 Welcome, I welcome you all in this lecture in the course Sandhi in Panayan Grammar. In this lecture, we continue studying Ach Sandhi or the Vawal Sandhi, we stated that Ach Sandhi means Sandhi that takes place of a Vawal and Ach this Sandhi could be a Consonant as well as another Vawal depending on the environment. You said that there are two types of Ach Sandhi, on the screen you see the second type, Dhristhanika Ekadesha, the first one is Ekasthanika Ekadesha, one Sthani and one Substitute, one Substituent and one Substitute, one Sthani and one Adesha. We studied that there are two instances of Ekasthanika Ekadesha, they are Yen Sandhi and Ayavaya Sandhi, Yen Sandhi is stated by the Sutra Ekoyanachi and Ayavaya Sandhi is stated by Echo Yavayavaha and then there are some more Sutras also stating this particular Sandhi. We studied the meaning of these Sutras, we also studied the Udesh Vedaya Bhava and the number of Substituents then delineated because of this Udesh Vedaya Bhava. We also studied the criterion for selection of the Substitute. We also studied the template examples and then we studied the specific examples which fill into these templates, thus we exhaustively studied the first type of Ach Sandhi. We applied the same procedure to the second type namely Dhristhanika Ekadesha, where we have Dvi Sthani and Ekadesha, two Substituents and one Substitute. Stated by the Adhikara Sutra Ekapurva Parayoha 6184 where Ek represents one Substitute, Purva Parayoha stands for In Place of Previous and Later Sound, Purva Par is the Pratipadika and Purva Parayoha is the 6 slash 2 of Purva Par, Purva is Previous, Par is Later. So in all this Sutra means one Substitute takes place of two sounds namely the previous one and the latter one. This is also shown in this particular diagram where we have A plus B in close proximity in the Samhita mode also stated like this, A comes immediately before B and B comes immediately after a, both in their turn bracketing each other and specifying each other as environment. So in this environment of A plus B appearing in the Samhita mode what we have is one of the rules stated in this section that begins with 6184 applies and generates the output in the form of C. So A plus B are the two Sthanis, C is the one Adhikara, two Substituents, one Substitute, A plus B is the input, one of the rules in this particular section applies and generates the output in the form of just C. In case of Ekasthanika Ekadesha we observed that we have A plus B as the input and the output is C plus B. This is the primary difference between Ekasthanika Ekadesha and Dvisthanika Ekadesha. There are five instances of Dvisthanika Ekadesha. The first one is Gunasandhi stated by Adhgunahan 6187. The second one is Vrindhisandhi stated by the Sutra Vrindhirachi 6188. The third one is Pararupa Sandhi stated by the Sutra Engi Pararupam and some other Sutras Engi Pararupam is 6194. Fourthly Akasavarnedirgaha is the Sutra stating the Savarnadirgha Sandhi. Savarnadirgha Sandhi is the fourth instance stated by the Sutra Akasavarnedirgaha 6111. And finally Purvarupa Sandhi stated by the Sutra Amipurvaha 6111 onwards. This is what we are going to study in this particular lecture. It is important for us to remember these fundamentals about Aj Sandhi, the two basic types and the instances of each type. They are repeated only for the sake of convenience and the repetition should bring in more clarity. Only that is the purpose. Let us now concentrate on Purvarupa Sandhi, the fifth one of the second type. This Purvarupa Sandhi is stated by the following four Sutras that we shall be dealing with. The first one is Amipurvaha 6107. The second one is Samprasaranaccha 61108. The third one is Engaha Padantatati 6109. And finally Nasingasoscha 61110. These are the four Sutras that we shall be studying in detail in today's lecture. First let us study Amipurvaha 6117. There are two words in the Sutra Amipurvaha. Ami is 7 slash 1 of Am. This is the 2 slash 1 suffix. Am is the 2 slash 1 suffix. That is what is mentioned over here. And Ami is 7 slash 1 of Am. So Ami means immediately before Am. Purvaha is 1 slash 1 of Purva. That is previous sound. This is the substitute Purvaha. Rupa continues from Engi Pararupam. And so gets connected with Purvaha and then Purvarupam is what is the interpretation that is generated. The other words continued in this particular Sutra are Akaha 5 slash 1 of Ak. Ak means a iu, ru and lu. So Ak captures the first two Pratyaharas stated in the Pratyahara Sutras and the sound stated therein. These