 see how it serves the purpose of striking balance in terms of our adjustment demands and also in terms of looking at it from multiple angles complex to simple usage. As you know reaction formation basically no suggest that there is an opposite behavior pattern compared to what one actually thinks of okay. So you inwardly think something else but outwardly you know show a behavior you manifest a behavior which is exactly opposite to what you internally feel. Now the basic service that this defense mechanism provides you is that it helps you maintain socially approved form of behavior. Why was there a need for changing a behavior manifested behavior compared to what you actually think simply because what you actually think grossly mismatches with what the social expectation is and irrespective of how you know true your evaluation is and how genuine your feeling is and how genuine you feel to do the way you think society might not accept it okay and adjustment does require that your behavior should also enjoy a certain degree of social approval okay and therefore the main purpose that reaction formation serves is that it helps you come forward finally with a socially approved form of behavior. The other is that you know maybe that your own conscience starts you know devaluating you okay that although I understand that this happened but how can you still think like this okay. So if you are a person know who always thinks from that you know morality point of view each and every step if you fit into the moral principles and then you evaluate there could be a greater chances that you start having know self devaluating experiences. Now reaction formation also helps you avoid self devaluating desires so it serves both ways know you as an individual enjoy a benefit because you are not needed to be self critical and hence you do not have self devaluating experience on the other broader end okay you come forward with a prescribed format of behavior which you know by a larger society approves of and therefore inwardly and outwardly both ways you need you finally derive what you wanted okay the most common type of you know reaction formations would be the hate love relationship where you know inwardly you hate somebody but outwardly you cannot afford to show your hatred okay and hence you show certain degree of affiliation you show certain degree of love take for example it might look absurd to you but in many cases you would find examples like that where a child or say a student of your age an individual of your age okay who hates one of the parents for certain reasons now you might have your own reasons to hate your parent but at the same time okay you also know that expression of hatred for one of the parent is extremely undesirable okay society would curse you your other relatives will curse you for having know this type of a feeling for one of the parents okay and at the same time there could be a possibility that your own inner self tells you that come on papa did this but it's okay okay many people commit errors in life so what okay so love hate a very commonly used reaction formation inwardly you tend to be very cruel okay but outwardly you convert into to great degree of kindness okay inwardly there is a desire for sexual promiscuity outwardly you show no extreme degree of morality based judgment of such expressions okay these are two commonly used type of reaction formations I'll come to one interesting example of it at a very simple level I spinster okay every day know after you lock your door you put the latch in the night when you go to the bed you have a tendency to know search your room look inside the under the bed okay you open the cupboard to check that nobody is there okay the very fact that the main door was locked the very fact that you were throughout the day you were in the room okay and you know that really nobody has entered the room still you tend to be extremely cautious okay that's the simple form of no reaction formation where actually the actual desire of no sharing room with somebody gets converted in the form where you show this type of tendency wherein you search for the presence slash absence of an individual in your bedroom okay at one end you say that you know I live all alone and therefore I need to be very cautious which looks very judicious when you listen to such comments but might be that this is actually a form of reaction formation where you want somebody to be there okay come to a complex example and in contemporary Indian society the type of moves that you see you will find many of them you have no you see somebody no running a crusade against declining moral values okay actually what has happened the person had difficulties in the earlier period of the life okay and no he was supposed to safeguard himself against the recurrence of such experiences and therefore later on in your adulthood okay you initiate this crusade and you say that fine there is a decline in the moral value and we should uphold it like anything okay I need not mention it because I will run in controversy then there are hundreds and hundreds of such scenario in contemporary India where you would find people fighting for only and only for this cause no claiming that overall there is a great degree of decline and very fast rapid decline of moral values in the society and hence we know the torch bearers of the moral principles of the society will try to uphold it okay and you try all sorts of things right from starting your own television channel where you continuously give sermons to you know recording a session somewhere and then distributing it to multiple channels okay to holding some type of a gathering where you advocate the moral principles and the morality driven behavior okay to the fact that no you have few OV vans and these vans would basically run in the country in the society talking about it no different type of recorded things which will be continuously be played in the vehicle will keep moving in the city I am sure you must have seen all of them all of them okay today I was out of the town I was in some other town and there also I found one vehicle no running around the city and song was being played so I couldn't decipher what this song was so I asked the person there who was from the local area that what is this song about was earlier when the movie used to be released and it used to come to a theater this was the pattern of