 Hello, I welcome you all once again to my channel explore education and I am Dr. Rashmi Singh assistant professor department of education as a skarna girls degree college University of Allah now a days. We are talking about Research methodology in which I have taken the topic of qualitative research My last video was on grounded theory and today. I'm going to discuss positivist versus naturalist paradigm Okay, and the lecture will be in bilingual mode and do subscribe my channel so that you can get my future videos too And this video will be very useful for your research purposes and various competitive teaching examinations Okay, so let's start first of all In the last video we talked about grounded theory and I wanted to talk about naturalistic inquiry but before talking about naturalistic inquiry I thought that you should understand naturalistic paradigm. Then you will understand naturalistic inquiry Naturalistic inquiry is an umbrella term Qualitative research methodology approaches because there are a lot of a lot of strategies of quality research So positivist versus naturalistic paradigm is because the quantitative researches that we have borrowed from natural sciences So the paradigm that is positivist and that was before Naturalistic or qualitative then it is not less than that I mean later on they have unreliable unvalidated words So that's why we need to know what is the paradigm shift between positivist and naturalistic So first of all paradigm is the most used word paradigm paradigm paradigm we use paradigm shift paradigm shift in this paradigm shift in that What is this paradigm? Paradigm is a framework containing the basic assumptions It is a framework of many human beings ways of thinking to know what we think and methodology and that is our way of working that are commonly accepted by the members of the scientific community It is a framework of some studies of the scientific community which has some basic assumptions a particular way of thinking and a methodology That is the paradigm That is the pattern of a work a framework in which the assumptions, thinking and methodology are accepted I am not saying that I am following the same paradigm You are following the same paradigm We are going in a different direction It can't be possible Ok then where does this word come from So many people must know It is very popular It is very popular I mean it is mentioned Thomas Goon In his 1962 He was writing a book in 1962 What is the structure of scientific revolutions and it is very influential in his book He mentioned the concept of paradigm Before that We don't get the term paradigm We don't get anything about it So, Thomas Goon What is the structure of scientific revolutions In which time did he come So many questions come from here Then the classic work of Goon Sorry Has made it clear that Researchers conduct their enquiries within a framework of characteristic assumptions I mean they have made it clear that the researchers who do research When they do their enquiries When they do their research They are in the framework of characteristic assumptions I mean They are in a particular paradigm Goon refers to this integrated set of assumptions that lead researchers to see the world in a particular way as a paradigm I mean He has said that the first set of researchers is to see the world in a certain way In the world His participant Sorry, his You can say Sample, population All these things are coming Which we have to research So, he has a set of patterns to see Being socialized into a particular paradigm involves more than just learning the exemplars of the field It also involves learning to see, think about and act towards the world in a way consistent with expectations, demands, attitudes and other assumptions of the paradigm So, I mean In the paradigm We have to decide how to see how to think how to act And the assumptions of our paradigm will be consistent according to it This is the paradigm Then What is the positive paradigm and what is the naturalistic paradigm What are the positive vists They think in a certain way They think in a certain way They see and act and how to do naturalistic What is the positive vist If we see What will we say that the positive vists claim there is a single objective reality What is the solution There is no way to find it There is no truth There is no incident There are positive vists There is no cause There is no relationship What is the positive vist What should we believe What is the realist What is the realist What is the realist What is the search It is objective Objective means The way I see it, you can also see it. You can see it 30 times more than that. There is no one in the world who can see it. It is a single reality, objective reality. That can be observed and measured without bias using standardized instruments. That means it can be observed, it can be practiced, it can be analyzed without bias. That means there will be no bias in it. I will do it, you will do it. No one will be able to see it. No one will be able to see it. If we are using standardized instruments, then what are the naturalists? Naturalists and, in particular, Interpretive constructionists. Look at this. Interpretive. Interpretation of the event. That means they will construct. That means every person will construct according to his own. What do they accept? That there is a reality. There is a reality for them as well. But do they believe that it cannot be measured directly? They say that you cannot measure it directly. Why? Only perceived by people. Because this reality is perceived only by people. And if every person is different, then the interpretation of each person will be different. The construction of each person will be different. Each of whom views it through the lens of his or her prior experience. If I see an event, then according to my past events, I cannot see it according to your past events. If you see that event according to your past events, then you cannot see it according to your past events. Then reality cannot be single. That means realities are multiple realities. Objective reality cannot be possible. Reality can only be subjective. In accordance to naturals. They are saying that we interpret our own experience according to our expectations. That is why you cannot directly observe or measure reality. That lens affects what people see and how they interpret. What define this lens? How do we make our lens? How do we observe our own experience, our own knowledge, our own attitude, our own aptitude, our own knowledge, our own experience? You are observing it yourself. That means that each person's lens is different. So how can it be possible that every event will be the same interpretation? It can't be possible. What we know then is not objective. That is why we cannot know that objective. It is always filtered through people, always