 Today, we will look at compliment and adjuncts distinction. I think we have developed a fairly good sense of what a compliment is and what an adjunct is. I am carefully saying that we have developed a fairly good sense of what a compliment is and what an adjunct could be. We do not know much about their structures so far. We do not know much of their function so far and at the same time we do not know much about what is called an adjunct and how does something become an adjunct, a phrase becomes an adjunct. So first of all let us begin with some of the features of adjunct and some of its names. We are going to try to answer both these questions today. So like you have seen a compliment is a required element by the word in a word phrase. When we talk about a transitive word and its object, when we say the object of the verb, object of a transitive verb is a required element we also mean the object of a transitive verb is actually the compliment of the verb. In terms of configuration that is in terms of a structure of a phrase we can say a compliment belongs to head and the head requires a compliment. In the entire phrase the whole status of a compliment is its in sister relationship with the head which gives us space that any head could potentially have a compliment. Verbs are going to have objects as their compliments or whatever comes in the compliment position becomes the compliment of that word. Likewise a noun phrase in a noun phrase what is going to be the head of a noun phrase a noun that noun could also have a compliment. In a P P what is the head of a P P a preposition could have a compliment which is usually going to be an NP. It is easy for us to say here that most of the prepositions are almost all the post prepositions in languages like English, French and others are going to take NP as a compliment. In our languages most of the post positions are going to take NP as a compliment. Remember it comes from the descriptive aspect of language that we have seen so far that prepositions are only going to proceed a noun. Remember this? So if it is going to proceed a noun which in technical terms simply means a preposition is going to have an NP as its object. So we see the head of an NP N could have a compliment, a head of a P P a preposition could have a compliment, head of a VP, V lot of times have compliments and we know the situations when they can and when they cannot. And also now we know head of the IP which is inflectional phrase and what is the head? I can also have a compliment which is going to be the entire VP. So that is the notion of compliment which is the in the structure of a phrase whatever comes in the position of the compliment in the sister relationship with the head is going to be the compliment of it. That is more or less to say that the required elements are called compliments. Now things that are not required structurally for the purpose of a sentence are called adjuncts. All kinds of things like adverbs or the entire P P sometimes an NP, sometimes a whole clause or a sentence could be an adjunct. It depends on which sentence we are looking at. So when we come to that we will talk about that. How do we represent it in a structure? How do we represent an adjunct in a structure? We adjoin it to the phrase it belongs to. How do we adjoin it? We create another space with the help of the intermediate category and then we just adjoin it. That whole process of creating another space through intermediate category is called adjunction. Then the question is how do we how do we distinguish between them further? I am going to talk about that distinction shortly. Before that we are we are we were looking at the sentence and this structure. So the reason why I still have this structure for you it just for you to take a look at. Is there any question about this structure? Well let us not worry about the order right now. See in the order I do not have much to say about the order right now. So however what all I can say this is given in the right order the way it should be. And therefore I have not put aspect first and tense first or something else. Since you have asked this I can say one more thing which I have already said yesterday and one something new. One thing is once we break this i into various components then there is no need of i. Once each component of i is going to project itself in terms of a phrase then there is no need of a something which combines them together. So we need an i or ip we call a sentence and ip only when we are putting the whole thing agreement tense aspect everything as the bundle of features in the head position of i. Only then we need ip for the for the purpose of simplification or you can say for the purpose of combining everything together. So when we remove that we start with a g r a g r p. So why do you need i on that side? Which side? A. So all the features are on which side? Right side a g r p and t p a s p aspect these are all be listed under i. That is right now it is listed under i. Right now it is listed under i because it has expanded from i. Now the more important point that I am trying to make is there is no need of entire ip. So leave it right now this way but there is no need of entire ip once you start seeing it in terms of agreement phrase and then tense and then aspect. I have kept it so that you can see that agreement tense and aspect have branched out of i that is all is the purpose so far. So I want you to look at this structure as removing something from removing i from here that is removing complete ip from here alright. Now the other thing which I want to tell you is in many cases people just talk about t p okay t p that agreement is also not that significant for those people who start with just t p and they say look what is important in a sentence is basically tense and tense takes care of agreement also but let us again not go into those complications. For the purpose of our point I just want to tell you that when we come we there is a way to combine all of them together and put them as bundling in i that therefore we call the sentence as ip. If we want to expand them then there is no need of ip and we can start with these phrases agreement phrase, tense phrase or aspect phrase. Second point third point all that higher up vp is called functional layer these are the three important points from this structure that I want you to see and then starts lexical layer from the from the vp okay there is a there is another process which I am going to talk to you very soon which is called displacement okay in other words movement elements from lexical layer okay move into functional layer to combine with them okay and then they give us a surface structure that