announcement so she told me that Valentine's Day is coming close so one person in the city who runs an organization okay these are his vans no and it would talk about no think of the purity of the action think of the purity of the body and in all song and dramatic form it is recorded and throughout until Valentine's Day it will be played to you could appoint yourself as a moral guardian of the society in the first case you would running you were running a crusade in the second case you self appoint yourself that I am the moral guardian and therefore okay I have the authority invested in me to act okay as a censor to several of the things that the people in the society have an access to now for example I say that you know the sale of pornographic material in the country has increased for example I don't know whether it has increased or not I'm just giving an example or I say that gradually the there is a rapid decline in the morality of the adolescence and you find no intense celebration of occasions like Valentine's Day which is coming very shortly earlier what happened to be a day the the different different products because for their sale because they want to have an increase in all those things they are now advertising that why to celebrate a day celebrate a week okay so you spend more in buying things and therefore the industry would flourish now if I take a stand that I am the moral guardian of the society nobody's appointed me I appoint myself all moral guardians appoint themselves okay and therefore I say that you know any type of magazine that is sold to the market I will take the liberty of screening them to decide whether they are suitable for our adolescence or not okay now what it actually serves it could lead to a vicarious gratification why because you start reviewing no print material for pornographic content okay so what you do in this screening process you yourself get an exposure to it okay now I have been able to gratify my desire to go through the pornographic content without in dinging myself concept so my moral self will tell me 90 I didn't want to see all this I was evaluating for them so I am safe and I am safe not only from your end my own moral values will not disregard me no you remember the earlier slide we said that you have to avoid the self-devaluating desires also okay so if I show my desire that I want to go through these pornographic content okay my super ego might tell you what type of person are you how immoral you are so safeguarding myself against my own immoral desires and at the same time saying I am the great crusader okay who is no trying to safeguard the moral values which is in grave danger in this society several years back every year it happens but several year back suddenly a new brigade was identified you know when in Bangalore on one of the occasions on the Valentine's Day couple of years back no group of hooligans they entered the restaurant and boys and girls they were chase they were beaten items in that restaurant was broken and later on the chief of they called dash sin I am not using the full name because I don't want to run into controversies no so now the man comes before the camera and says yes we have done it why and again the same thing no the moral values are degrading it is being eroded by you know this type of western influence and we the moral guardians have to safeguard us it has been no there are few organizations in this country who would deliberately target these occasions no and the whole issue is that this is against the moral values that is very very native to us and it is all western influence such behavior in the complex format you find that it is actually it could be reaction formation where your own internal desire takes a very different term which has great degree of social approval and without falling into the trap of devaluating your own self you yourself satisfy certain things which otherwise you yourself is considered to be immoral and hence if you look at know the different types of protest that takes place against different type of social and cultural practices in this country you would find reaction formation how generously it is being used and nobody says no that this is reaction formation we are not supposed to say otherwise the whole mechanism fails the next defense mechanism we had discussed was displacement all we had talked about in displacement was that basically displacement means shifting of the emotion and shift this is usually shifting of the pent up feelings so the example we had taken no was that from the boss the anxiety and hostility was the boss was hostile to you and this led to certain degree of anger within you certain degree of anxiety within you and this anger and hostility anxiety goes from the boss you shout at your wife your wife shouts at the children and it progresses this was the example that we had taken what could be the other formats of displacement this is a very obvious type of a displacement one could be that you turn inwardly hostile even that day we had talked about in implosion that instead of exploding out you implode within now here in the case of inward hostility what would happen that the cause of actual anxiety and hostility law is outside so it is a behavior of one individual in the surrounding or it was something in the environment itself that triggered that hostility within you but then you start accusing your own self if I had not gone there this would not have happened if I would have left the place earlier then this would not have happened if I would not have done this or if I would have done this then this would have happened so you start accusing your own self now once you start accusing yourself your own self there is no a severe feeling of self devaluation and guilt involved there so finally at the end of it when you start blaming your own self at the end you say so bad you start having this type of feeling or you derive guilt out of it so inward hostility that way does not serve the purpose because it finally puts you as an individual into trouble because finally you what you finally get out of uses of this module would be that you have become much more self devaluating tendency you develop you develop certain degree of guilt both of which are not needed because it will again demand you to know take care of these two feelings that are gradually cropping in so that you can strike the level of adjustment there could