 Yesterday I asked for you to answer a questioner on the online questioner. There was some technical issue it seems, so it's not the exercise is not quite finished good, so we have to ask you to kindly redo the exercise so the questioner is online, please download it to your computer, answer the question on your computer and send it back. Do not write online because it causes problems, okay? Thank you very much. And if you could do that, provide that tonight or tomorrow in the day so we can make some kind of discussion on Friday, all right? Friday morning. Okay, so we are starting the afternoon session. So today we have, this afternoon we have two presenters, Fatima Benaissa and Olivier Chanel. Fatima is a specialist of biomonitoring. She's from University of Begiaia and cooperating much with Isabella and Inserm in Paris. So Fatima is going to talk about us, about plant biomonitoring of air pollution. Okay? Hello, I'm Fatima Benaissa from Algeria. Archimedes is a part of Charmex, which is a project that the main objective is expertise to patch further ahead the limits of what we know on the sanitary and economic impact of air quality and climate changes. In this context, that is review, presentation, dispute, the principle, mechanism, advantage and disadvantage of biomonitoring of air pollution. Air pollution has been recognized as the world's top problem in many strategic environmental policies. However, it's still inadequately collaborated by regulatory monitoring due to the balance between cost and practicable content. We come to study air pollution. It's an interdisciplinary theme. So many disciplinary come to study this topic. It's from the generation and control of air pollution at the source and the dispersion and the mobilization of air pollution. And another keep to work about assessment of air pollution in human health and vegetation and animals. Very tools are used to monitor air pollution. The classic tools are physical, chemical tools, then biomonitor tools. Actually the third tools are the telemonitoring, which is done with satellites. For this presentation, it consists of the biomonitoring methods used to monitor air pollution. I suggest that yesterday you saw with Constantinius the biological monitoring with human, so with biomarkers. And today we will see biomonitoring with plants. We detail the methods used for plants' biomonitoring as a passive active approach and different levels used to monitor air pollution. Biomonitoring is a method used by the organism or parts of the organism to determine the condition or changes in the environment. The organism used as biomonitor has to be firstly characterized by a settled living mode of the organism to be representative for a given ecosystem or region. Secondly, they should be characterized by the wide geographic occurrence. Third, the biomonitoring organism should be easy to identify even by a known expert and it should be easily collected. The objectives of biomonitoring is like physical-chemical methods. First is monitoring spatial and temporal distribution of the effects of pollutants. Second, the monitor point source is tracking participation in health risk assessment studies when we have results about biomonitoring with plants. We project the results for health risk assessment, public information and decision support in public policies. Before detailing in the biomonitoring with plants, we have to explain some concepts like passive and active approach. For passive approach, it's using organisms that are in the region, autochtones in the region. Active approach is the transplantation of plants to detect or to measure the pollution in the area desired. The choice between passive and active approach is delicate in some cases because the two approaches have advantage and disadvantage. The advantage of passive approach is that organism accumulation generally above detection for a longer exposure time. Low risk of vandalism, so when we have space like biomonitor, it exists in the area with big effectives, so it has less risk of vandalism, reduced cost of transplantation and analysis. Whereas active approach is preferred because the density of seeds, location and species are chosen as desired. Deposition rate calculated from the exposure time and used organism from in a contaminated environment. For lakes of the passive method, passive method has like disadvantage, it's possible like of symbols, whereas for active approach, possible risk of vandalism. So our pollution affects life in different levels from the molecular to community. When we see for the molecular level, the tip of interaction is chemical and biochemical processes. For the individual impact, it's direct physiological response and for the population and community, it's changes of structure and competitive patterns. When we have to choose a method for biomonitoring, we have to look firstly for the level of biological organization and for the legibility effects. If we are confronted to an individual level and invisible symptom, we have to choose biomarkers. And if we have individual and visible symptoms, we have to choose bio-indicator method, bio-indication method. And if we are confronted to or we are interested to study a community, super individual, and then we have to study visible symptoms, we have to choose bio-integration method. For the human biomonitoring, we have the human parts are used to monitor our pollution like biomarkers, so fluids like blood and tissues are used to monitor our pollution. Three concepts in biomonitoring used human are proposed. The first is the exposure, so the biomarker of exposure. It's one we have to detect measurement about external dose and internal dose. The second method is biomarkers, it consists of biomarkers of susceptibility when we have to know the sensitivity of individuals or early biological effects. And lastly biomarkers of effects, it consists of clinical diseases. Human biomonitoring have many, to know the effects of air pollution in the health, so a human biomonitoring present many benefits, advantages, like identify priority chemical and concentration, determine who has level associated with health effects, identify vulnerable groups, track trends in exposure to curiant and emerging chemical, assess effectiveness of public health efforts, and the seed priorities for research, policy