 Tako, smo nekaj prezentaciju na videljih dobro. Zato se zelo, da je to o zelo, o zelo, o zelo, o zelo, o zelo, o zelo. Zelo, da bi sem otvaril do nekaj vršenih, ki imeli zelo. Z일ne, imam doblivovina, izvrčen je, prijezaj na vseh, na počet nekaj, ko je zelo, načinjega vsoba, načinjega, različnega vseh, različnega vseh. zelo o začenju medroadno. Zelo se o začenju, če tudi začenje, če je to začenje. V nekaj dovolj predstavnji vse če je pošteli materijal, s vsega vsega pravava ne bomo posložili, nekaj dovolj, nekaj da se začelimo tudi začenje. osnov gradually focus on those I will give to you. Then the urgent evaluation tasks age management and management of obsolescence. These are those topics that we are going to talk about. The introduction. Well, this was couple of years ago distribučenja nukleopaupljentih, nr. nukleopaupljentih, z našem nukleopaupljentih. Tako, tukaj sem videl, 80-1% operacijne reakcije imajo nekaj 20 rov operacije. Asim, je to, površenje ljudi ljudi ljudi ljudi ljudi ljudi ljudi ljudi ljudi ljudi ljudi ljudi ljudi ljudi ljudi ljudi ljudi ljudi ljudi ljudi. Vse ljudi ljudi ljudi ljudi ljudi ljudi ljudi ljudi ljudi ljudi ljudi ljudi ljudi ljudi ljudi ljudi ljudi ljudi ljudi ljudi ljudi ljudi ljudi ljudi ljudi ljudi ljudi ljudi ljudi ljudi ljudi ljudi ljudi ljudi ljudi ljudi ljudi ljudi ljudi ljudi ljudi ljudi ljudi ljudi ljudi ljudi ljudi ljudi ljudi ljudi ljudi ljudi ljudi ljudi ljudi ljudi ljudi ljudi ljudi ljudi ljudi ljudi ljudi ljudi ljudi ljudi ljudi ljudi ljudi ljudi ljudi ljudi ljudi ljud are still operating for additional 10, 20 years. I don't know depending on the conditions in the different countries, but in most of the cases, the lifetime extension is licensed, so it is licensable, which means in most of the nuclear power plant designs, zelo, da imamo tako zvedanje, kaj bi je zelo izgleda na zemljem. A zelo, že zemlj je izgleda in nekaj nekaj je zelo izgleda. Tako zelo izgleda, je to priplazanje z všem izgleda. tako bo vedno dlgento rodz safely in bolj, z observ Od bluetooth in Liničin bo tečeno je envy nekaj in tečno čak ot حl για migrovati kratjerni kratjerni. Vež Stejnze boznene o vzelevánama noželettes, pakerni ukurd ya in uklipsenj iz tATj safetyu So dar nekaj poškovati in izgovoriti. Ano, nekaj nekaj poškovati, poškovati, da bi se tako na vseštivljenih. Čač, da bi se vseštivljeni na vseštivljenih. To je nekaj vseštiv. In kakšno, da nekaj nekaj, ki se vse zdenim zelo, kako če je, kako doželjimo. Zelo, da se moguš tukaj doželje, kako odmah ima naša vsec, zelo, kako podeljimo vsec, kaj je vsec, kaj je to še zelo? Kaj je to? Kaj je vsec, kaj je to vsec? Kaj je je? Kaj je to? Kaj je to? Kaj je to? tk. na različenju pampu. Pampu testa izgleda me, da je vzgleda na različenju, da pamp je efektiv. Vzgleda mi? To je bilo vse. Zelo, da smo prišličili pump. Zelo, da smo prišličili pump, s nekaj nekaj. To je nekaj nekaj nekaj. Zelo, da sem nekaj nekaj nekaj nekaj, ker je do vsej internali problemov, da sem prišličil pump, kaj je vsej nekaj nekaj nekaj. The same type, if it exists. I may have it in the stock, so I take it from there and replace it, but there are such aging mechanisms, which will affect the safety of a different way, so we cannot replace the equipment, we may stop the process. očetku mehanizmu, ki je zelo vsega, vsega in vsega. Kaj je to zelo, če način, če je, če je, če je, če je, če je, če je. SSEs, sse srečne, srečne, kaj je, če je, če je, če je vsega. Fiziklje, če in kaj je, če je, če je. Tako to je zelo. Zato bomo počkali problemi, kaj je zelo zelo zelo zelo zelo. spročati bilo ili vših problemov? Mi nožnosti iz voni barj eklipnev私rednje zakon There is another so-called aging, which is the obsolescence izgleda v komparizaciju na korentno noviče, technologije, standarci, regulacije. Tako, obsolesenja izgleda izgleda izgleda izgleda izgleda izgleda izgleda izgleda izgleda izgleda izgleda izgleda izgleda izgleda izgleda izgleda izgleda izgleda izgleda izgleda izgleda izgleda izgleda. Sprešna zuhodega izgleda smorega. Tristna Town Full ceremony needlevaraj claim, k cual se izgledo quitoske izgleda izgleda izgleda izgleda izgleda in in in zvukovati, of the old fashioned in Se systems zelo in the new area Evv body is going on, on on software based so what can we do? today it is this is the trend this is what we have to follow this is what we have to follow on the other hand definitely there are vendJačne temične, nekaj nekaj nekaj zjavljeni komponenci, ko može preddeli in da prišli odvemovali vzinošenje. Kaj je, ki je občutno otačno. Isponjena, tako, isponjena, da je isponjena? Isponjena, operacijno, inspečno in izmenjena rečenja, ta izponjena v zelo, in je zelo skupnila, da je vsej občutno in vsečaj in vsečaj svojo stari, da je odnal, paččen, nekaj urobiti. Tama lahko pravamo? Jukaj je tako nekakaj? Tama lahko pravamo? Tama lahko pravamo, je vse neko se izgleda. Se za kako se ta dobružila, da je po dušettenje, dopadamo všeč 로fšo, in to je nekaj, kaj potrebe vstavljenje delovih generatorstv. Zelo smo zelo zelo. Zelo smo zelo zelo zelo zelo zelo zelo zelo zelo zelo zelo. Vseje, skupovati kaj je, da je vzlusnje zboljevo, pa se vseh je odslučilo, ki se počkala. To je zelo vseh, zelo vzlučila. Vseh je zelo vzuljila, in je srečo, ki se počkala. Tukaj, da je zelo vzuljila, da je zelo vzuljila, kaj je zelo vzuljila. zelo bi se vzelo. Nel je začala 500 startups, to je zelo vzelo, ker even tudi generatori in tudi angarii generatori vzelo, da je vzelo, da je vzelo. Zelo, da je vzelo, da je vzelo, da je vzelo, da je vzelo, da je vzelo. počkaj 500 start-ups, to je tudi nekaj problem. Na jedno je zelo vrčačila. Na drugim vsečenja materijala je zelo vsečenja vsečenja vsečenja. Na drugim vsečenje je zelo vsečenja. in so on, and so on, and then we prognosed the same effects for the other three generators on the site, and it appeared that the prognosed was right, so they were out due to for start-up, of the forced wind means very fast run-up and run-up to 100% power, caused early aging of the diesel generators. This is by the usage, so, sorry, by with use. So we are using it, therefore it is aging. 