta here Well, we're actually thinking that a rational agent would stop would see the human Just driving along and then when that human appears Oh, hey, you need to be stopping And again, that's that idea of thinking rationally and so it's through the combination again We will be looking at thinking and acting rationally in this course specifically in that idea of you know planning and problem solving and doing searching Uh, but again, we'll be exploring those different types of things throughout this course. So again Welcome