 and what what we're what we're doing is looking at best practices around the world in optics and so and then tomorrow we'll start the LiDAR sessions with Joe Shaw and the world expert on LiDAR really a great guy and anyway well we'll get to that tomorrow and for those of you who would like to have certificates of attendance official ones signed by the director of ICDP that's also possible we'll we'll have those people that attend the majority of the session so anyway I'm going to move on to the next speaker Umberto Fervera and the last one so Umberto is a friend for a long time we've known each other since Umberto actually came to an ICDP college in optics um and uh trust me very much we've worked together in Venezuela at David and we did a number of workshops there uh he's uh been a regular in a senior associate at ICDP since 2011 up until 2017 um and when he had to actually quit because he was he took on another another program mainly the trill that you heard about um so he's been he's been researching here also at the Institute of Nuclear Physics uh Italian Institute for Nuclear Physics um and so he's uh he came he's been working with them on a one project sponsored by SPI and I think what you're going to hear uh we really uh are very grateful to to SPIE for for initiating this project so many years ago on having an anchor research program at optics and the idea was to have a research capability right here on the ICDP campus and really looking towards career development to help young researchers uh already early career researchers people who retain their PhD uh and and help them to in their careers uh to to publish to learn new techniques uh and Umberto is going to tell you all about that because Umberto is really the person who's who's made this all happen it looked wonderful on paper Umberto made it happen in person actually in practice and that's not as easy as it sounds all right so I'm going to give it away to you Umberto and uh go ahead thank you for the presentation hi everybody whatever you are uh can you hear me can you see the presentation yep yes yes I will present the optics research opportunity at the ICDP but I first will start reading this uh directly this lecture outlines the opportunity for developing country scientists that began to take shape many years ago uh 2014 I am one of these from discussion with Johnny Amela during optics activities in Venezuela and many more back in Trieste this was a starting point that uh we met and I proposed him uh this topic I proposed and he kindly supported us uh for the creation of this uh new lab I have to mention that we started in 2015 but briefly it was a great effort before doing by many people I mentioned only a few of them that are here for example uh Miltro Danilo, Anna Consortini, Galiano Denardo and many of them but after that day this activity and this lab was moved to Electra and we wanted to start supporting the optics activity at the ICDP then in 2015 these are the early early picture of the first optics activity in the the ICDP supported by the of course the winter collision optics we wanted to have hands-on activity and this lab was first mainly supported by the SPI, ICDP and core research program all the all this device that you can see there the around 12 15 000 euros was supplied by by then we are very grateful I have to mention also that we have a great support from the lab at Electra from a professor Miltro Danilo many devices that we have now he uh supply us and he's always very supportive now about the research activity and projects we are mainly as I told before I proposed this I wanted Joe to believe us at the beginning that thermal length spectrometry is a very good technique is low cost and is highly sensitive and I will demonstrate why and why we were successful in thermal length spectroscopy we have a thermal length microscopy of course and as a detection method we also coupled thermal length with online detection for microfluidic system coupled to electrophoresis because thermal length is highly sensitive but we don't have separation we need separation and then detection and also we implemented this in second place we have also been deflation spectroscopy for material characterization mainly for thermo optical characterization of sample including thermal diffusivity, thermal conductivity, lifetime of a carrier in semiconductor and so on and so forth and there is another project that is at Electra in Miltro's lab laser lab high precision laser spectroscopy that I am also involved for measurement of the hyperfine splitting in the wrong state of the moving hydrogen the so-called FAMU project and last year we started with digital holography microscopy and thermal length microscopy in collaboration with Alireza Moradi from Iran also we had a three-less student that is here also in this in this presentation for fluidic and solid samples also for biological samples and also to have 3d imaging at the same time also we have a collaboration with Aaron and Nan from Barola University in India about this project we have a step student now with us here and also Aaron will come next month as I promise you I will mention why the technique is good and what there are advantages it's a highly sensitive method along with a laser induced fluorescent are the best optical detection system for microfluidics they can be coupled very easily both free scattering method is very important when you are analyzing nanoparticles to avoid scattering we can implement online detection it's a non non-destructive method and also we can detect single molecule finally is cost efficient and compact but also related to the high sensitivity as we have high sensitivity we can use a low cost low power laser that of course they are low cost and the system will be compact then if you have high sensitivity sensitivity this is a