500 start-up was not actually within the design number of start-ups, because the 500 was more than what was expected for the whole lifetime of the plant. But they did lots of start-ups, and every start-up was documented. So, again, the design, lifetime is defined by the number of load cycles, and this is where I'm coming now, the load cycles of anything, the load cycles of the primary circuit, the load cycles of the reactor, the load cycles of the reactor system, or the turbine, or the feed-water pumps, and so on, and so on, these are all limited by some number of loads. Therefore, this is predefined by the design. An aging management program, AMP, this is the aging management program. We have aging management, we have the aging management program, is a set of policies, processes, procedures, arrangements and activities for managing the aging of the SSCs for an NPP. Now, I'm coming back to the lifetime considerations, and here maybe, no, I didn't put in those very good. So, the design lifetime of the plant is dependent on the non-replaceable plant component with the shortest design lifetime. We talked about it earlier in the last presentation. Now, here it comes even more important from the point of view of the aging. We have to follow the aging processes, and we have to understand the residual lifetime of the equipment with the shortest design lifetime. The design progress of the aging effect of the non-replaceable components predetermine the lifetime of the plant. Also, they are followed by the design maximum number of the cycle of specific events, maybe a lifetime limiting factor. It is necessary to observe and follow the development of limiting factors and demonstrate the safety during the residual lifetime. We talked about it, it is applicable to this topic as well. Therefore, I had to repeat it. Now, the design should specify the number of load cycles of different types, number of specific operational events, like power changes in different ranges, or number of reactor scrams. Of course, I cannot have an infinite number of reactor scrams. It is limited. Of course, the design is such, which withstands the reactor scrams. But how many times? Not every day, definitely not every day. So, we will have interesting numbers in the design documentation in terms of maximum load cycles of reactor scrams. There is something else, number of other initiating events with equipment damages. How many times can be a seizure of the main circulating pump? Just you can guess. How many times it is allowed? One. It is equal to one. So, now, which means, once it happened, another is not allowed. So, the question is, are you allowed to continue the operation after this happened, or you have to shut down the plant? What do you think? And this is a good question to discuss, because this will already show how we understand what is the maximum load cycles. In a four-loop plant, the design documentation says the number of... the allowed number of the main circulating pump, size is four, which is one per loop. So, on the same loop, another cannot happen, because if it happens, then it means the lifetime, the end of the lifetime of the plant. Usually, it is formulated on a way which helps to understand what does it mean, one per loop. It doesn't mean that you have to cut the loop off and throw away, because it expired. No, it means that another seizure will mean the end of the lifetime of the plant. No one is allowed. So, I consumed all what I had. The next will stop the plant down. So, the control of the cycles, the occurring operational events and incidents should be analyzed in order to determine if they consume from one or more allowed cycles. This is always a question of nasty discussions at the plant. One understands that this was not that event which is controlled. The other says, yes, it was. And on the top of it, it was also that event which also consumes one of the allowed numbers. So, it should be analyzed in order to determine if they consume from one or more allowed cycles. And also the regulator will pay a lot of attention on how do I consume the allowed cycles. Therefore, it is an important issue. And this belongs to the aging management or aging assessment of aging. Because if I'm consuming faster than it was planned or it was designed, then the aging of that object is faster than it was designed. So, if the number of events of a kind reaches the maximum allowed cycles, the plant operator should implement special technical measures to allow continued operation, otherwise it would mean the end of the lifetime of the plant. Well, there is some kind of relaxation in the requirement, which means you may under the conditions that you are investigating carefully the conditions and you do something which is replacing or which is renewing the system or plant or equipment which is consuming the allowed cycles. So, cycle management. Please pay attention to cycle management. That's something which is very important. And sometimes we don't even realize how fast we are consuming the cycles. Changes in the reactor level react to power level. 