five vowels. So Akaha means immediately after these five vowels. Achi is 7 slash 1 of Ach meaning a vowel. That is immediately before a vowel. And of course we have Ekapurva Parayoh. So one substitute in place of 2 earlier and latter substitute events. For ru and lu which is also part of Ak. There are other specific rules stated in Panini's grammar which cancel 6, 1, 1, 0, 7. For example, Rutongi Sarvanamasthanayoh. So this Sutra states the gunas substitute in place of ru and also lu when Am follows. So this Sutra will cancel 6, 1, 1, 0, 7. All put together let us look at the meaning of Amipurvaha. Amipurvaha means immediately before Am. That is the 2 slash 1 suffix Ritya Ekavachana Pratyayah. Immediately before Am and immediately after Ak in place of both is placed one substitute. That is the previous one. That is in this case the Ak. It is important to remember here that the environment for this Purvarupa Sandhi is just this Am suffix. So the environment is very, very restricted. This Sutra functions only in case of Am suffix. In this case this is 2 slash 1. Now let us look at the examples. So for example we have Rama plus Am. Rama plus Am. This is the Ritya Ekavachana Pratyayah and the final form that we are deriving is Ramam the Ritya Ekavachana form of the Pratyapadika Rama. So when you have Rama plus Am there is this R and this R, R in Rama comes at the end of it, R in Am comes at the beginning of it. Since this is one padha prakriti and pratyayah, so Samhita is obligatory and so in place of both of them this Sutra 6107 applies and generates the output in the form Ram, R and M, that is Ramam. In this case obviously R is followed by another R, so this is the scope of application of Akasavaranei Dirgaha as well generating long R as the output. But because both these Akaras are within a padha we also have the Pararupa Sandhi that can apply over here. Ato gunai, a padhanta dakara gunai parataha pararupam ekadeshasyaat. So Pararupa Sandhi is also possible. All these possibilities they are cancelled by Amipurvaha because of the specific mention of the suffix Am. In case of Am no Pararupam, no Savarna Dirgaha, just the Purva Rupam. So we have Ram, R and M that is Ramam. In case of Hari plus Am, obviously there is Ekoyanaji which has got its scope of application but it is cancelled by this Sutra Amipurvaha which operates in a very restricted domain of the Pratyayah Am. So we have Hari having E at the end, R at the beginning of Am and because this is one padha, Samhita is obligatory and so in place of both these vowels, 6107 applies and generates the output in the form of Har Ima Harim. Then we have Gauri plus Am. Now this is a long vowel, E followed by a once again Ekoyanaji has got the scope of application. But because this Sutra, 6107 has got a very limited scope of application, so in this limited scope of application, 6107 cancels Ekoyanaji and so in place of both these vowels is substituted the Purva that is this long E. So we have Gauri, E and M that is Gauri. Here is the case with Bhanu and Chamu. So we have Bhanu plus Am, the scope of application for Ekoyanaji but it is cancelled by this particular Sutra because of the limited domain of application. And so in Bhanu plus Am, U coming at the end of this padha or coming at the beginning of this padha because this is within a padha. So Samhita is obligatory, 6107 applies and generates the output Bhanu, M that is Bhanum. Similarly Chamu plus Am where we have long U followed by a and 6107 applies and generates the output Chamu and M that is Chamu. This is how Amipurvaha operates in a very, very restricted domain. Let us now proceed to the next Sutra, Samprasaranaccha, 6108. Here there are two words, two padhas in the Sutra, Samprasaranath and Chha, Samprasaranath is 5 slash 1 of Samprasaranath, which means immediately after Samprasaranath, Chha means end, Achi is continued, Achi is 7 slash 1 of Ach, that is immediately before a vowel. Purvaha is continued from Amipurvaha, previous sound as substitute and Ekappurvaparyoh is also continued, meaning one substitute in place of two substituents, Arrear and Later, Purvaha and Parah. So the meaning of this Sutra is immediately after a Samprasaranath, immediately after a Samprasaranath and immediately before a vowel in place of both is substituted the previous sound, that is the Samprasaranath. So what is a Samprasaranath is the next question and Samprasaranath is a technical term defined by Panini by this particular Sutra, Igyanas Samprasaranam 1145, Ek as we know is a Pratyahara and it captures the sounds