action to reduce exposure. But human health has some lakes, like lake of toxicology and epidemiological information to interpret the result, lake of meaningful reference levels, exposure markers can be difficult to relate the possible health outcome, this is the big disadvantage of this method. Not only if we detect biomarkers of exposure that the individual will be affected by the air pollutant, no information about the source of or a story of exposure, we don't know if this is due to the long or short exposure, snapshot of substance present in the body at a single point in time, or accumulation of exposure from many sources and roots over a period of time. So plants biomonitoring is proposed, it's because it's simple, it's cheap, it's fast, and can supplement the classic physical chemical method. The mechanism of biomonitoring air pollution by plants is based by the symptoms, the symptoms in plants is related with firstly with the tip of pollutant, gases or particles, organic or non-organic pollutant, concentration of pollutant, and contacting time of pollutant if it's short or long time contacting. So here we see some damages mechanism due to pollutant firstly for duxildesuf, which affect the chlorophyll decomposition, use on which affect distract cell wall of palisade tissue and epidermal cells, and chlorine which destruct chlorophyll. So each pollution has its affect in plants. When we have to study, to conduct study about biomonitoring, we have to use three groups of plants, height plants, mousse, or lichens. Here we present the sensitivity of the height plants for some pollutants. The pollutants were classified in four groups. The first class is very toxic, phytotoxic gases like use on and duxildesuf. So two approaches were common and two species were used over the world. The first active approach which use tobacco to detect the effects of use on in plants. The second is the passive approach using penis helpensis. And bio accumulation method is proposed with rye grass. The second class is less phytotoxic, so nitrogen oxides. We have many studies that studied rye grass, the effects of these two pollutants in rye grass with passive or active approaches. And we have the fourth class which pollutants are less dangerous and less phytotoxic. So we use petunia hibrida like bio indicator of hydrocarbon aromatic polycyclic. The practical method used to biomonitor pollution with the height plants, so the pollutant affect height plants in stomachs or in cuticles in the surface. They enter in the plants from the voice and affect tissues, so the methods used to detect this effect are biomarkers, bio indicators and bio integrators. But if we are interested to sell the accumulation in the surface of plants, we have to use the bio accumulation study. These are used like biomonitors because their talus is permeable for pollutants. These bio monitors don't have any epidermis and those pollutants easily penetrate their tissue. Many studies are done to detect the effects of pollutant gaseous like eusone and Dixie de Souffre and organic pollutants in this category of plants. We choose them most to bio indicator pollutants because as they are ubiquitous they are present in any place, they for the majority exist in our cosmopolitan. But the procedure however have not been standardized yet. The third category of plants used to detect the impact of air pollution in plants are lichens. Lichens are wells established by the bio indicators of air pollution and the consequence effect on human health. Several major initiatives have been designed to make lichens as proxies of air pollution. They are used to monitor air pollution because firstly to determine the concentration of specific pollutant, some other studies use lichens to use the effects of pollution sources on the life, spain and presence or absence of life species to map out the distribution and effects of pollution in specific area. The other studies use lichens to take healthy lichens with little background pollutant accumulation and to transplant them into polluted area to measure accumulation of pollutant or the consequence degradation of thalus. There are many indexes used to take length between effects of air pollution in plants and the effects in health. Between these indexes there is the index folial. This index is used to index of atmospheric purity so with lichens we have to know about the quality of health that human inhale. The advantage of biomonitoring with plants is that it visualizes the presence and impact of pollutant, provides really understandable information in the level of air pollution, identifies the risks posed by air pollution and initiates broader educational action on air pollution. It's a rest that the biomonitoring has disadvantages so the main disadvantage of biomonitoring is the lack of similarity in the exposure of biomonitors and human to a given pollutant. Another problem is that in some cases knowledge of correlation between the concentration of pollutant in biomonitor symbols and the environmental concentration or this depositional flux are completed. Health in conclusion, so both physical chemical technique and biomonitoring are complementary because the first which is the physical chemical measure pollutant concentration where biomonitors reflect effects. For our health it's always good to know and find more about air pollution monitoring and so to take measures to prevent diseases but the most fundamental way for our health is that do everything to reduce emissions of pollutant only in this way environmental will become cleaner and our health will be better. So we have plenty of time for questions. Thank you Fatima, very useful. I would like to say also that there are some data that links plant my biomonitoring to for example what I know respiratory health, some data on ligand and cell lung cancer that are indirectly related because of what you say because they are an indicator of air pollution obviously so this is not for this kind of study we are doing now but can be a useful indicator of quality of air and etc. Thank you, I'm glad about Isabella's contribution that there could be some possible maybe indirectly though correlation between the health of the ligands, the plant monitor and human health because one of the points you made I think before the concluding slide was that