be a very complex type of usage of displacement which at times could become deviant also which is destructive criticism or vindictive type of gossip now criticism is you know always considered to be good academically speaking but criticism in one to one relationship is by and large not accepted and therefore what we choose to do as human beings most of us is that say for example I and she both are in the in each other's company we would not criticize each other so she would not say anything wrong about me I would not say anything wrong about her but both of us can find him as a target and criticize him because he is not there to listen to it and to defend it therefore it is easy for us but the moment I and him are together now I do not criticize him I criticize her because she is not available to defend herself mostly we run in this format the person who is absent in the group is criticize the most but here criticism is you know taking a destructive turn altogether and therefore the moment it becomes destructive it is a deviant format of expression of criticism so I criticize you for something but if I turn into rampage if I turn into destruction this is not for me I am sure you must be aware that some recently an art exhibition was going on in Delhi where the paintings of famous famous artists from India was put for display and then there was the whole protest by one of the groups saying that few of the Hindu gods and goddesses have been their nude paintings have been put for display and we just rejected just last weekend there was a display at Bangalore and again similar type of thing took place now you can imagine that no I criticize certain format of expression but irrespective of the fact that you know how precious this piece of art is I just say because it does not match my sentiments therefore it needs to be burned I might sound little illogical or much more illogical or insane but let me give you different examples which I think one should think of under certain forms of you know social transformation political unrest or the whole attempt of gaining political stability and social transformation you realize many things happening and we will take one or two example one from India one from nearby nearby would be one of our neighbors and then we will see that does it actually serve some purpose or is there a great degree of destruction involved in each which actually should not be there we all know the famous Bamiyan Buddha the rock carved carving in Afghanistan which was turned into pieces by the Taliban government when the Taliban took over power in Afghanistan have you seen the carved sculpture Bamiyan Buddha there is a place called Bamiyan where the very tall rock was cut and carved and it appeared as if Buddha is standing on one side of the hill only one piece in the world where the whole mountain was carved into a sculpture from one of the sides most historic place of archaeological importance but because it did not match with the Taliban's viewpoint so they decided to put guns their field guns there the tanks there and explode the whole sculpture and that entire sculpture turned into small small pieces because of these blasts I say for example I am a Taliban which I am not hypothetical example suppose I am a Taliban and this very fact that no faith and gods cannot be you know represented in such form which the religion does not allow still I could look at it as a marvelous piece of art so I say that fine you know the people who thought of it were foolish okay because you know what they believe in and what is never seen they have carved it I can criticize them because it does not match with my ideology but I can still appreciate think of the artist no great people they have carved the whole rock this could have been an alternate viewpoint in Iraq Saddam Hussein's you know burst and sculptures know full-bodied sculptures were put at certain places and when his government was finally turned out okay people even had put ropes the neck of those sculptures and put them down sure you must have seen those visuals okay fine there was a ruler who certain people probably didn't like and this could be one way of showing aggression that fine he executed few and therefore I execute his sculpture but think from the other point of view you know there was an artistic expression of individual whom you are destroying think from a different viewpoint at this much amount was invested into creating this sculpture now it is turned into rebels there could be counter viewpoints no and therefore once you turn into such type of a destructive criticism once you start turning into vindictive gossips then you are running a risk because very generous usage of such things no could be either complex format of displacement or it itself can make you deviate from the expected no no and deviations are not the what you call desired form of behavior okay now we move to emotional insulation emotional insulation you remember we talked about it and we said that basically it is a mechanism that helps you safeguard yourself against certain unnecessary type of disappointments and hence what you do is that you reduce your ego involvement your emotional involvement into certain situation and therefore irrespective of the result that takes place because you are not involved with it therefore you do not derive that this sense of disappointment okay what could be the usual manifestation of such type of emotional insolation one example I gave you that was a true example of a person who did not like his workplace okay and during tea time he would definitely definitely read the newspaper because he wanted to avoid the sermons that used to be you know that used to be narrated at that time other examples could be say you are going on your first date and you ensure that you are not too excited and you have reasons for that you may tend to philosophize it and say that I do not know how stable this is I do not know whether this is good or bad I do not know finally I would be chosen or not I do not know whether I would remain loyal or not okay but this entire you know a sequence of thoughts are basically made to feel you not so excited about the first and the beautiful experience of life okay there could basically you are trying to avoid certain premature upon a disappointment an interesting example when a professor Amarth Singh got the Nobel Prize in economics his mother somebody somebody