1% or 2%, I don't know, in a small range. It can be, I don't know, 10,000 during the operational lifetime of the plant. But 10,000 is very easily can be consumed very quickly. So, there can be days when you are consuming 10 or 15 out of this. So, you are registering. You are following and documenting all those changes which has allowed designed cycles. Yes. Like replacing the component. That's relatively easy. If the startup of a pump is allowed, I don't know how many times, you can sum those numbers. You may say that, OK, I can replace the pump. If it is not related to something more broad problem. Because sometimes these limits are due to mechanical effects of the startup or of the seizure or something. So, for instance, the seizure of the main circulating pump. Especially with the big inertia of the main circulating pump. It immediately stops. It will have such a mechanical effect on the primary circuit pipelines. Which you may do some special technical measures to investigate the changes in the material structure of the pipelines. Which is usually you do during the in-service inspection activities but you are not waiting for the next required in-service inspection which is once in an eight-year or once in a four-year period. I don't know. It depends on what kind of code you are using. If you are using GASMA code then it may be ten years or eight years period. You are using an extraordinary investigation. Extraordinary inspection. These are the things which will justify you the continued operation. Or it will tell you that no, there are such changes which already are not allowed. So these are the things. There are not too many possibilities actually. There are not too many possibilities. Dan. And as I said, the difficulty is the interpretation of the maximum number if it is one. So large loka is allowed once. Full stop. It happened. You are in a safe situation after conducting the plant into safe conditions and you have to remain there. You cannot restart the plant anymore. That's it. Large loka will cause the end of the lifetime of the production, of the productive lifetime, I would say so. OK? You didn't do any so-called code damage or something. No safety problems, but it will mean the end of the plant life. OK? This is the cycle management. And usually very few words are about the cycle management. When you are doing the load following, actually this is not really a load following. It is maneuvering to follow the load. That's different. Load following would mean that automatically following what is taken from the plant. No, we cannot do that in the nuclear power plant because in most of the cases the number of larger power changes are limited. I don't know, 200 times in the lifetime is a load for the power change from 100% down to 50% or something like that. And you will have it in the design documentation. And you have to follow it. Yeah? OK. Aging effects. Here is one safety guide, NSG 2.12. Aging management for nuclear power plants. The aging effects is defined. They are net changes in the characteristics of an SSC that occur with time or use and which are due to aging mechanism. And then comes what is the aging mechanism. So aging effects may be positive or negative. How funny, we have positive aging effects. Yes, we have. Example of positive effects are the increase in concrete strength from cooling and reduced vibration from varying of rotating machinery. It is getting better by the time. Of course, after a longer time it is in the opposite. It will have the negative effects. It is the reduction in the diameter, for instance, the reduction in the diameter from where of the rotating shaft, cracking thinning or loss in material strength from fatigue or thermal aging and loss of direct extent or cracking of a table insulation. We at home can experience aging of the cable insulation. Why would not it occur in the nuclear power plant? Especially in an environment which is totally different from what we have. So it should have a special design insulation to survive the whole lifetime. In some plants there is an early replacement of cables just because of this effect. And if cracking of cable insulation occurs, definitely it is already generating some safety effects because short circuit to the ground and so on and so on, which will cause loss of power or unintended operation or actuation of some systems, there can be lots of consequences from this kind of aging. For the new plants we will not be a problem maybe for 30, 40 years we will not see such problems, but who knows what after 40 years because we don't have experience with the new material they are using. We cannot predict with 100% confidence that they will survive the 60 years or even more 80 years lifetime. Now aging mechanism. An aging mechanism represents an increased likelihood of failure. The gradation of the SSC. The following elements should be evaluated to identify and characterize an aging mechanism. So aging means increased likelihood of failure. We will experience more failures. We have an old car and we are going to service more often than at the beginning. We went only to replace the lubrication oil. After 10 years we start bringing the car more often to repair. So that's natural. And this is the same with the nuclear power plant equipment. Though we are designing it to survive. The useful lifetime of the component will be somewhere comparable to the time required for its operation. But with the use, with the time, this aging is natural. It is due to physical processes. What can we do? We cannot avoid it. So we have to identify and characterize the aging mechanism with the type of aging mechanism and its impact on the reliability parameters in time. So we have to understand what it will cause. So if I can live with often performed maintenance, I have money to do the maintenance, a lot of maintenance, then no problem. If I don't have money then I have to reconsider hey, this equipment is eating my money. Let's replace it to a new one, if it is replaceable. So stressors and environment. Well, stressor is always a start-up for a pump is a stressor. An operation of a valve is a stressor. The environment even worse. In many cases we are not bringing with a pump pure water or condensate. It will be something water with chemical content or even with acid content and so on. Therefore for those equipment which are in contact with such fluid, the environment is important. Now comes the other