very good issue briefly the basic of photothermal spectroscopy photothermal refers to the line matter interaction due to the generation of heat following the absorption of photo previous excitation as you can see here the mainly a green laser 532 depending on the absorption of the sample excite the medium we excite modulate this laser and with a prop beam we create we create first a thermo optical element because of the of the heat release and then this thermo optical element is tested with a second beam that is called a prop beam in liquid as we will see after the general principle of thermal length we have first optical excitation absorption we can measure very very low absorption of the order 10 to minus 5 10 to minus 7 and we have no radiative relaxation we can have also fluorescing but always there is a there is a also a thermal energy relaxation and there are temperature chains of the order of 10 to minus 3 10 to minus 4 kelvin that in liquid produce density chains and produce where the intensity is higher produce a higher lower density and to the tails where the intensity is lower the intensity change we have a refractive finish of density and this is refractive finish gradient also and with this a prop beam passing there suffer a intensity change that we can detect and this intensity change are proportional to the absorbance of the sample the concentration of the sample and depend on the thermo optical factor of the of the of the sample also to give you two main major characteristics of the photothermal method universality universality is because of the we always have a thermal energy relaxation in any sample and this energy relaxation change the refractive indif of the medium and this change can be detected in many ways by thermal length spectroscopy photoacoustic spectroscopy radiometry and so on and so forth but in addition to that high sensitivity and why high sensitivity sensitivity sensitivity in any light matter interaction there is always as i mentioned before a release of heat the relaxation process the relaxation process is very slow is very the excitation is very fast but the relaxation the relaxation process is very slow is remain in the medium for a long time i give you an example we have one microliter of water and we excite we say resonance wavelength we excite this atom the atom will absorb one photon and we release again the energy of this photon toward the surrounding water and heating the surrounding molecules in time of the order of 10 to minus 10 or 10 to minus 13 even less second however the thermal diffusion will remove the generate heat and this effect is very slow it will stay between 10s of millisecond to second to equilibrate the temperature and during this time the atom will accumulate the energy of 10 to 8 as you can see in the calculation to the right side of 10 to 8 each single atom photon can rise the temperature 10 to minus 3 gradients and we have many atoms in the system this is the first fact that tell us why the the method is very sensitive the second one is because it's a phase method it's a phase method like interferometry we have a phase here that depends on the thermo optical the refractive index grading with the temperature which is a constant and this of the order of 10 to minus 3 and the temperature change that is of the order of 10 to minus 3 however the wavelength that is in the denominator is 10 to minus 9 if you divide this this large but if large number but if we multiply by the length of the sample that is fused can be even one centimeter this step is large then the phase change is very large and this phase change is added because it's produced in the sample because of the thermal length effect to the incoming probing that pass there and get out with this phase change detected in the far field but this phase change that is proportional to the refractive index and to the temperature variation is proportional to the absorption of the sample linearly proportional to the absorption of the sample and we can have a thermal length signal this is the signal because the signal without thermal length and with thermal length that is proportional to the thermo optical factor of the sample and to the absorption and to the power of the excitation beam then we can measure Absorbant we can mention concentration and we can mention also the thermo optical property of the sample like the thermal conductivity as you can see here can see here in this equation. Okay, the next step was to go to me to research because we have high sensitivity, but we don't have separation. We have all the molecule together there and we have a scene that we don't know which scene that is coming from this molecule or from the other we have to separate and see this molecule, but this scene that this peak. For this in thermo line microscopy we propose miniaturized gel electrophoresis for. Separation and thermal length for online detection, we apply electric field here and the particle move or the biomolecules depending on the size or depending on the on the. charge then we separate and when they pass here, we have a scene that we know is belong to this molecule, but also we can detect not only. Which molecule you have you have there, we can have the intensity that is proportional to the concentration to the right side there is our proposal here in the lab what we develop. With a tree the student vendors as budget and we have here the mini chip and we have the excitation laser collimated and then focus on to the sample. Here, then the problem is that is coming here collimated path through the sample and here arrived to the detector connected to that doing a board. And this give a signal converted from analog to digital on the silo scope, then when this voltage is applied to the sample they move depending on the charge and the number of molecules or the size