from the news channel called up his mother in West Bengal and asked about her comments and wanted her to endorse this okay and the mother said that fine I have heard from the news channels but let this ceremony take place only then I will be able to tell you with confidence whether he really got it or not okay so even though something has been announced okay you still do not celebrate it you contain yourself let it first be executed then it is very sure all you want to do is that you want to doubly ensure okay that no disappointment takes place in the process okay I know somebody in my family who is of a similar nature okay would you know not allow you celebrate okay things till it actually happens once it's half it happens then you know he'll allow you to celebrate like anything but before that he'll ensure I do not celebrate the reason once I asked him very very senior now maybe closer to 80 years I asked him that no why why no you are like this and since when you are like this and then I came to know interesting thing like he became parentless in the early years of his life perhaps by the age of two or three lost one of his parent by the age of five lost the second parent also was brought up by an elder brother who was just seven eighty years elder to him and had to struggle a lot okay now you could realize not that somebody who really had extreme disappointments in life okay ensures that celebrations should take place not only for him but for all those who belong to him when actual achievements are attained okay this all together if you analyze in a broader perspective once you know his early life experiences that this is nothing basically a tendency to avoid a recurrence of disappointments in life this is emotional what could be the extreme conditions okay where you find that extreme personal experience of an individual and at the same time where emotional insulation is being used somebody who has been you know experiencing chronic unemployment okay for years and years has been struggling but is unable to get a job or somebody who has been imprisoned for long okay so the very fact that you have been isolated for long can make you finally become very resigned in your life okay you you always tend to be a passive recipient in most of the situation your unemployment led to lower strata lower you know status of you in your family in your society it also created great degree of economic difficulty for you confinement in a prison great degree of disrespect that you experienced the great degree of social devaluation that your family experienced okay and then you therefore you prefer to be you know resigned in your life do not get involved actively in anything okay or you become a passive recipient this could be the extreme usage of emotional insulation okay that you do not even tend to actively participate in any type of involvement where one or more than one individual is needed besides you because you don't want to have any more disappointments in life why because you had chronic experiences like unemployment prolonged unemployment like imprisonment okay so emotional insulation can take this extreme shape also then we come to intellectualization now intellectualization in a broader way you remember we had talked about that instead of providing justification for one specific you know situation here you have multiple things which you try to philosophize you intellectualize and then the gaps between specific events are filled with these logic tight compartments that was intellectualization now this you know somewhere is related to both emotional insulation as well as rationalization because you have in rationalization you had a specific event where you had to rationalize the behavior emotional insulation because you don't want disappointments okay and this is usually employed under milder to extremely stressful condition so for simple type of you know stressful situations we do not use intellectualization largely when for milder things also you do not use intellectualization rationalization suffices okay if it is recurrent then emotional insulation will suffice largely when you move towards the extremity of stressful experiences there are the chances where intellectualization can be used as a defense mechanism for example you experience death of your parents and then you explain it in terms of the fact that they lived their full life one was 87 the other was 83 okay now you have you don't have any scientific criteria to say that no those who cross this limit will be considered to be you know those who have lived full life but then you have your own way of looking at it you have certain failures you have certain disappointments but then you say oh thank God it could have been even worst you think of a worse situation and think oh thankfully only this happened what happened was actually bad what you think of the worst and then you derive happiness oh thankfully there didn't happen or the other form of it could be that you become cynical in your life okay and you use cynicism very conveniently in your life okay so this could be the patterns in the case of intellectualization now we come to undoing undoing basically is no form of an apology for doing something wrong you repent for doing that okay or doing the penance no you punish your own self because whatever you have done you consider that it was not worth doing at all who are the people who would use undoing as a defense one people who have got that type of a childhood training take for example children who are brought up in families where say for example it's common thing say two partners fighting each other so husband and wife fights each other after sometime they cool down and the person who realizes his or her experience apologizes to the other partner I'm sorry I got angry but this is what it was okay you said that no my anger was justified but you know I still should not have said this I should not have done this you apologize children who see this type of situation would see beauty in apology in our country geographically if you see this one way of looking at it could be look at different family the way you have been nurtured the way you have been brought up there are certain geographical locations in our country where you will not find people know who would apologize okay so small things fight between two groups of children over sharing a cricket field and then parents will come with