 Okay. Good morning, everyone, or evening, depending on where you are, I'm Tomasz Wolczynski and I'm a product and marketing manager at our developments. And I'll be taking you to this webinar today. So, and we are going to dive a little bit deeper into what does sector coverage actually mean. And at our developments, we provide innovative solutions for a modern day with still today, the biggest problem of unlicensed with networks is the interference caused by using the gear that's either poorly designed and or just deployed without any regard to sustainability, which is connected to the R of noise produced by these devices. If, if only a few people produce noise, it might be not a big deal. But if everyone starts to produce noise, well, eventually, everyone will suffer because of that. And at our developments, we address the problem of noise by changing the paradigm of fixed wireless industry. We're setting new industry standards for our performance noise rejection and system scalability through our award winning horn antenna technology with twist port ecosystem. And before we dive into the topic, let me just remind you, if you have any questions during or after the webinar, feel free to type them down into into the questions part of the webinar tool, and we will get to answer them at the end of the webinar. And they don't necessarily need to be related exactly to the topic. And for those who are watching this webinar on on Facebook live. Again, I will get to your questions in the comments after the webinar is over. So these are two images showing the same scenario, but the one on the left is is an overlay of an antenna beam with on on a map, a simple graphical representation of the beam with. And this blue area is not coverage. It simply shows you the the section of a circle corresponding to the antenna beam with angle on a map, but nothing more really. The image on the right, though, is the closest thing to how coverage would look like if the electromagnetic waves were visible. So while the electromagnetic waves don't have any color, in order to visualize something, obviously we must use a color. And in this case, the the more vibrant the red color is the stronger the signal gets and vice versa, the fainter it is, the weaker the signal and in the lower right corner, you can you can see the scale of the signal strength, indicating that the stronger signal is minus 45 db and the weakest one at minus 95 db. Obviously, there are other things coming into the calculation. So just for the reference, we mentioned these details in the lower left corner. But before we go into the details of the coverage, it's useful to to look at a few misconceptions about what wireless network operators may or may not think coverage is or is not, which we'll have a look at in the in the following slides. So many users understand that the coverage of an era is defined by the beam with of an antenna they use. And this is simply not true. There is a vague connection between them. Yes, but they are not the same thing actually not even close. It is important to be clear about this fact because some antenna manufacturers use being within place of the coverage to give a simple answer to a rather complex question of what coverage and antenna provides actually is an understanding this can can help you better design and debug your networks when needed. The usual way to visualize the coverage is to plot that pizza slice shaped area where the beam with angle determines the angular width of the coverage. The gain of an antenna and again decide how far the coverage reaches. So inside this area, we have a signal with a good coverage and the outside of it we do not simple and clear right. This is a huge oversimplification of what coverage really is. The reality is that the various link calculators show some signal strength, even if you place the client device outside the area that is supposedly covered. Well, how can that be something doesn't add up here. Then obviously there must be some sort of a mismatch between what is shown and the reality and the coverage is not a digital variable that is a value of one inside the blue area and zero everywhere else. So if the beam with does not define coverage, what is it then and what is it good for. So beam with is an antenna parameter and it's defined by the decrease of an antenna gain from the board side by some value and the Wisp industry. This value is either minus three or more commonly minus six decibels and these numbers are based on historically accepted standard, but as such they are really an arbitrary choice and they're closely tied with the maximum gain. Rather than anything else and help you get get you an idea what expected shape of the radiation pattern may be. The beam with is a useful information for antenna alignment with a very narrow beam with antenna. I mean one was be very precise when aligning a point to point link because even a small deviation can have a strong effect on the link performance. And this includes the mounting of the antenna narrow beam with antenna should have sturdy mount that should be able to withstand windy conditions because even a small misalignment can throw the link off completely. Although generally there is no strictly a definition of the point to point or point to multi point antenna. The beam with is a good indicator of what application and antenna might be better for. And this the narrow sectors are possible with narrow beam with antennas, but because the higher games come with the net comes with the narrow beam with high gain antennas are most used in point to point links to simply squeeze every possible length of