question. Electrical components or INC components in a humid environment. So after a time they will start failing because of the effect of the humid environment. The maintenance program is also an important issue. If you do lots of preventive maintenance then you can keep the failure rate on a relatively low level with lots of preventive maintenance. However, with lots of preventive maintenance the unavailability of the equipment will increase because you are taking it out for maintenance. So this component for the preventive maintenance, the time of the preventive maintenance is not available to fulfill its function. Therefore, again, we have to understand the effect of the maintenance programs. The inspection programs, also something which is important. So detection of the degradation. I'm doing the in-service inspection and I'm detecting some degradation. It may happen that the degradation is on a place where I can simply replace that part of the pipe with a new one and with welding in a special way. Or it will simply define, my inspection will define what is the residual life of that system. Replaceable components, for the replaceable components usually the situation is rather easy. If we have a spare equipment or if we have access to the spare equipment because the problem comes when the manufacturer of the replaceable component has disappeared. Because, well, today I'm buying the nuclear power plant. It is with all new equipment and some of the equipment was coming from this factory, the other from that factory and in 20 years from now this factory disappears because it is closed down. Somebody bought it and decided to close the production. It was not beneficial for him from the financial point of view, therefore he stopped the production. Now then the question is what to replace my component with? How do I find something having the same qualification, the same design specification? Or I have to do, I have to order it somewhere to make it a single piece for me. That will be extremely expensive. Yes. Well, that's correct. So this is one of the solutions. However, the nuclear power plant vendor may not use this opportunity. So they are also playing with their money and their financial interest. And it may create such problems that they deliver something which here it is, it works. It is okay. Though it doesn't satisfy the international standards for the same type of components, but this was the original design. We are using that. And then due to aging I have to replace it. Then I have to find replacement equipment for that. So that's why I'm saying this is something which already at the beginning has to be taken into consideration. And when the scope of supply for a new nuclear power plant is developed, there may be some topic or some item which says replacement equipment that many. And I will keep it on the stock at the site. If the given equipment doesn't comply with the international standard. So that's a difficult issue. So we have to take care about. An aging mechanism can also map into one of the three categories which causes an initiator. Typically, fails or degrades an operating system by its boundary. Piprupture or pump stops running. It will create an initiating event because it will create a disturbance in the plant operation and disturbance leads to react protection. So it will create an initiating event. Second, it fails or degrades the mitigation system but doesn't induce an initiator. Example fails or degrades a standby safety system. High pressure injection pump. I started it, I don't know how many times from the beginning now it starts vibrating at a given speed. I have to run up to get rid of this vibration in order to save it. But it may happen that when it is needed, it will not run up. It will simply stay there and the resonance will increase and then stop the pump. So this is due to the aging. So if I can identify this kind of aging, I can do something against. I can put some equalizer disc or something, just something. I don't know. There are ways of getting rid of such problems. But it is already some kind of, how to say, extra measure which I have to do in order to compensate aging. And at the same time induces an initiator and fails and degrades mitigation system. Well, it may happen that due to cable aging it will make a short circuit which creates a loss of power and on the other hand it will disable mitigating system. It may happen, yes. So again we are trying to understand what are the effects of the aging mechanism and we have to analyze the aging mechanism and the aging issues to find out what are those which I have to concentrate on. So this means I have to screen the SSTs and related aging mechanism for incorporation into an aging management program. I cannot handle everything with the aging management. It would be too much. Some of the equipment will be left to run to failure and then I will replace and that's all, this is the aging management. But many of them which are important for safety I have to pay special attention to. So divide the SSTs for each generic type. For instance motor driven pumps motor operated valves piping and so into subgroups by considering selected attributes like system function safety class location and environment operating stressors the aging mechanism and these kind of things. And then I will have you could see this but it is a very simplified so called risk assessment for each equipment you will somehow qualify the equipment to one of these four rectangles the increase likelihood failure is low and the consequences is low then it will fall into low risk category. If the increase likelihood of failure is low but the consequences of the failure are high then this category will be let's say medium and if in the opposite if the increase likelihood of failure is high and the consequences of failure are low then the risk category is medium and