and then we have a peak. We have a electro ferro ram that has a specific retention time and we analyze different peaks. With this we wanted to go first minute mini attrition of the gel electrophoresis electrophoresis why, because there are some advantage also. And the advantage are we use reduced sample volume that is very important in analytical chemistry in biochemistry and bio sensing because the sample are very expensive, this is very important fact. This also allow us to do parallelization analysis we can have a together with thermal length detection, we can have a laser induced fluorescence in other kind of techniques. The analyst time is shorting is short for a given resolution without compromising the resolution takes advantage of the increase spatial and temporal resolution of the telmal lane microscope invitation we have high spatial resolution. Because we can concentrate the excitation being in one micron, even less than one micron depending on the numerical aperture of the objective and finally allow us to the take fluorescent as well as non fluorescent sample with high sensitivity, as I mentioned before. Okay. I will start from the from the past year when the lab was created one of the first fellow that we have in the lab is Dr. Johan Adman from. My has our university in Mancera he also was a winner our deal of the ICTP Alierno de Nando Price and he was in our lab doing research. In addition to the publication that I will show few things at the final of the presentation and the training we propose a project. For the higher equation committee of Pakistan that was accepted and with these Dr. you have replicated a photo thermal lab also he has a laser induced breakdown spectroscopy he is now training many students in there and we are happy with this resource he also met this PA director when it was here and also with the president of the fruity venezia julia region. The second success story that I want to mention is a call and get the use of also from the University of Rome to he's now in the in our presentation here call and he's participating in the morning I was in a spectroscopy project using media infrared laser, he's also working with cabitting down spectroscopy here in our lap is is a one of the research line that we have here. But in addition to that he was also working in photo thermal spectroscopy and we together introduce a project in the third world Academy of Science to us and the project was accepted for a 15,000. And then he received a little more money and he built a very nice lap for the thermal lab in to not only for the term he is able to do that also a special interferometry microscopy and many optical experiment he he has a many students now PSD master are on the ground, a student, thanks to the to us and also to the SPI support because colonel was supported here mainly by the SPI. funds and he's a another very good success story. I now will concentrate in the last year fellows, you can see there we have a I seen all of them are here now in this in this conference. A during one year very successful, I will I will describe some of them after supported also by the training and research in Italian labs tree program, and also with the song of them with the support of the SPI with this one of the success and collaboration opportunity that open it this a tree fellow is the case of a business as budget that now is doing research on the supervision of Dr. Lorena Casales in nano nano innovation lab at the latest in control. We started to edit with the application of a mini chip gel into forex is with thermal line spectroscopy for biosensing based on nanoparticles. But the project was interested and Dr. Casales invited maintenance for a three fellow for a one year for now. Now we have very strong collaboration because they have very interesting sample and very nice is collaborating there also coming here. Another student Ahmed alzady from also there a three state university and I am very happy also with this collaboration. Another success story is the who is a guiding also helping us here in this presentation. A do a do remand that I like so much. He said he was working with me here at do a propose I do propose a model to whether we see Marana using like a Gaussian beam as a pump sort for more sensitive thermal line detection. However, as they don't have a experimental facility that he was here and successfully we did the experiment we publish one paper in your savvy. We published a second paper on the on the review, but more deeply I want to say that Abdul developed the experimental part of the thesis here and he's going to defend very, very soon. This is a very interesting story. He was to wear this here with Alexi Haramillo sorry from the University of Antiochia, a student of young Freddie, also working in encryption, as you know, Freddie show there that we combine thermal lines with encryption and we have very, very good to resolve. This is a part of Alexi's thesis in Colombia. I'm happy that he was also here with us. Now, I was mentioning that the lab is was mainly mainly supported by the funds of the SPI, but the ICTP provided the programs that these fellows can come to the to the to here to do to do research. That was the trick program. The second one is a step program that in the past was used by this state fellow and former diploma student Fatou Doye the Senegal was working in the past year with the study mechanical property of cancer cells using optical tweezers in this lab with a doctor Dan Coyo, but now we have one step student here is is in the in the conference. So what to tell you from Baroda University in in India. We have working in the in the ICTP optics lab to advisor me and Aaron and who will arrive next next week. And also to the to the trip program and we are trying to integrate digital or a fee with a photo thermal excitation