distance from a link. In antenna textbooks, you can find the minus three DB beam with with angle marks. So where the angle marks so called crossover point of two sectors, which is a point where the coverage areas of two sectors need to overlap to ensure a proper functioning of a network. But as with any textbook parameter, it depends on the type of application if it is useful for with industry. The usefulness of the crossover point is negligible due to the unregulated nature of the West networks in unlicensed bands that are most commonly used. So I've shown you a short teaser in the first slides. Now that we know the beam with is just a very crude and inaccurate measure of the coverage. Let's now have a look at what it really is. So there are many parameters that go into visualizing coverage. First, the site has a certain height above the ground, radio output power, and the antenna has specific radiation pattern and down tilt and orientation in the space. And then we need the map data to have enough precision and the information how the access point is oriented in the map. Now, when knowing all these parameters, we can project the fields radiated from the antenna onto the map surface. And that is coverage. Now, you can see that there is no limit to where you have coverage or you don't. It shows you how the signal strength changes with distance. And it has a continuous and smooth decay until the signal strength is below the radio noise floor, which obviously sets the limit to the distance until which it makes sense to display the coverage at all. And the precision of the coverage calculation is limited by the precision of all the input variables just mentioned. There are also some factors which are difficult to count in, like changing weather conditions or changing foliage on the trees with the season. A good example of coverage visualization is provided by a divisible light, which is also an electromagnetic wave, just like the 5 GHz or 2.4 GHz RF signals, except at much, much higher frequencies. Now, the circular spotlight on the ground, which is the light is pointed at, is the coverage and the flashlight is the quote unquote antenna in this case. Now, except the visible light electromagnetic waves are invisible, which makes the visualization of the coverage by RF signal more obscure, let's say. What we can do, though, is to visualize RF coverage using a pseudo-color, and we assign the strongest signal a certain color. In this case, it's red, and the weaker the signal gets, the more transparent it is. In this example, we use a 30 degree symmetrical horn. Now, the dashed line indicates the 30 degree beam width at minus 6 decibels, and I'm sure it is clear by now why the signal reaches beyond these lines. The coverage is a measure of the whole three dimensional radiation pattern and all the other variables measured earlier. And you can see there is a no clear border between the area width and the area without the signal. It is a continuous and smooth function of the radiation pattern. So for human eye, the single color plot with degrees of transparency is actually not an easiest thing to discern. It's hard to actually read the signal strength at any point. Now, to make this plot more useful in practical life, we can use more than just one color. So the same plot when using five colors instead of just one looks like this. And now it's much easier to say where the signal is, let's say minus 70 dBm and where it's minus 45 dBm, for example. So the colors help our eyes to quickly estimate the signal strength and what signal strength we can expect and where. But we can go even further than that. If on top of the the access point output power and the gain of the receiving antenna, we also know the channel width that was used and the noise floor level. We can still improve the practical utility of this plot. These are MCS iso surfaces, MCS levels or rates, however you want to name them. So here each color determines what is the span of MCS rates the link can work with. Now this plot gives you an immediate visual information on what MCS rate you can expect depending on the location of the customer. And now you understand all those cases when setting up a link and maybe wondered, well, how come you can see the access point which you should not see based on the being width of an antenna you used. It is clear now that using the beam width as the coverage approximation is really inaccurate and very often misleading. It is important to understand that all antennas out there function in a similar way. The coverage is basically elliptically shaped areas as the one shown, but of course differing depending on the shape of the radiation pattern. So going further, we prepared a few examples of commonly used antennas and WISP industry to illustrate how the coverage looks based on the real physics based data and simulation. So let's start with the sector antennas. The traditional sector antenna has a wide radiation pattern and unsurprisingly the coverage is not determined by the beam width. And you can also see the back radiation and the side lobes that cause all the issues with colocation of these antennas very clearly. And in hope of mitigating the colocations issues, many WISPs turn to all kinds of shields installed to the backs of these antennas. Now, while a shield might dampen the back radiation a little bit, you see what it does to the rest of the radiation pattern. Its shape ends up being rather wild, potentially making your life more difficult because the customers who were close to the edges of the sector can now find themselves out of it and their service deteriorating with it. And