if both the increased likelihood of failure is high and the consequences of failure is high then the risk category will be high so I am categorizing I am putting to three categories equipment in in terms of the risk of the failure of the increased failure likelihood for those equipment that would help me to understand the low risk category I would say no I don't really care it will happen then I will do something but it will be rather infrequently and also it will not cause any problems so I can handle the situation without special measures and so on so I will mostly concentrate on the high risk category and the medium risk category and then evaluate each subgroup from the perspective of the increased failure likelihood due to aging by considering the attributes like the type of applicable aging mechanism and associated time dependent reliability model testing and maintenance programs replacing renewing in service inspection programs and aging management strategies so type of applicable aging mechanism and associated time dependent reliability model I want to know the progression of the failure rate of the component and I want to know when to interfere when to interact with this process in order to stop or avoid problems so the aging management itself continues management loop where it comes from this special safety guide I showed you you have to plan do, check and act these are the four basic actions and if we go to first we will look at what is the understanding of the aging of a structure and components here it is so it is a key to effective aging management based on the following information I have to follow or continue the discussion continue the the collection of all of this information like materials and material properties fabrication methods stressors and operating conditions aging mechanism sites of degradation consequences of aging degradation and failures research and development results in relation with the aging and with the component operating experience maintenance and history mitigation methods and current status condition indicators current status condition indicators we can see very good examples for that where the condition monitoring of different equipment is kept in a database and you can check the current status of the different equipment based on the maintenance records based on some pictures made during the maintenance and so on and so on so you may estimate almost online almost online what is the current status of the equipment which we are talking about in spain there are nice practices which can be followed however it is an expensive activity let's say so because it may increase the load for the maintenance people just to document what they have done and what is the present status of the equipment anyhow this is what will be the result of my aging management the current status will be the result of my aging management if I am not doing anything then it may happen that the aging will occur earlier and will lead to a dangerous situation if I am doing something then the current status may be kept in an acceptable level so the plan activity means coordinating, integrating and modifying existing programs and activities that relate to managing the aging of the structure or component and developing new programs if necessary so we are planning we are managing the plans we are following what is the result and if something is needed then we will interact and create some new programs ok so the do activity means minimizing the expected degradation of a structure or component through it's careful operation procedures and technical specifications that's a good question how to do that careful usage careful operation these are generators what I told you that we indicated some faster aging to avoid again the fast aging the management decided to do so called soft tests which is a slow run up test of course after the slow run up the slow running up the sequential loading program would start but the first start up was done only couple of times in a year it was explained by the fact that it is the first start up is needed only in the case of loss of upside power and the number of loss of upside powers has decreased so we didn't have in the last 20 years or so loss of upside power therefore we can relax with this method the test of the first start up and with this we can save this generator from the fast aging which is from one hand it is right from the other hand with less number of tests some risk has increased due to larger test period for some of the effects but it did not have too much risk increase therefore it was accepted by the regulator and I believe that it is the practice of the plant so they decided to include or to introduce this so called careful operation which is saving the equipment condition so what we are doing is we are trying to stop the degradation and or trying to slow down it therefore our status what we talked about here will be less and less dangerous now the check activity the check activity means the timely detection and characterization of significant degradation and inspection and monitoring of structure or component and the assessment of observed degradation to determine the type and timing of any corrective actions required the checking will be some kind of information feedback well I'm checking how successful I was doing the activity and if something is still needed I will go back to plan ok because I will go back to yes ok I will act this is what I have to determine the type and timing of any corrective actions and I have to do the corrective actions yes so the act activity means the timely mitigation and correction of component implementation through appropriate maintenance and design modifications including component repair and replacement of the structural component so and this is also in a closed loop as you remember the closed loop indicates the continuous