 Hi, this is Maureen and I'd like to take you through a quick review of animal and fish agriculture and social equity. I work for Care USA as a team leader for the Pathways Women in Agriculture program. I'll begin with the key issues and trends and make two points around the fact that women use the rural poor for different needs, interests and constraints related to livestock and fish technology, development and delivery. And men and women are custodians of livestock and fish knowledge and skills that are important in strengthening technology development and adoption. However, we find that the small holder farmers that we work with face lots of disparities or inequities if you like in various ways. The first way is with regards to livestock and fish resource allocation because we find that the women and rural poor are often marginalized and have minimal control of access to factors of production such as land, ponds, inputs such as seed and fertilizer, credit and technology. Similarly, you may find that women may be involved in production but may or may not own the means of production such as livestock, land and water. Another issue is that decision making in livestock and fish production varies greatly. Research has shown that small farm households are not necessarily consensual or cohesive decision making units, but a complex interaction of needs, incentives and interests of both male and female household members. We find that in most systems women provide labour for the various tasks related to livestock but may or may not control the process of decision making especially over the disposal of animal and animal products. We also find that women and small holders have different access to technology development and extension. Women are repeatedly referenced for their work with small animals especially in backyard systems and in milk production. You find that in many countries women are denied ownership rights for large stock but allowed to keep a small stock. However, you find that scientists and development workers have tended to concentrate on male oriented activities such as beef production and large scale enter prices. The fourth point is that small scale farmers, many of whom are women lack incentives for their labour. For example, a woman who lives on a livestock enterprise may not be the same person who transports the milk to the market and gets paid. This can affect the success of livestock activities at household level which often depends on a woman's labour without considering how they are compensated for it within the household. There is better need to understand the varied relationships within farming households as well as the gender labour dynamics involved. One statistic that we may all be aware about is that women compose not only around 70% of the poor, they also make up the majority of poor livestock keepers. Hence, you find that this presentation is going to be based around gender as a social inequity more than any other aspect. To make a lasting impact in livestock and fish productivity, this year we must address the underlying social inequalities between men and women which are a product of a series of interrelated social, economic and cultural factors. And since it will be difficult in the time and space provided for me to give a full review on who is doing or proposing to do what, I would like to quickly share about CARES Women Empowerment Framework as an approach that challenges the existing underlying norms and institutions. So under this framework CARES defines women's empowerment as the sum total of changes needed for a woman to realise her full human rights. That is the interplay of changes in agency which constitute her own aspirations and capabilities around skills, confidence, decision making, confidence and knowledge of rights as well as the structures, those are the environment, the surrounds and conditions, the choices that she has to make. And this have to do with set customs, traditions and norms, laws, policies and institutions and rules for accessing services such as extension and natural resources. Lastly, it focuses on the relations that is the power structures through which Shigunaguchi shits hapaf and this begin right from the household, the spouses and the other men and boys in the household, the market actors who are mostly male, the community leaders who are mostly male as well under the gatekeepers or you could call the custodians of the societal norms and traditions. Then the relations also around collective action as you know most of the smallholder farmers are organised in different groups as well as agents of change that enable women empowerment. But most significantly this framework entails challenging norms as I said which are considered to be structures and not just building individual skills and capacity which is where most women in agriculture and many gender and development actually interventions and it recognises gender as a relational and recognises institutions as structures that are gendered. So in practical application of this model the pathways women in agriculture program has used this model to create a theory of change with five interrelated change levels focusing around capacities, access, productivity and profitability and ensuring that after you have these three you have household influence so that the women can get the benefits that are due to them and enabling environment that fosters women's empowerment that goes all the way from policies to customs and traditions. So of that background around which issues should life, livestock and fish best position itself. One I think is around the empowering interventions and focusing on actual impact on the ground around women's empowerment based on the structure that I just presented, engaging men and boys, I think you've had about the he for she movement by the UN that is based around the fact that you cannot talk about one half of the population of the women without engaging the other half and then the other one is around ensuring that collectives and groups are strengthened to ensure that there is social empowerment. And by this point somebody might be wondering how is that within the mandate of this CRP, I think it's important to engage the necessary partnerships to build the organizational systems and culture to engage relevant partners around gender and women's empowerment, community and social mobilization. Another area is to around measuring change to ensure that we have gender sensitive monitoring and evaluation indicators that show the differentiated outcomes and impacts around different segments of the population. Men, women, youth, you know the poor and the more well to do. We also need to recognize markets as gendered institutions and as determinants of technology adoption and an optic. And of course lastly to generate influence from research that influences policies in the sector to ensure that outcomes are gender equitable and propoa. Thank you for listening to this presentation and I welcome any comments that you might have. Thank you.