I Uru and Lu and Ek is in one slash one, so Ek is the substitute. Yanaha is 6 slash 1 of Yen, Yen is another Pratyahara, meaning Yavarra and Le, so Yanaha means in place of Yen. So the Sutra means Ek that is stated as a substitute of Yen by the Sutra is termed Samprasaranath. Repeat 6, repeat Ek that is stated as a substitute of Yen is termed Samprasaranath, stated by the Sutra 6 115 as well as 16. So if Yen is the input, if Yen is the input and in its place 6 115 or 16 as stated an Ek, this Ek is called Samprasaranath, this Ek is called Samprasaranath. Let us take the example, there are two examples on this particular slide, let us take the left hand side example where you have Vachh plus Th, this is the past passive participle of the verbal root Vachh to speak and we add the suffix Th to it by the Sutra 32102 Nishtha. Now in this case because this suffix is Kith, so 6114 applies and substitutes this Vh consonant by Yen in this case by Ek in this case U. So we have U replacing the Vh consonant, R remaining as it is and Ch. So we have U achh plus Th. Now here is the case where you have U as Samprasaranath, immediately after this U comes a vowel, so Samprasaranath and achi and now in place of both of them substitute the poor, that is this Samprasaranath. So the next step is by the application of 6108 we get Uchh plus Th. Then we apply A230 and substitute this Ch by K and so we get Uchh plus Th, Uchh Th, something that is said, that is what is Uchh Th. This is an example of Samprasaranath. Let us take one more example of Samprasaranath. This is the verbal form, so we take the verbal root Graha to take or to cognize and add the suffix Lut to it to indicate the present tense by 32123. This Lut gets substituted by Th by 3478. Now this verbal root Graha and this suffix Th have one more suffix in between namely Na added by 3181. So now we have Graha plus Na plus Th. Now because of this Na, now something happens in this Graha. So this vowel, so this consonant R now is substituted by Samprasaranath. So now this R gets substituted by vowel Ruh. So we have Gruh, this R remains as it is and we have Aha, so Gruh, Aha, Na and Th and now we have Samprasaranath followed by a vowel. So in case of, in place of both of them, 6108 applies and says, do the Purva Rupa Sandhi. That means substitute this Samprasaranath. So by doing that we have Gruh, Aha, Na, Th and then Grin, Ha, Th which means he or she takes, he or she cognizes. So these are the Samprasaranaths and this is the Samprasaranaths substitute coming in place of 2 vowels and the Purva Rupa Sandhi takes place. Now let us study the third sutra, Engah, Padantat, Ati. In this sutra there are 3 padas, Engaha, Padantat and Ati. This is 6109. Engaha is 5 slash 1 of Aing, Aing means A and O, Engaha means immediately after Aing, that is immediately after A or O. Padantat is 5 slash 1 of Padant, Padant means final part of a padha. So Padantat means immediately after something that comes at the end of a padha. This 5 slash 1 and Engaha which is also 5 slash 1 are related. So Padantat becomes the qualifier of Engaha. So what both these mean is if an Aing coming at the end of a padha. So if Aing occupies the final position of a padha then immediately after that, that is the meaning of Engaha and Padantat. Then we have Ati, 7 slash 1 of At, At meaning short a. So Ati means immediately before short a. So immediately after Aing that comes at the end of a padha and immediately before short a, what happens is Purva Rupa. So previous sound is the one substitute. Of course Ekapurva Parayohu continues. So the meaning of the sutra is immediately after Aing that is A and O that comes at the end of a padha and immediately before short a in place of both is substituted the previous sound that is Aing that is A and O. I repeat immediately after Aing Engaha that is A and O. So immediately after A or and O that comes at the end of a padha Padantat and immediately before short a, Ati in place of both Purva Parayohu is substituted the previous sound that is Purva Rupa. In this case it is Aing which is A or O. So here is an example Hare plus Ava. These two are separate padhas and so they are in the close proximity because the speaker intends to utter them in close proximity. So we have Hare having A at the end at the end of the padha and a short a coming at the beginning of the second padha. Now in this case 6109 applies and generates the output in place of A and a A is the substitute. So you have Hare A and A and then you join them together and you get Hare Ava as the output. Similarly