improvement of aging management program for a particular structural component on the basis of the feedback operating experience and results from research and development and results of surf assessment and peer reviews of the program and to help and ensure that emerging aging issues will be addressed so with this I am doing continuous aging management which is especially important during the lifetime extension period and I believe that with such aging management the regulatory body would also be happy though it is not easy to perform this closed loop is this loop what I showed here it is and from the plan and from the checking and from the activity and from all sites the status of that component is kept on an acceptable level ok so here we are the aging management is and we have to systematic approach to managing the aging in the operation of nuclear power plants with organizational arrangements data collection and record keeping screening of equipment for the purposes of aging management review of the management of aging conditional assessment development of aging management programs implementation of aging management programs and improvement of aging management programs so this will create a systematic approach and this has to be followed if there is something aging issues at the plant now comes an interesting topic which is the proactive strategy for aging management I have to be faster than the aging so I want to understand what can come from the aging, not to experience what was coming from the aging so this is the essence of the proactive aging management to be faster than the aging process because if I can preview I can already I can act I can plan, I can act I can check and I can start the aging management in order not to have any aging problems so aging management of SS is important to safety should be implemented proactively with foresight and anticipation through the life the plant's life type which means in design, fabrication and construction, commissioning operation including long-term operation and extended shutdown and the commissioning and of course there must be regulatory requirements for aging management and updated and guidance should be developed to ensure that the operating organization of a nuclear power plant implements an effective aging management program so the regulatory body should first of all require to run such aging management on the other hand they should issue some guidance on the aging management programs which they expect from the license which we would be acceptable for the regulator and the operating organization will be responsible for demonstrating that the relevant issues of aging that are specific to the plant are clearly identified and documented in the safety analysis report through the plant lifetime so I'm following the aging of my equipment I'm following the potential effects of the aging of the equipment and I have to analyze it I have to include it in the safety analysis report in the update Issues of aging arising from other plants should also be considered by the operating organization in evaluating the aging management measures proposed by the suppliers so if the operating experience shows early aging in other nuclear power plants then I should take it into account in my aging management program which means it is not just a recommendation it is almost an obligation so as soon as some aging problem appears in a different nuclear power plant I have to check whether the same aging problem can occur in my plant or not and the aging management activities of the suppliers and the operating organization should be overseen by the regulatory body through the plant lifetime the regulator has a significant an important role in conducting the aging management so what is coming out of it is that the operating organization follows and conducts the aging management program the external operating experience is also used and the regulator together with the operating organization follows what the suitable the usefulness of the activity license and then management of obsolence this is just a few more slide or it is just few more slides the nuclear power plant safety can be impaired if obsolence of SSC is not identified in advance and corrective actions are not taken before associated declines occur in the reliability or availability of the SSCs outdating of an SSC does not necessarily mean that it is just old old fashion and I have to replace it may also be due to the nature of outdating so it is the design lifetime has expired of equipment I have to replace it so you remember probably the bus stop curve which is the relationship between the time and failure rate of the component this is something like this this is the failure rate let's say lambda and this is the time so there are three regions which we have to take into account at the very beginning of the lifetime there is but it is something like this so what we consider this period is the initial period of the operation where we are how to say burn in the equipment so we run in to the useful lifetime where I'm eliminating all kinds of such initial problems which creates this high failure rates so usually this time period is before or at the time of the commissioning sometimes we can also observe and then you can also support me with your experience that at the very beginning of the lifetime of the plant we face lots of problems so we have lots of reactor scrams lots of transients and then it is getting less and less and there will be a stable period there will be almost constant failure rate period when which we call the useful lifetime of the equipment and probably it is somewhere here when it starts increasing so this is the useful lifetime of the equipment and after that this is the this is something which is already out of the useful lifetime which means the component is outdated this is a natural behavior