comes little later I am just mentioning at this moment for you to be prepared for that that a vp moves to t p I am sorry what moves is not a vp from the vp v that is head moves to t okay and then verb gets tense combined alright and then we get tense on the verb in the surface structure that that comes little later I will show you those things with evidence right now if I just mention these things they are not going to much sense so let us let us just look at only in terms of functional layer and lexical layer for the time being and then as you know this is potentially not potentially this is the structure for the sentence that I we have been looking at students of physics like pizza in the evening and we have seen how vp works how the subject np works and then what's the functional layer and what's the lexical layer so far that okay can I move okay any any any other question anyone before I move to compliment an adjunct and talk more about this it's it these are okay so with that I am moving to compliment an adjunct distinction we have not been not really been delaying a discussion on that we we wanted to take care of other things first that there are a couple of a couple of more stuff about a structure that we need to take care of but we can that can come little later and every every relationship and everything that we are going to see now on words is going to be in terms of a structural relations so we are going to be looking at a structures more anyway so let's let's look at this thing in this sentence the same one that we have been looking at we know that np pizza is the compliment and pp in the evening is an adjunct the question is this is what I am telling you right and this is what I have tried to show you in some sense that pizza is an object therefore a compliment but that description does not necessarily make in the evening an adjunct at at the best what we are saying is pizza is the compliment of the verb of the V in this sentence right what how do we how do we test these things there are two three tests that I can I can show you for this and you will you will be able to see that these tests really work and they make sense in the following way so this is the structure of an adjunct this is how adjunct is represented in the x bar scheme in the blueprint of the structure in the original structure of a phrase there is no space for adjunct okay in the original structure of a space of a phrase there is no space for adjunct by definition they get adjunct in fact that is also one of the reason they are called adjunct because they are adjunct additionally adjunct all right if when we were looking at this this np we said of physics is the compliment as a as a pp of physics is the compliment of n what makes it a compliment and how do we test it because just now in the sentence we have seen in the evening as a pp is not a compliment so compliments are our adjuncts are not okay let me put it this way a pp is not going to be either a compliment or an adjunct all the time depending upon its its nature depending upon its inherent in internal features it could be a compliment it could be an adjunct at times in this pp we have already discussed np is the compliment of this p now I want I want you to look at few more phrases these are all noun phrases right they are all noun phrases King of England student of physics student with long hair a student of physics with long hair okay are they all nps you see that some of them have compliments what you see in the red they are all supposedly compliments of the head n and what you see in blue or is that blue that blue is they are adjuncts in the phrase right okay when we look at this VP we have already seen the VP we know that in this in the sentence Mary will meet with her doctor at 5 p.m. with her doctor becomes compliment and at 5 p.m. is an adjunct in this phrase we have both within np we are looking at a compliment and an adjunct right where do you see this adjunct adjoined in the pp in this do you see do you see at least the adjunct comes the same way you have seen an adjunct in VP okay now at this point I want you to keep in mind that all the structural notations that we have discussed so far none of the phrases you have seen violating such notations that is these are not redundant these are not arbitrarily decided okay it's never going to happen that an adjunct is going to be arbitrarily adjoined to something else okay this adjunct as to in in the whole phrase a student of physics with long hair if the pp with long hair is an adjunct this adjunct is not going to be adjoined anywhere else such as VP or something else can you can you make a sentence bigger sentence with this noun phrase student of physics with long hair this is not a sentence right can you make a sentence with this I want a VP with vna vn compliment student of physics with long hair walks down the corridor walks down the corridor is great but walks down the corridor is the VP but it doesn't have compliment do you see do you understand this nice still doesn't have a compliment still doesn't have a compliment as long as you keep the verb walk you keep adding everything right you know from the very beginning that a sentence can be infinitely long right the moment we say infinitely long we are not going to have a physical example of that that this is infinitely long sentence we can only understand that a sentence is infinitely long why does this NP not have a why does the sentence that your friend Sandeep said not have a not not have a compliment because the verb walk by nature cannot have a compliment and everything else you keep adding to the end of finiteness they are all going to be adjuncts and you can keep the way you have seen the structure developing this structure allows you to have infinitely long sentence because the process of adjunction is simply recursive there is there is no end to which you can keep adding and an adjunct but the space of the compliment is still going to be open okay the moment you have a transitive verb there you put anything else or not that's going to come the the NP is going to come in a transitive verb in the compliment slot right so can you try it again a student of physics with long hair is eating pizza all right that that's fine but we get the point then once we have a VP what what I was trying to tell you here with this example is the PP adjunct PP with long hair cannot be adjoint within VP okay the adjunct PP with long hair cannot be adjoint within VP why it's not part of VP this one even though it's an additional stuff this additional stuff provides us additional information about the NP not about the PP I'm sorry not about the VP therefore it belongs in NP so keep keep that