guns and bullets and there would be few casualties these are common uses in certain parts of this country very common okay so it largely depends on whether you would use undoing as a technique or not would largely depend on how you have been brought up so if you realize if you have experienced the beauty of apology then you would use it and let me tell you that even if you have not used it used a use it at some time if you really repent for something go to the person and face him and say sorry and you would realize how deeply satisfying that sorry is okay instead of no thinking inwardly that okay I should not have done that much hello here I did it once instead of that apology is the best technique no that will you know help like anything the manifestations of undoing could be like say if you are maintaining an unfaithful relationship you bring more gifts okay so you somewhere compensate for this or you know that the way the method that you have adopted for earning involves certain degree of unethical practices and then you also ensure that later on you give huge charities so you use all type of unfair means to accumulate wealth and part of the wealth you release as charity and then you say oh done okay I shouldn't say this but just because it has come this way therefore this is not showing any disrespect to any faith any religion or any personal practice but you would realize that compared to small entrepreneurs in this country and middle level entrepreneurs in this country the places of worships are far more financially well off okay so if you run a small time business or middle level enterprise you still struggle for you know being economically affluent whereas for people who are involved in certain types of religious places places of worship you realize that they receive so much of donation so without work or just providing one particular type of religious ritualistic services they are very well off you would never realize no few crores one crore gift coming to a hospital never but one of the temples in south India at times there is a news know somebody donated something which was worth 1.5 crore the person could have donated to a hospital also the person could have said that you know many children in the rural part of India who have holes in their heart struggle because we do not have a good system of surgery in certain localities and most of these children they have to be brought to Bangalore and government pays attention to them only when it is put in the news okay or the parents threatened that will commit suicide or they file a petition in the court that please allow us to commit suicide because we can't afford the treatment for children several time it has happened in our country okay but the person who had given this charity could have given to the hospital know that this is for say children of these two states this amount is for the children of remaining two states no it goes only to God why should it go to God if you ask this question if you are thinking of say income tax rebate or anything you could have donated to these organizations now but why to God and many a times would realize that there are anonymous donations this means you are somewhere convinced that the means of accumulation of wealth perhaps had something okay which you repent for somewhere although you are involved in it and therefore to get rid of that guilt okay you go for no finance you punish yourself why cutting a piece of that accumulated wealth and donating it anonymously to a place of worship this is undoing regression we had talked about it know that you basically adopt an earlier phase you go for an older mode of defense which you consider that no this was this phase of my life was beautiful and the recent defense that you have adopted you realize that it is not giving you desired outcome and therefore the whole tendency in the case of regression is to revert back to a state which was basically less demanding okay common examples older children they revert back to bed wetting when they have a new sibling okay so say a child who is 5 years 7 years of age okay was not at all you know involved to bed wetting had proper toilet training suddenly has new baby arrives in the family both the parents pay more attention to the new baby and suddenly you start bed wetting the whole intention is that the more and more childish I become the more and more attention I will enjoy okay a newly married girl okay suddenly decides to go back to the parents after the first trouble that erupts out in the marital life you see Nibbaba I had heard how difficult it is to maintain this relationship okay therefore first sign of trouble in marriage and I say I am going back to my father okay so this is other forms of expression of regression then we come to introduction we had discussed know that this is basically similar to grafting where you take values from the external agencies and then incorporate it into your own ego structure this is largely driven by the fact if I cannot beat you I will join okay it is driven by this now say the common example could be that you start you know interjecting new sets of values into your behavior after a new dictator has taken over the state or the country okay you accept the format of certain thing because the most dominant member of the family okay wants that to happen although you do not approve of it but because the dominant member of the family does so therefore you accept it and the last one compensation where a physically unattractive person develops extremely pleasing personality so I know that I am not good looking so I need to compensate for it and hence I will develop know certain things certain qualities in me which I can definitely do you remember we had taken earlier when we were trying to understand the concept we took the example of somebody bad at academics you know trying very hard in the games field okay so it's like so I realized that I am not good looking so fine I will know now become very good in terms of my behavior okay so that was all about defense mechanism with this we have completed our present module tomorrow when we meet we will start the next module you remember when we were talking here about the mechanisms we had not talked about withdrawal and compromise as techniques no we said that we will talk after we complete this so tomorrow we will start discussing avoidance withdrawal and compromise as module of adjustment