for a study cancer cancer cell using morphological imaging and also imaging because of thermal length excitation. To summarize the main results that we had so far. As I mentioned before we because of the of the fellow to the visitor we we had new collaboration. We have collaboration with INFN Trieste, INFN Frascati, the University of Nova Gorilla in Slovenia and the National Institute for Research and the development of its research in includes the NAPOCA where Nicoleta Tosa and Kaleem present in this conference are working and with Loredana Casales at the lecture the innovation lab we have very strong collaboration now I have to mention also the advising thesis. Together with Marana Alexis Haramillo from Colombia together with Freddy or John Freddy and the impact of the research in developing countries. As a result of this training I have to mention that the two cases that I wanted to finally emphasize the other that was associated thrill and also a price winner of this price and conlangata is also from Togo, they replicate new labs because of the training here and also they have a many publication with us. But finally I want to mention about future plans for the future plan we want to introduce new project based on optical method for microfluidic system for nano biosensor and imaging system. We are doing already we are doing to establish new laboratories and collaboration in developing country mainly in Africa, advising PhD thesis in developing countries using a state program and other program training activities of course will continue in that direction with this program to continuous collaboration with INFN Electron of Agoriza University and the Center for isotope in Cruz Napoca Rumania. And finally to apply for the international price to improve the facility of the lab and to support visitors. I want to, because all this collaboration or this training or this new lab also is a complimented with publication. I will mention only last year, last year 2021 we have a publication with all the fellow that were visiting the lab as you can see there the name. As you can see there is Loredana Casale about Electroforetti, Abdul Raman we say in the previous slide, John Alexi Jaramillo, we have also we say collaboration with Egypt with Neama Iman that is here in the 11th paper number 11. We also we also have some collaboration with Ali Reza, Sarah from Iran, and with Suwot and Arun Anang in the world that we already started. I really thank you for your attention and if you have questions I am ready to answer you. Thanks very much. It's really a great great presentation, really highlights the kind of attention to careers that we were talking about earlier so it's really wonderful. And thanks a lot for coming to GDP and doing this. We do have a question. Why do you have a question right. Yeah, yeah, first have a question. Okay, thank you so much for this wonderful presentation. Since I have worked with you and I know you are a very good researcher. So I have a question regarding this presentation about thermal lens spectroscopy. Since we know this spectroscopy is very sensitive. This method of thermal and spectroscopy is very sensitive. I was wondering that if we can use this specific method to detect or in some detection processes like the thermal like some detection of gravitational waves. Since we need a very sensitive method to detect gravitational waves. So I was wondering, maybe we can use this thermal and spectroscopy to detect this, these type of waves. I cannot say yes or not, but I can say you that the thermal length is so sensitive as the interferometric that was used for detection of a gravitational wave. This was demonstrated I use, you saw that why was so sensitive because it's a face method. And I didn't have this idea but it really is, it's a idea that we have to to think because as a theory. Yes, I can tell you, it's possible but I cannot confirm. Yes, let's we do. Okay, thank you so much. Thank you. Okay Joe, it's your turn now. Thank you for saying that that would be wonderful. That happened. So I'm looking at the chat. Let me see. Yes, so with us, our shed. Can you unmute. Yeah, okay I have unmuted Anna Constantini and I'm an IE Mikhail if I am saying the names right. Okay. I would like to congratulate the speakers. I already did this with the in run and now I want to congratulate. And thank you very much to the organizers. Joe, this is a very important session. Thank you. Thank you. Thanks Anna. I'm an A. Hello, thank you very much for interesting presentation. I also had question about the kinds of samples in the case of transparent samples and solid state sample. I want to ask, how is the exactly process is the same as happens in the Florida. For example, if we use transparent solid or metal, I can we investigate and measure these properties using this thermal lens method. Thank you for your question. Interesting question. Yes, I mentioned that we mainly were working with a liquid but there are some work with it in the past with a solid sample transparent sample, and we have very good results. If the sample is transparent, we can go ahead because the most important thing is the probing to pass through the sample. And of course, the refractive index will change in different way because in solid sample depend on the, on the polarizability of the sample but also there is a very good thermal lens in and we can measure also the property. For example, are opaque, of course we cannot. We have to go to be deflation spectroscopy that I mentioned before. And also, a photo thermal mirror is another technique is in the family of thermal length, but also can be used, but the model use is different is different model is not the model I use, but also it can be. We just miss. Okay, so better do you show there. I think maybe America just dropped out. We can't hear