of any component so this increasing starts to accelerate and after the time we cannot manage the increased what is it the increased failure rate there are some techniques to deal with it sorry where it is there are some techniques to deal with it if there is a renewal at a time then it starts again so we will have to do some periodic renewals ok so it may be very expensive that period of time so I may decide at this point or after the first renewal that no I am not performing it anymore I am replacing the component ok so this is what it wants wants to say and if I don't realize it in time that my equipment is increasing it's failure rate then I will face the problems when it will be really needed ok then what types of obsolence obsolence we have the manifestation which is the knowledge of the current standards regulations and technology relevant to SSA is not updated this is due to knowledge obsolence of knowledge so this is what we observe what are the consequences it is that the opportunities to enhance plant safety is missed I am simply missing the opportunity so reused capability for long term operation because I don't know what is going on in the world so I will not have the knowledge how to use the word changes for long term operation and how do I manage this with the continuous updating of knowledge and improvement of its application so I have to look around I have to follow what are the current standards elsewhere I go to the IAE website regularly to see whether there are new standards and so on and so on I am taking it from there and I am reading it and I try to learn what the others are doing this is the standards and regulations type of obsolence again deviations from current regulations and standards both hardware and software design weaknesses for instance in equipment qualification or separation, diversity or reverse or severe accident management capabilities the consequences will be the plant level below current standards and regulations example weaknesses in defense in depth or higher core damage frequency the old plants have higher core damage frequency but the core damage frequency with safety upgrading can be lowered so the safety upgrading, missing the safety upgrading will keep the high core damage frequencies and also the deficiencies in the defense in depth can be observed in the very old VVRs compared to the newer ones so as a result many of them has already been shut down just because they don't comply with new standards and management systematic reassessment of plant against current standards for instance periodic safety review and appropriate upgrading, backfitting or modernization if possible if not you will have to shut down now technology lack of spare parts and or technical support lack of suppliers and or industrial capabilities with the consequences declining plant performance and safety owing to increasing failure rates and decreasing reliability this is what we are talking about so reduced capability for long term operation this is a consequence the management of it is systematic identification of useful service life and anticipated obsolence of the SSCs provision of spare parts for plant service life and timely replacement of parts so this is what we are talking about if if I don't like it I will replace the component itself and that's it long term arrangements with suppliers that's an important issue but this is what we discussed that the supplier can change his production line and do some different production I mean product because it is more beneficial for him so if we have long term agreement then they will have an obligation to supply me development of equivalent structures of components if it doesn't work then I have to develop some equivalent if I have the design specification then I'm lucky because I don't have to develop I simply can give it to another manufacturer and based on the design specification the new supplier can produce me what is needed for me okay basically these are the questions which we are doing during the aging management and the management of obsoles so that was the end of my presentation and if you have any questions to this topics or to any topics of the day I'm trying to discuss it with you you remember we had the human reliability analysis and the human factors just if you didn't already forget them because we had lots of different topics and that's why I'm repeating it so human reliability analysis then human factors which are influencing the human reliability then came the safety assessment during the lifetime with periodic safety reviews and finally we had this aging and lifetime limiting factors both the cycle management and the aging management aging management also included the management of obsoles so these are what we were talking about now it is your turn to how to say to go on with questions if you have any aging management at the new plant we are starting at the aging management at the very beginning so we don't wait we are starting the aging management according to the design because the designer or the supplier will give me the strategy for the aging management to be able to run the equipment or plant for the whole lifetime and I have to start the aging management if the aging management at the beginning couple of years will say that I don't do anything just run the components then I'm running the components but I have to follow the aging management program from the very beginning of the lifetime of the plant aging management program will have an initial aging management program from the designer and then it will be modified by our organization because we will have lots of experience during the maintenance during the operation and it will change but I always have to follow the actual aging management program was it tiring it was tiring for me sorry but sometimes to listen it is more difficult understand so what do you