there was no similarity there was a lack of similarity between the biomonitor and human health and that for me was very discouraging because I think there could be some correlation but my point is I mean there was a slide you showed on with a formula IAP is equal to the summation of some FI after this yes but what's FI index of atmospheric purity it's you see like some yes no I know what it is it's the reasons for the frequencies of the presence of species the frequency the presence that it's with ligands we we quantify number in each place we in each area we quantify the presence and the absence of some some species that are sensitive for ex pollutant and we sum the sum of the frequency the presence the ligand we quantify then we quantify the number of individual by surface so it's then for example we take tree tree these are pond are we take a surface about one meter from the soil and we take then 25 centimeter for each tree and we say we look the number of individual of specific species which are sensitive for tell pollutant so and then we calculate the index of atmospheric purity Maritzo you wanted to add something about it yes I think that in Europe you can download the European guidelines for lichens evaluation of air quality and you have explained everything because as Isabel Fatima as explained sorry you have to consider not only how many lichens you have but also the type of lichens because there are really sensitive lichens that disappear with low concentration of air pollution and lichens that are really much more resistant so you have still a good amount of lichens with high concentration of pollution so it's a composite well that's F is a composite factor that take into account the number and the species of lichens so it's and then you have to select as has been said a constant level from the ground so you don't have the influence from the ground and you have to consider a surface predetermined to count the species and the number so it's but I think that European legislation as a general procedure and you can you should be able to find it on the other side I'm not really sure how much you can infer from lichens and masses to human health I'm a little bit skeptical because as we have said also from toxicological point of view in vivo system rats are really different from humans and so when we extrapolate numbers from rats to humans there's a huge debate how much we can so the point is to have uncertainties you can use it but again the uncertainties will be really really high you can have an indication maybe but not maybe sure I mean it's what is called the ecological approach then that raise the hypothesis on which you work when you have this is the reason why they are using a leak and at the European level because it's an indicator of something so we know in epidemiology very often things have been observed at the ecological level population that had differently diseases because of different exposure and then from there to individual data individual studies etc obviously toxicological approach is really important and I think is one approach among the others I would like to complete because in the first day we had in the talk my talk and Olivier the word the biodiversity you don't find all the time because of a biodiversity actually leak and is a part of an ecosystem and what we know is that I briefly said the last day when there is a loss of biodiversity human health is a threatened in different ways I'm in the field of respiratory allergic diseases there are many data but now there are dead also for the skin so it's true you are skeptical because you are checking having a really toxicological approach and but I mean it's a part of a more complex system if I understand well you are you are looking for the biodiversity of lichen as an indicator of the presence of pollution and and with masses you are analyzing the quantity of pollutants within the mass to check whether they are exposed is that the case we look at the biodiversity of lichens it's the bio indication of the air pollution so presence or absence of species is an indication of presence of tail pollutant but we if we measure the the the quantity of pollutant by bio accumulation this is the bio accumulation when we use soxley for example to extract the hydrocarbon aromatic polycyclic from lichens this is bio accumulation when we quantify the the quantity of pollutant absorbed by the the lichen or by the plant I have a question myself so if we measure the the the air purity with the presence or absence of lichens do these lichens come and go I mean if they disappear because the air quality is bad and then the air quality gets better do they reappear of course they are uh the the the primitive primitive plants so it it's it's it's not a sympa exigent they demand just humidity and for lichens they are choosing one one character that we are used lichens for biomonitoring because they are free as a fricont cosmopolitan quanton filichontionage sympa impacti sur l'environment there is no impact for the environment when we collect these lichens because yes thank you for your presentation it's me my question is for moitering pollutants there are some reference methods especially the active um uh sampling measurement so um the question is maybe the the biomonitoring lichen for example are uh widely distributed in the areas but have you never uh compared between the active measurements and lichen and what was the what were the differences between the two methods active and passive in general they are complementary because active it's to take to take um symbols from uh area which is pure for example forest which we take symbols and then we plant them uh in areas which are uh considered like uh polluted area and then we do the extraction of the pollutant this is the new accumulation and then we quantify this is the active approach passive approach it's not for us to to give symbols plants are exist in the area where is the where is pollution so they are autotone they are original of the area we have just to take for example needle needles the the needles from trees to to do the extraction of pollutants so uh it's always complementary between the two approaches um another thing for example uh if we use the the aerosols we have the capacity to to analyze white spectrum of pollutants many uh 20 pollutants