you. Oh, yeah. What happened. I think I think the internet connection drop. There's a green green arrow next to his name. Wow. Anyway, let's. Sorry. You did yourself. I'm muted yourself. Oh, yeah. Yeah, you are muted. Okay, fine. Oh, oops. The hot mute me the hot. Sorry about that. Okay, can you hear. Yeah. Abdul is too quick. Did you hear me when I answered. Yes, I'm in it. Do you hear me did we did we did. Right at the end you just dropped that. Okay, it's possible it's possible to make a solid sample. Yes, it's possible totally transparent is possible. Yes. Okay. Yeah, so I do have any other. I don't see other hands. There is another hand, Santiago. Oh yeah, Santiago. Okay, right. Santiago. Okay, Santiago. You can unmute please. Yes, now I can thank you. Yes. I wonder what, what is the relation between these photo thermal spectroscopy and the photo acoustic spectroscopy suppose it's quite related to nominal are are they. Yes, comparable in terms of sensitivity and so on. Yes, they are in the same family because both of them depend on the release of heat, the excitation, the only difference is in the detection system that the photo acoustic, we detect with a microphone in 10 months we detect the face variation, but I have to say that the thermal lens is more sensitive because we detect face change in photo acoustic is less sensitive and is less used but it's also a very sensitive technique. Yeah, I see thank you. And if I may to John and Freddie, I think it's still here. He mentioned this combination of encrypted in a classic encryption on a QR coding and he said that you are coding is much more tolerant to noise and if it was possible to comment what is the key aspect that makes it so tolerant to noise. It's for you, Freddie, the question for me. Yes, to Freddie. Yes. You are muted again. He's muted. Freddie is. Okay, okay. Okay, I think Freddie can unmute himself now. Yeah. Hey, can you hear me. Yes, yes. Please. Okay. Santiago, wasn't it. Yeah, but he's muted now. Santiago. Yeah, Santiago, you can unmute. Yeah, my question was, if it was possible to briefly explain why you are coding what so tolerant to noise to the difference than a classic encryption. Yes. The main fact is, you have an object encrypted with an encryption techniques, you have the recorded objects with noise, the noise is produced by the random face mask. Yes. Now you have a QR code, the QR code are built to be resistant to noise. And you need to say you lost part of the QR code is still you can read it, or you put the QR code behind a glass, you can read it. They are, they are built to be resistant to noise. For example, we create new new codes, customized codes different to the QR codes that are less sensitive to the noise, you can create the codes, the codes and also you have to, it's very important that there is a tolerance, there's a limit. If you have a lot of information in a QR code or customized code, maybe you can not read it. It depends on the information that you are putting into the QR code is not the same to put on a single letter to a long message. The more information you put in the code, the code is more structured and the limit to the tolerance to noise change, but they are built for that you can build your own code while we do in some papers. Thank you. Welcome. There is some Peter who has raised hand. Okay. Okay. Okay, Peter, you can unmute please. Thank you very much. I'd like to thank Professor Humberto Cabrera for a wonderful presentation. I have a simple question to ask Professor Humberto. What does the viscosity effects, viscosity of fluids, does it affect the thermo line spectroscopy? Does it, the viscosity of the fluids affects measurements and all those things. Okay. Okay. Humberto, you're muted. Okay, Humberto, you can unmute. Oh, yes, thank you. The viscosity of the fluid is not the viscosity is the transparent. The viscosity of course change the refractive index and change the, the thermo optical properties as I show that the entity, and even can increase the sensitivity because the sensitivity depend on the thermo optical factor but is the medium is you can have thermal length, of course, the fluid should be static. We cannot measure thermal length in my wife. Okay, we can measure but there is another model, we have to consider this at constant velocity, but the viscosity can help even can help. Okay. Okay, so also, um, what's happens to a fluid that changes is because it changes intermittently. You will have, you will have a change in thermal length signal and it's very complex system you have to, to analyze lying online system that we develop a different signal associated with different velocity and maybe with different frequency of the fluid, you can give it in mind the viscosity or associate the viscosity to the thermal length signal because it's different, the scene that should be different. There are people are even working on this topic. Okay, thank you. Okay. Thank you so much Humberto I think this was the last question. So, over to you Joe. Thanks. Yeah, if anybody comes up with more questions of course, Humberto will be here tomorrow, maybe join early can catch him or send him an email. But I want to thank all the speakers and Rana jump ready and Humberto for wonderful talks on this international day of life. I think it's a very special session. I'm really thankful that you agreed to participate in this and give us your reviews and your best practices. So, tomorrow, we'll begin the lidar lectures and beginning with Joe Shaw. Joe Shaw, as I'll say tomorrow is on the board of directors of SPI international society for optics of the tonics he's considered a world renowned expert online are itself on the applications. He also has a strong interest in the private sector so you know you can ask him also. Joe your internet is not working properly. Yeah, I think there is.