the shields are simply not a good idea when trying to deal with noise. Because for example, in this case, the back radiation did not really change much and the main lobe has changed substantially. The RF elements symmetrical horns have no side lobes, which you can clearly see at this plot. Just a nice pale shaped beam pointing forward. And let me emphasize again, these plots are not images someone created in Photoshop but real physics based simulation of the path loss with particular setup, which is really the closest thing to the reality you can get. Now, same goes for the asymmetrical horns. Here is the coverage when using the 90 degree asymmetrical horn. And again, any antenna would give similar results. There are multiple MCS zones with the beam width angle and the signal goes beyond this angle as well. And similar images of course can be produced for point to point antennas, which we will show it will actually reveal even more obviously that the coverage is much more than the beam width alone. So among all directional antennas, parabolic dish antenna is the most common one used in waste industry. And here you can see how the coverage looks like using this particular dish. Now besides the substantial differences between the polarizations in terms of the side lobes and undesired coverage, you can see that there is a lot happening outside the manufacturer declared five degrees beam width further confirming that the coverage of an antenna goes way beyond the beam width definition alone. Now looking at the real covered plot more can be said about any antenna out there. In this case, the directional and pantry, pantry side lobes are very clear, as well as the chain misbalance. Now each of the polarizations has quite different coverage shape. And again, this is an undesirable feature for for the antennas used for sectorial or point to point coverage. An optimized design of our filaments ultra dishes help minimize the side lobes to a large degree. But the physics of the dish antennas dictate that the side lobes are very hard to avoid completely. Nevertheless, our ultra dish is optimized for for minimum side lobes. And here is the ultra horn, no side lobes whatsoever, just a single beam and that's it. It behaves in a similar manner as that flashlight example shown previously, providing a very clean coverage with no side lobes creating unwanted coverage areas. Moreover, its performance is identical in both polarizations, which is the reason why we only show one plot. Actually, the coverage is identical for both the horizontal and vertical polarizations. The plots on the previous slides are showing only a static image of the coverage, meaning these are the coverages at a single frequency point. And if we calculate the coverage as many frequencies and make an animation of these images, we can see how the coverage changes with frequency, which is very important information for wasps since you use a quiet wide chunk of the spectrum. Therefore, the antenna performance, in this case, their coverage should be ideally stable over the whole bandwidth as well. Now seeing this animation might not surprise you because you probably experienced it in practice where by switching the channels hoping to to use the cleaner bit of the spectrum you see on the spectral graph, the result seems even worse, leaving you sort of scratching your head. Now this is exactly what happens when you are changing channels. The radiation pattern is changing a lot with the frequency causing the fluctuations and ultimately unreliability of your network and the services you're providing. And this is unfortunately the property of the patchery antennas based on their physics. This is what we mean when we say that the coverage is not stable or reliable. The frequency dependence of the radiation pattern makes the user experience anything but satisfying. And your life as a wasp constantly busy servicing the links that change whenever you switch the channels. Now this is how RF elements patchery sector performs. Now the coverage fluctuates somewhat as well as you can see but overall it is much more stable than with most antennas of comparable type. Now visualizing the coverage like this really tells you the story of what a stable coverage should look like. And even more so with our horn antennas. Now if our patchery sector with stable horns are super stable, now within the useful spectrum the coverage is virtually unchanging. Which is what you want from any sector or directional antenna. This way you can rely on its performance and provide the headache for your service to your customers. Which really is a dream of every wasp because if you don't get those complaints from your customers then your life becomes easier as well. So symmetrical horn is a very different case from anything else. It provides extremely stable coverage within the legal spectrum. Now this is the great advantage of horns as a type of an antenna their stability. But don't get fooled not all the horns are that stable. The horn can be designed for such stability but still it takes a considerable effort to actually achieve it. And down tilt is another functionality of our development horns. Unlike any patchery antenna and from the following slides you will understand why. So down tilt is a huge factor influencing the coverage area. At least with the patchery sector antennas or any other antenna but the very narrow radiation pattern in the elevation plane. It's really about the shape of the main beam. Now from this animation you can see that anything beyond a few degrees of down tilt makes the patchery pretty much useless. In other words you lose the