subjective. That is why whatever the event is, whether it is social interaction, relationship, phenomena, experience, it can never be objective in naturalistic paradigm. That is what I said. It will always be subjective. Because it will always include the self of the person. We have to look at it like this, we have to look at it scientifically. According to the termontic terminology. So if we don't do positivist and naturalistic, then we should go to ontology. Now we will talk about ontology and epistemology. That means we will talk about philosophy. What are the main branches of philosophy? What are the main branches of philosophy? Epistemology, Metaphysics and Exeology. What is epistemology? What is science? What is metaphysics? What is your exeology? What is your face? So ontology is the branch of metaphysics. That means it is concerned with the nature of being. Why is it? Reality, existence. With these questions, what is the essence of epistemology? What is the knowledge of science? And how will we get to methodology? What is the method? So if we go to ontology, then the positivist are realists. Whereas naturalists are relativists. So what is realist? What is positivist? There exists a single reality. The reality is that there is only one single, independent of any observer's interest in it. That means there is no interest in the observer. There is no interest in the observer. Why? Because it is objective. Operates according to immutable natural laws. Many of which are causal in form. Truth has defined a fact as isomorphic with reality. That means their truth is static. I will see their truth. You will see the world in the same way. Why? Because it is single. It is objective. That means it is realist. But what is naturalist? Relativist means that in comparison to you, in comparison to me, relativism will come. As we will see, you cannot see it. That is why they say there exist multiple socially constructed realities. That means the realities are socially constructed. They are in great pain. Ungoverned by any natural laws. No one is governing the natural laws. Truth is defined as the most informed and sophisticated constructions on which there is consensus among qualified critics. That means their truth is reality. In the same way, consensus can be made if there are some very critical and qualified people. Then epistemology. What is their knowledge? Objectivist. It is possible for an observer to exteriorize the reality study remaining detached from it and uninvolved in it. That means if a researcher researches according to positivist, quantitative researchers then the subjectivist will be involved. Their positivity and characteristics should be objective and biased without any preconceived notion. What is their naturalist? They say that knowledge is not objective. It is subjective. Why? Because it is inquired into an interlocked in such a way that the findings of investigation and the literal creation of the inquiry process. How is it possible that our self is not included in it? We will ask this question next. What will be the question that depends on our previous knowledge and our knowledge, our experience and our experience. It is not possible that a qualified researcher should be detached or unbiased. He has to learn balancing. I have already discussed when he should be detached then the research increases. As a result of the research, the researcher does not even go to the data collection or send a questionnaire or collect a questionnaire. It is not objective at all. Then methodology means methodology. What is the method? Interventionist means positivist approaches them. Why? Because they can have a positive effect in which they can see the variables of one variable to another. The context is stripped of its confounding influence so that the inquiry can cover the truth explaining nature as it really is leading to the capability to predict and control. They are asking what is the goal here? Where do we have to go? What can we predict? We have to generalize that means we can predict in positivism. When naturalists say everything depends on the interpretation then where is the prediction? There is no prediction, no control, no generalization. Herminitic says this context is construed as giving meaning and existence to the inquiry. We are going to research what is our subject and what is our purpose? What will we predict? What will we control and generalize? The methodology is dialectic of iteration analysis is going on, re-iteration is going on, re-analysis is going on and so on. All these arguments come together and then emergence of a joint understanding of a case. The outcome is inter-viewer with the interlocking of the two. This is between positivists and naturalists. When we are studying naturalistic paradigm we have to immediately believe that reality is subjective, multiple, socially constructed. It cannot be totally knowable. The post-positivists or naturalists say that you cannot know anything. Even positivists say that anyone in the world can know in the same way. If he experiments in the same controlled condition. Conclusion is that positivists argue that the scientific research method produces precise, verifiable, systematic and theoretical answers. You can verify our answers and you will get the same result in accordance to positivists. Systematic is going on. When you want to know the theoretical sampling, which data you want to know, you can give it to us. You cannot tell anything from the beginning. When they suggest that the use of scientific method provides answers that are neutral and technical. Why? Because we are not involved in this. And can thus be universalized and generalized to all contexts. So in all contexts, you can generalize because context is free. Who is positivist? What are we naturalistic? We are naturalistic. In the context, interpretation is coming out of the context. While naturalists argue that behavior and phenomena can only be studied in real world settings. Context is at the top of the world. And it is especially very available for studying behaviors and actions that may not be replicable in control lab setting. So anytime your research which is naturalistic, qualitative research methodology cannot be verifiable nor can it be replicable. If anyone else does it, it cannot be possible. There is no assumption of this. So a different mindset is positivistic paradigm and a different mindset is naturalistic paradigm. So the person who can establish the context which you understand in the context should do the same research. So I have completed a very interesting topic for research methodology that is relationship in comparison between positivistic and naturalistic paradigm. So thank you all and don't forget to like and subscribe my channel Explore Education. Join my Telegram Group 2 for further communication. Then from my side.