same time from one filter however for bumulatory maybe the proof that you can measure our uh how to have the concentration maybe is limited sorry is limit limited limited what it is limited there are there are differences for example if i use the active sampling yes for one filter i can use i can analyze maybe 20 pollutants have metals ions like how to characterize pollutants however for chromatography for example the the method of chromatography it's to detect the pollutant yes to characterize the pollutant in article yeah we can use for example lakin we can use one space of lakin for all the pollutants or ah specificity if there is specificity in the four particle uh the most of lakin's are used to to to to characterize the with no specificity it's there is no specificity in lakin's mainly in higher plants yes there is a sensitivity when i i see the sensitivity of of uh of pollutant for classes i didn't see uh for lakin's just for higher plants because for uh for lakin's they accumulate they have no cuticle in the so they absorb all pollutant uh thank you very much Fatima my question is uh i mean it's new for me lakin you know it's uh quite new for me uh if i want to use lakin for example in codivo where we have seasons yeah dry season and rainy season so what advice can you give me yes uh but uh remark for for uh uh for in developing countries it's the we have no choice to use the the biomonitoring because we have not the equipment to to to monitor the air pollution but the the season of sampling lakin's is in winter winter so in january if you have but each each each area have it's lakin's so i'm asking that question because we are going to start a project so maybe it will be interesting you know to try those lakin during that project it would be maybe useful yes and it would be maybe the first time for here in the northern part of codivo for example sure there are in codivo sure there are lakin's specific in the area uh i have question uh about the measurement of here i have question about the the pollutants so uh how do you evaluate your your measurements this is the first question and the second which pollutants are very dangerous i mean which which pollutants has a great impact than the others how he evaluates air pollution what how do you evaluate in fact the the measurement of pollution so the method that you use yes what confidence what confidence do you give to your method compared to the others this is the first question and the second which pollutants has a great impact than than the others for the first question when we we have no choice like i i tell for the miss you uh it we have no choice so it's the better for me for algeria biomonitor is the better method because we have no equipment so i have confidence 100 but but but it rest so rest this method is has legs i see the the disadvantage of this method we have always for europe for example they always try to uh do all things in the same time because in uh we have to use all methods to to have a good result but for the the inconvenient of biomonitoring is that we we can't project results found about plants for human health plant and the human are not the same we are only the people not but we have not so this is the the great disadvantage of this method uh you tell uh the the second question please we can't we can't judge very dangerous i see the four classes the very dangerous i that you see the su for example but for for for some plants it's you see the su for me for others it's uh usan uh so uh yes they are all the fast for plants more suggestion here we are running out of time so maybe one last question after that uh for i a p index of atmospheric purity i think we can calculate it right yes i suggest if you put the equation of the formula to can understand how we can calculate this index uh yes we take in the same time the the the the quality of uh the the the list this is best for some say uh the list of species found in the area and then the the number of individuals the density the density uh the the the density of uh of the this space it's from this that we calculate the and this of purity it's in in the same time the the number of species and the number of individual of each space space that's maybe a suggestion so that you can be more explicit in your slide that we will be put on the web just sorry last question from samane who's uh following us on the internet she asking you she's got two questions she says um in passive methods uh we use plan that i exist at the location and how can we find out how long is the exposure passive for passive yes and the second question would be when there are different pollutants present at the same place do they interfere in the amount of absorption of each pollutants sorry i've got the question in english so i can't tell you more tell me to repeat it yes when there are different pollutants do they interfere uh interfere in the amount of absorption the quantity of absorption of each pollutants for the first question uh concern in the passive approach uh we we have this is the inconvenient of this approach we have no it's not for us to choose the the period of exposure the species or other condition the species is here but in general how to to take uh how to choose his bio indicator in area is the the space which is the most frequent in the place for example we've done in bj we've done a study about uh bio indication of uh of hydrocarbon uh with leakens we use uh l'olivier l'olivier to to to do um symbols because it's the species the most frequent in the region so uh the the period of exposure is not precise so uh but uh the the sampling for example if you mean the when we take sampling it it has it's uh to have uh 20 20 days uh minimum uh without rain to take to take symbols from from uh for example for the highter plants we have to to to take our symbols uh in the period we in the dry period without rain i would for the the second you ask if there is uh a mixture of pollutant if is there a preference uh in absorption uh in the lichen uh for this question i i i don't know really but in general when we do the extraction of pollutant we don't take uh this condition in considerations so there is no preference for me there is no preference yeah thanks for the effort so without transition we are passing from the plants and biodiversity to economics