 Now so far I believe we covered the seedless and the seed vascular in the past So this is more of a review the seed plants is where we are in terms of looking at the representatives and the phylum division names which we did as well, but just to look at the different representatives and The life cycle alternation of generation reproduction instead of the spores we're going to transition to The We now reproducing by spores we reproducing by seeds, okay, so the seed vascular Plants the final group Let's call these guys the most advanced Because in terms of shared numbers size and longevity they exist in the seed vascular plant group Now we have two categories of seed plants gymnosperms and Angiosperms So let's look at them from those two Distinctions gymnosperm versus angiosperm Now the gymnosperm has four divisions for filer that we look at with one of them being a representative and Angiosperm one phylum that we look at But in terms of numbers obviously the angiosperms outnumber all the other plant groups We look at those numbers in a few minutes So for the gymnosperm The gymnosperms are referred to as the naked seed plants. Why is that? No fruit covering the developing seed Okay, as you look at the seed development in the gymnosperm you will see that Outside of the integument which becomes the seed coat there would be no Extrates you the ovary which in the seed plant in the angiosperm sorry develops into the fruit So naked seeds because the seeds are not protected beyond the seed coat There's no additional tissue around the developing seeds in the gymnosperm Now the four filer that we're gonna look at started with the main filer conifer of fighter And what's the other three? Ginko fighter Psycho fighter and the other one with the GB in silent Neato fighters Now you can also call these plants the cone bearing plants Okay, they all develop cones that their seeds develop in They all produce cones the cone bearing plants the gymnosperms and And the male cone Obviously contains the male gametophyte It's also sometimes referred to as the pollen cone and the female cone Which is also referred to as the seed cone Develops the female gametophyte. So in these cones the seed Gets fertilized. Okay, they're gonna reproduce by seeds yes, and What's a seed since we haven't defined that yet as we transition from spores to seeds What would you say a seed is structurally defined describe a seed? It's an embryo, but is that the only thing in it? It's an embryo. It's a young plant It's it's referred to as a fertilized ovule a seed a fertilized ovule with the embryo a food source and a seed coat That protects the developing embryo Okay, so a seed is a fertilized ovule and we are saying structurally we have an embryo in the seed We have a food source and an external seed coat That protects it So the embryo is developing within the seed We have a food source for the developing embryo since it cannot make its own food and we have a protective seed coat around the embryo So that it's not damaged as it as it's developed it protected until it starts growing true germination but the seed is An evolution in the plant kingdom from the initial spores in the earlier plants Yes, and so we have the seed less non vascular once again Seedless vascular seed plants that dominates in terms of share size numbers and In terms of the gymnas primes these guys are the record setters on the planet. That's something worth noting the gymnas primes Are the record setters on the planet in terms of the size and numbers Canifera fighter correct in terms of size and age sorry not numbers size and age Did the largest plants on the planet? Yeah, there's a giant sequoia in the sequoia national first in California. It's 110 meters tall and Some of these have been recorded to live around 2,500 years So in terms of size and longevity the record set as a canifera fighters The largest plants on the planet Now in terms of alternation of generation we've been tracking that along the way we have the gameta fight for the first group We have the sporophyte For the seed less vascular plants Now what's the dominant generation for the seed vascular plants? The sporophyte again We'll put that in blue Just try not to cut off So the final group again just like the seed less vascular the sporophyte is the dominant generation sporophyte generation and The gameta fight in this case is going to be dependent It's going to grow on the sporophyte in terms of the cones that we talked about the cones How is the gameta fight? the male cone be in the pollen cone or In the lab it was called the Staminate Okay, so again just terminology that we need to be aware of the male cones are called Staminate or pollen cone Okay, the males and the female cone will be the ovulate or Seed cone, okay, and these cones contain the gameta fights That is now dependent on the sporophyte It's growing out of the sporophyte as they alternate generation still The gameta fight generation has become much reduced in the more advanced plants now the final group the angiosperm Phylum phylum name Anthophyta When you look at this particular group They outnumber all the other phyla put together 250,000 species of antophyta this the flowering plants Right So now we've gone to another evolutionary adaptation the evolution of or the emergence of the flower Now in terms of gameta fight sporophyte, what does the flower represent in the plant in the final group What's in the flower so the flower represents the gameta fight The flower Represents the gameta fight when you look at a flower. It's gonna have male and female structures So the flow is a representation of the gameta fight But it's it's a unique structure that enables this plant to be so successful There are no flowers in any of the other plant groups and as I said numbers wise 250,000 species of antophyta something there is enabling them to be so successful So what about the flower? If you think back to love again and the activity you did What about the flower is? enabling that success The way it's pollinated very good Dylan pollination Yes, this is a term that Evolve in the seed plants and there's pollination in the gymnasium as well pollination is a transfer of pollen from the male parts to the female parts and So in terms of the flowering plants that the antophyta did the most successful plants on the planet Because the emergence of the flower Had an it has enabled them to be more effective in their means of reproduction starting with a pollination process It's a more direct process in the lab. You looked at agents of pollination the wind bad B Okay, so you have the wind to pollinate and you also have animals that can pollinate now Which one you think will be more effective the wind or animals? animals insects why Why would the insects that's correct? Why would the insects be more effective than the wind? Right, so the wind is on based on chance. It has to get there somehow and stick whereas With the insects is a direct connection. It goes from one flower To the next and it directly takes it the pollen there and more of a direct transfer of pollen therefore more of a direct transfer or chance of Fertilization So let's end with that the two processes that you need to be fully aware of is Pollination versus fertilization and it gets confused many many times. So define pollination What's pollination? I just said it The Transfer of pollen Pollination is just simply the process of the transfer of pollen from the male parts of the flower The pollen grains to the female parts of the flower and a direct transfer is pollination Fertilization as opposed to pollination is what? What's fertilization? Yes, we were all here as a result of fertilization guys, right? the transfer or the fusion of the sperm with the egg The fusion of the sperm With the egg that's fertilization when the sperm fertilizes the egg the firm unites with the egg That is the process of fertilization as opposed to just the transfer of pollen So the transfer of pollen has to take place first in the plants followed by the sperm fertilizing the egg and so in the flowing plants guys and It is the most successful plants in terms of numbers They're more flowing plants on the planet than any of the other plants because of this pollination fertilization and then the protection of the seed in the form of a an additional tissue which is known as the Fruit and so the seed is a fertilized of you and so what do you think we can define a fruit as? Right the additional tissue around the the ovule which is the ovary so a mature ovary Okay A mature ovary is what rarely develops into the fruit after that the seed gets fertilized in the ovule The tissue surrounding the seed the ovary develops as a protection for the developing seed And hence it's enclosed as opposed to the gymnasperms which were naked seeds and So pollination fertilization development of the fruit all means of Allowing these plants to be the most successful on the planet in terms of numbers