in mind keep keep the following things things in mind X bar structure okay each phrase that you have seen so far longer or individual phrases are not violating its integrity that is each one of them are guaranteed to have a specifier head and compliment they are keeping a specifier head and compliment sometimes a phrase may not have an specifier it's leaving that position empty sometimes a phrase may not have a compliment it's leaving that place empty if something is adjunct that comes in an adjoint position things are going in in the in proper places so so we are not violating any phrasal integrity you have seen that seen this this much so far alright now why is what are the features of a compliment and features adjunct let's look at that when we say okay this whole notion of compliment and adjunct helps us solve one more thing when we say John is a student of physics alright what's the what's the meaning of this what does it mean student of physics student who studies physics is that that right when we say John a student with long hair does it mean that the student studies long hair no but this distinction is not making much of much of a sense until now hold on I'm coming to that before that I have already talked to you about this with the pizza example of where we where I wanted a VP but can you can you guess why these sentences are ungrammatical John will imitate Mary will abandon and Tim will reconstruct these sentences are not good sentences for speakers of English why are these sentences not good sentences each one of them is a transitive verb transitive predicate and they are missing their compliments a transitive predicate missing its compliment is going to result in ungrammaticality okay that is that there is one more aspect which I which I'll discuss with you probably tomorrow it's called thematic grid of a sentence remember I think I have mentioned something about selectional restriction to you did I briefly mentioned selectional restriction I'm going to again talk to you about thematic grid in which I'm going to show you how do complements or what are required by the verb gets other roles and assign and how such roles are assigned but look these three sentences are ungrammatical because they are missing its missing their compliments all right now how does it how does this dichotomy or phrase structure or X bar theory helps us resolve the ambiguity between a compliment and adjunct let's let's look at that now enough of we we can make the distinction between a student of physics and a student with long hair let's look at this sentence this phrase student of high moral principles do you if I tell you that this sentence this phrase could be ambiguous that is this phrase could have two different meanings does it even come to you that don't don't look at the screen for a moment do you believe that this phrase could be ambiguous yes no when I looked at this phrase for the first time it didn't come to me all right I believe it because you are telling me so but I don't get that how this phrase could be ambiguous that also is an example of knowledge of language that because I am not the speaker of English this ambiguity does not automatically pop up okay we as a non-native a speaker of a language I need to look at it carefully in the cases when of high moral principle is a compliment it means something else the same phrase could be an adjunct and then this sentence then this phrase could mean something else so when we say a student of high moral principle with a compliment the the whole PP as a compliment this phrase means a person who studies high moral principles okay and when it's not a compliment it means a person who has high moral principles okay now this kind of ambiguity is not available with the students of physics in that we we have only one really the person who studies physics we cannot say the phrase also means a student who has physics are you with me I I I can say I am talking about something subtle but it's not really that subtle right it should be and if it is not so obvious but it should be obvious now that we in order to see the ambiguity and the distinction between compliment and adjuncts and what it does and how they how their distinction on tribute to different meanings we need to see a phrase like this student of high moral principle it could be ambiguous in two ways one that a poor student who studies high moral principle imagine it's a major it's a it's a it's a discipline right someone doing in well m tech is not possible in high moral principles but you can do let's say some diploma in high moral principles right like like people do diploma in judiciary and all kinds of things at the same time someone who who has high moral principle in the sense that who practices high moral principle these are two different things we have some very obvious phrases student of English student of physics ambiguities are not available there because they are those things are categorically compliments simply means one thing all right so this distinction between compliment and adjunct helps us helps reduce this ambiguity all right next how does the syntax work for these things syntactically speaking these are the things that you can say when we have both a compliment and adjunct a compliment is always going to precede the adjunct okay we have the we you have just seen the phrase student of physics with long hair of physics is a compliment because if you reverse the order of the two the sentence is going to be the whole phrase is going to be ungrammatical we cannot say a student with long hair of physics can we now without understanding the distinction between compliment and adjunct if I asked you this question in fact I should have asked this question before what's wrong with this this this phrase students with long hair of physics trust me it's not possible to answer this question without understanding the proximity requirement between phrases you understand what I mean by proximity requirement here is the point that I am talking about see we are talking about an XP right this is the proximity we have the head student am I right here on this phrase right and the compliment is a PP right and I'm just going to leave it here that this PP is of physics right and we have another PP as an adjunct with long hair now if I put off physics here and then with long hair here this is going to yield ungrammaticality because this slot is for compliment and if there is a compliment it should be in close proximity with the head this is the only reason why this phrase in B is ungrammatical okay if we don't under if we don't know this distinction then we can only say look this doesn't make sense you're still right a speaker is still