you have Vishnu plus Ava where you have O at the end followed by A at the beginning of the next word they are in the Samhita mode. So 6109 applies and substitutes both O and A by the previous sound in this case it is O. So we have Vishnu, O and V and so Vishnu, V that is the output generated. Both these outputs they are also written as this. There is a sign of Avagraha, this is called Avagraha that is inserted in between something that resembles the English S Hareva and Vishnuva because there is this long vowel and there is this Sandhi. So this is indicated by this sign insertion. This is how Enga padhantaati works. If you look at these examples once again you will observe that when you have Hare plus Ava A followed by A actually this is an instance of H O Yava Yavaha. Similar is the case with O plus Ava but H O Yava Yavaha applies generally at the end of the padha as well as at the in the middle of the padha anywhere but and also the right hand environment could be any vowel but in this case it has to be only a right hand side environment and this A has to be at the end of a padha that is all. Once again very restricted very very limited environment in this particular sutra applies. Now the final sutra in these four the sutra is Gnasingasoscha, Gnasingasoho is 7 slash 2 of Gnasi and Gnas, Gnasingas, Gnasingas are two suffixes 5 slash 1 and 6 slash 1. So 5 slash 1 and 6 slash 1 are Gnasingas, Gnasingasoho means immediately before Gnasingas. Sucher means and words continued are Engaha and Ati, Engaha is 5 slash 1 of Eng, A O which means then immediately after Eng that is immediately after A and O. Ati is 7 slash 1 of At that is short a. So Ati means immediately before short a, Purvaha that is previous sound as substitute and Ekapurvaparyoho one substitute in place of 2 namely the earlier and the latter substituents. The meaning of the sutra after having put all these things together is the following. Immediately before Gnasingas that is suffixes of 5 slash 1 and 6 slash 1 and immediately after Eng that is A or O in place of both is placed one substitute which is the previous sound Purvarooper that is Eng that is A or O. I repeat immediately before Gnasingas, Gnasingasoho which are suffixes of 5 slash 1 and 6 slash 1 and immediately after Eng, Engaha in place of both Purvaparyoho is placed one substitute Ekaha which is Purvaha or Purvaroopa which in this case is Eng. Once again this rule as we observe applies in a very very restricted domain of it is a cases 5 slash 1 and 6 slash 1 a very very restricted domain. So in this case it also cancels which would have otherwise applied. Here are the two examples. The first one is the 5 slash 1 of Hari and the second one is the 6 slash 1 of Bhanu. So Hari plus Gnasi, Gnasi is added by 412 then we have Hari plus us. So the markers are removed. Now in this case ecoenergy has the scope of application but that is cancelled by 73111 which substitutes guna in place of this. So we have Hari plus us and now at this stage Gnasingasoho comes into play and says that in place of this A and this don't do H-O-Y-Y-Y-Y-Y but substitute 1a in place of both of them. So we have Hari plus us as the input 61110 applies and the output is Har-e-sir that is Har-e-s and Hari which means from Hari. Similar will be the derivation of 6 slash 1 as well. Now let us go to the 6 slash 1 of Bhanu where we have Bhanu plus Gnas and here we have 412 applying then the ith saudhna and lopa happens. So we have Bhanu plus us. Now once again here Nithi applies 73111 and this U is substituted by O. So we have Bhanu plus us. Now at this stage H-O-Y-Y-Y-Y has the scope of application but that is cancelled and 61110 applies and substitutes both these O and O by one substitute that is Purva that is in this case O. So we have Bhanu, Sir, Bhanu and Bhanu. Similarly the 5 slash 1 of Bhanu can also be derived. To summarize we studied the Purva Rupa Sandhi along with the study of the 4 sutras. This Sandhi applies as we have seen in a very restricted domain and so it cancels the by default rules like 6178 etc. We also noted that 61107108 and 110 Amipurvaha Samprasaranaccha and Nasing Asoscha apply only within a padha whereas 61109 Enga Padantadati applies only in between two padhas. This distinction is very very important. So now we come to the close of the treatment of Atch Sandhi. The fifth instance namely Purva Rupa Sandhi is also dealt with now. So we will take a look at the study of Atch Sandhi that we carried out in this particular course. This we shall do in the next lecture. Thank you for your patience.