coverage almost completely. This is a disadvantage of that very narrow radiation pattern in the elevation plane and why the traditional sectors require very precise setup of the down tilt. They're very sensitive to even small deviations. You can see that anything beyond a few degrees really makes the coverage disappear. Asymmetrical horns have a strong advantage of gradual shrinking of the coverage with precise or with increasing the down tilt while retaining the shape of the coverage area. So this smooth coverage area shrinking with the down tilt increasing from 0 to 25 degrees of down tilt is yet another tool or added functionality in your hand. Which can help you mitigate the noise your radio sees and respond to changing customer base as you go. Depending on obviously where the furthest customer is located. Now with symmetrical horns the effect of down tilt is also a totally different game compared to patchery sectors. So progressively increasing the down tilt you can see just a gradual and smooth shrinking of the coverage area while its shape is completely preserved. Now again this is yet another great advantage of our horns but using the down tilt you can dynamically improve the noise conditions and by simply setting up the down tilt based on the furthest customer throughput requirements. Now this way the antenna only delivers and receives the signal from as far as necessary. Here we can see an example of how to use the down tilt. So if your customers are clustered closer to the site and competitors further set the down tilt such that the MCA zone you want to provide your customers covers only your CPEs. This will help you avoid the interference sources from or the interference that will be otherwise collected from the competitive CPEs in this area as much as possible. Now this principle is actually valid in general regardless of you know whether they're competitive where the competitive CPEs are. Set the down tilt according to your CPE that is the furthest in the particular sector and you're good. So if you're wondering how to figure out the down tilt you need to use with the horns to leverage this feature. Our link calculator is the right tool for that because it plots the MCA zones directly on the map. So when you adjust the down tilt it will replot the coverage and you will see how far you actually are covering and with what MCS level. So here is the QR code for you can actually scan and come back to whenever you need. We'll put the copy of the recording on this webinar on our YouTube channel and let everyone know once it's published. And we often get a question of where to buy our products. So on our web page there is the stock locator circle in the green which will bring you to the page where you select the product you're looking for and your region. And you will get the names and the contacts of the distributors that are nearest to you. Another very common question is how do I become a distributor of your product? So on our web page all the way down, click the become a distributor link and it will bring you to a form which you will fill and afterwards we will contact you with further steps. We also have RFELA.com which is a online forum where you can ask your questions or search through the questions that are already asked. And we also put recordings of the webinars there as well as well as announce our participation in the events. And it's really the fastest way to get an answer from us if that's what you're looking for. And we also have a Facebook page RFELAMANCE English which is a discussion user discussion forum or RFELAMANCE English where which you can also join. And then the same thing either ask your questions or search through those that are already there or maybe share your pictures of the horn installations. So at RFELAMANCE we really focus on innovation and rejecting the noise is really the utmost problem the WISP industry has and had for many years. And our near zero loss to a sport ecosystem actually enables super easy and simple installation and changing on the radio. And the many horn based portfolio of our antennas will actually let you will let you scale your networks rather indefinitely really because if you can keep adding more and more sectors on a tower or in an area without degrading the performance of the network as a whole, then there is really no limit to the scalability of your network. And I would also invite you to check our YouTube channel and our playlist with Traveler. And these are five around five minute videos where we interview our customers whips from all around the world and ask them about how what's their experience with our antennas. So obviously it's a it's an interesting interesting thing to listen to if you're a WISP to see how your fellow colleagues are experiencing or what's their experience with our products and if they actually do what we say they do. Another playlist on our YouTube channel is called inside wireless and these are even shorter snappy videos on all kinds of topics from the world of RF engineering to where you're just starting your WISP or our seasoned veteran in the industry. Might as well check them out maybe to refresh maybe learn something new. They're definitely definitely quite useful for example with onboarding of the of the new of the new staff if you want them to learn cities different or quite important things or various things from from the practical WISP life quickly. And I say we're we're done with the webinar today. Then all that remains is to say thank you for for stopping by and looking forward to any following webinars. You have a good day and enjoy the rest of the week. Bye bye.