right if you ask any English speaker why does this phrase why is this phrase not good okay the person can only tell you this doesn't make sense you have to say it this way right that that's an intuitive judgment does not have an explanation the with all its advantages that you have seen so far overphrase structure rules these are the things and these are the subtle nuances which can be explained through X bar theory alright and this also helps us understand the role of an intermediate category in a better way that if we didn't have this intermediate category then there is no way to project adjuncts so in the now bring it in your mind the structure of a phrase with multiple branching right in that we are going to have an N we are going to have two PP's right we can also have a determiner because multiple branching by definition says we can have as many branches as possible but then we can only say one PP is the compliment and the other PP is adjunct and one has to believe you that really does not make a structural distinction between a compliment and adjunct the introduction of intermediate category helps us capture these things configurationally no ambiguity left behind alright let's look at one more thing the adjuncts could come in a recursive fashion right how many how many compliment slots do you see here in the whole phrase how many compliment slots do we have just one right therefore a head could have just one compliment the structure does not give us a space for more than one compliment in a phrase whether we are talking about a VP or we are talking about an NP or we are talking about a PP by structure we have only one slot for a compliment how many slots do we have for an adjunct as many as you want infinite slots we can keep adding adjoining things and it will give us the whole infinitely recursive infinitely long sentence in a recursive fashion but we can have only one compliment I have just just asked you this question before with the sentence that Sandeep was saying the student of physics was walking in the corridor walking as a verb does not have a compliment but we can keep keep saying walking in the corridor with books with friends in the evening for nothing right you can keep saying everything that you want where doesn't have a compliment and if a verb has one it's it can have just one which is taken care of by the structure that you have seen so far and the structure helps us understand that a phrase could have just one compliment this is that what we are talking about here that in principle it could apply an arbitrary large number of times but compliments recursion is not possible alright therefore you see this kind of sentence is possible but what is not possible is this right we cannot say student of physics of chemistry right what we if we at all end up saying with grammatically to what we mean is students of physics and students of chemistry right this this is string at once is not grammatical and again this structure helps you understand that is the the syntax of compliment and adjunct becomes clearer with the help of the structure that this is this string is not possible just because we have just one slot for compliment right yeah a phrase something like this a student of physics of high moral principles then of high moral principles is bound to become adjunct right yes if we have if a phrase has already had a compliment the second one will be the compliment will be the adjunct and in that case I think what what's in your mind is we don't have any ambiguity left that phrase only means a student who studies physics has high moral principles that's all it doesn't mean the student who studies physics studies high moral principle just one meaning no ambiguity left so only that the second second phrase could only be a compliment could only be an adjunct and that we know very categorically once we have phrase structure in mind clear anybody anything else yeah compliment space so for die transitor verbs do both the objects come in that one compliment space very very good question what's up what are we going to do with the die transitive verbs then right no both of them will not come in the hold on for that I'll show you that right you understand the question where is very significant question we have said we have established that there are some verbs which take two compliments again when I talk to you about thematic relations I'm going to show you tomorrow that when we say one compliment we mean total number of and these things are called arguments right compliment these things are semantically speaking they are called arguments there isn't much in the name whatever we call it they don't change so if we have one compliment then the whole sentence has two arguments namely one compliment and the other subject right two argument if if a if a sentence does not have any argument any compliment it has got one just one argument and if a sentence has two compliments then it has three arguments all right each one of them are assigned different roles I'm going to show you that again so so no going back from that then the question is how do they get represented in this structure when we have just one slot for compliment there we have to at least you can guess right that we have to do something that may look ad hoc by ad hoc I mean it's going to be a modification on this right but they have to be here and there has to be a difference between the adjunction of a adjunction of a adjunct and some modification for a compliment this much you can see but let's hold on to that before I show you very significant anything else no it it just follows from that you can look at it that since there is since we cannot have two compliments in a phrase so there is no question of reordering by by definition period we just cannot have two if two of them are allowed that is if two adjuncts are allowed then it's possible to freely reorder them whichever way we want to reorder now we can apply these things as test also right if two of them are allowed and by a lot what do we mean by allowed if a still if if we have two phrases and a still the phrase is grammatical then we know both of them are adjuncts there is no compliment here okay if we are going to have a compliment and an adjunct then interchange of position is not possible by not possible we mean it's going to result in an grammaticality like we cannot say student with long hair of physics right this kind of thing is is going to be allowed all right so these are just simple tests keeping two things in mind phrase and the phrase structure all these things that we we could say about compliment and adjuncts are only possible when we understand this is structure okay that's all for today