think the human reliability assessment in relation with the human reliability analysis how far should we go if we want to use the human reliability assessment to determine what is needed for the engineering do we need the human error probabilities or it is not needed no it is not yes that's nice because it involves the top management it involves also the top management yes because we invest in the safety culture let me tell a couple of words about safety culture and safety culture issues so the IAA has issued a couple of documents in relation with the assessment of safety culture at the plant usually the safety culture is the assessment of safety culture is done using some surf assessment but there are also some services at the agency which I don't recall which exactly the abbreviation of that service is where expert team goes to the plant and will perform some kind of safety culture review ok so usually the safety culture issues are rising after something happens at the plant because you have to understand what are the root causes and in many many cases it comes to safety culture issues so the safety culture assessment of the safety culture is a new topic now so it is somewhat related to the commitment of people to safety at the plant how they are committed to the safety so in the new times unfortunately the newcomers are not so they are employed not so long time which would create a natural safety culture behavior because especially the young generation goes there to have something to be written in the CV which is they can jump further and continue their career in other places but in the older time we had almost a lifetime career at the plant those people have a very positive attitude towards the plant and a very strong commitment to the safety questions so in those plants is foreseen or the management tries to implement such a management method which keeps the workers at the plant for longer time it is easier to develop commitment towards the safety safety first how to say lozum which everybody has to accept therefore the commitment to safety will develop all over the organization and it will also be there on a so called cultural level at any level of the organization this is a good practice in the modern days it is more difficult to establish such a system because people are not they don't like to be at one working place for more than 3-4-5 years they want to go further and do something else or do something on a different level therefore to avoid this how to say difficulties the agency developed some guidelines also on safety culture and safety culture assessment which can help but I'm not a specialist in safety culture and let me tell you fortunately because I'm a very technical person so for me 1 plus 1 is 2 and this is what drives me though with the kind of commitment to nuclear safety but that's a different story so I'm not a psychologist therefore I don't really fully understand all the safety culture approaches it is something I feel very important and the safety culture the level of safety culture influences very much the safety because the neglecting attitude can cause lots of problems so everybody should be committed to to the safety and this is in my view the safety culture issue so coming back to my question regarding the human error probabilities yes sometimes we have to go to the determination of the human error probabilities in order to be able to rank the human reliability issues to be concentrate on so that unfortunately sometimes we have to go up to the moment when we know the probability of the the human probability human error probability yes ok so human factors as I said in the human factors the safety culture is somehow part of the human factors and the organizational factors are somewhat part of the human factors what I didn't say or I just touched very briefly that the organization issues are management responsibility so the organization of work and the attitude within the organization part of the human factors what we could realize at the time that people started to behave like lawyers this is not my responsibility so even engineers when this is my responsibility and from this it is his responsibility I don't care this is my and because it is written in my description of the employment or whatever job description and I am dealing only with that part all the rest is not my business so left hand left eyes doctor and right eye doctor this is how we call it when everybody is somewhat good specialist in a very, very narrow area this is a problematic issue when such behavior spreads over the organization and what we could realize that people started to behave like this and these days definitely already the situation has changed and people are happy again with their jobs and with their working place so that is always something good news at the nuclear power plant so they are not losing trust in the working place you know what the manager of the Louisa plant UC Herzga said when we asked manager to have everybody committed to your plant he said it is very easy guys you have to give them a little bit more salary than his neighbor just a little bit more salary than his neighbor and everybody is happy so this is one message from UC Herzga which says that you have to pay a little bit more to the workers at the nuclear power plant than any neighbors they have otherwise there will be a problem other questions then let me close my speech and let me thank you your attention to my long day and I hope it was not so boring and you can use this information sometimes in the future and as the time is very nice now I would recommend you to stop at this point and go out and make a nice walk in the environment or visit some nice places and enjoy your evening tomorrow I will be with you somewhere in the back because Jelera will come and he will entertain you with some new stuff ok, thank you very much