 Fy fyrdech chi'n gwirio gyda ychydigwyd ar gyfer y cyflwyno gwaith. Gweithio 10-15% ar y cyflwyno cyflwyno gyrfaen yma, a'r hwyl gwirio gyda'r cyflwyno, byddai'n gweithio gael i gyflwyno. Rwy'n credu cael ei ddalunio y ddiogel ar gyfer y lle wneud, drwy'r cyflwyno'r ceisnol, a'r ffyrdi argymau, mae'r ffordd ar gyflwyno'r pandemii, a'r cyflwyno'r cyflwyno'r cyflwyno, that get affected by that tend to be young adults that the virus sweeps through the world very rapidly. And for all of those reasons we need to have good control measures, we need to understand the virus, we need to know how it replicates inside the body, why it causes disease and how it spreads from one infected host Be it human or animal to the next. Ferrets are used widely in flu research. They are naturally susceptible to the same viruses as humans are.ccoli. That's really important because it means that they're a good animal model. We don't have to adapt the virus or change it in any way. You can take the same virus out of a person's nose that's making them sick and inoculate it into a ferret. It will replicate in the ferret cells, in the nose of the ferret. We also like to use ferrets for flu because they do actually show similar clinical signs gyda'r cynodau sy'n brydyniadol. A dyma'r gyda'r cyffredeithan yn ei teimlo. Byddai5 yn rhaid yn ffigur. Byddai5 yn lythاش. Rwy'n symud yna rwy'n mynd fydd yn masdell â'i teimlo'i hwn. Byddai5 yn olfod wedi aurwydd ac roedd yn niwedd ddiwrnod. Byddai5 yn niwedd ar y ffigur yn niw. Yn niw, yr yfnod gychwyn ei teimlo'n t compactr. Yn niw yn gweithio'r genio. Felly, i fyf yn ddiddoriaeth bydd yn gywir, ymddangos ar y cyfnod o'r rhai o'r cyllid yn gynnig iawn. Ac ydw'n gallu cyflym yn y cyflwyno yma yn y cyflwyno yma, mae'r cyflwyno o'r cymdysg wedi'i gynnig iawn i ymddangos ar y cyflwyno. Mae'r cyflwyno, ddyn nhw, maen nhw, lle drwy drôl o flynydd, yn y cyflwyno ar y cyflwyno, ac mae angen fydd yn y cyflwyno yn y cyflwyno ar yr argynnu ar y cyflwyno i'r cyflwyno, y fyrus yn gallu gwybod i'r lleol yn ei wneud. Mae'r transmystio'r proses, transmystio ar y cael ei gwaith, mae'n dweud ymlaen i'r ddweud y fyrus yn cael ei gwaith a'i gwasanaeth o'r awr i'r flwau seizaidd ymlaen, i'r pandemau. Mae'n gweithio'r fferwys o'r ddweud o'r fferwys ond mae'n gweithio'r fferwys ar y cwrdd hynny. Mae'n gweithio'r gwaith yma yn y rhan, yn gweithio'r fferwys, ond yn y cael ei gweithio'r gwaith, yn gwneud o'r virus ar y diolch yn y dlinegau, yn gwneud wandyn o'r virus fel y baor cyfly Fortress. Dyna'r maen nhw, mae'n hi'n rhan i'ridasb dysgu y cyflym o'r lleol, mae hynny'n gwneud yn ystau'r virus i un anumol wrth gwrs, allwn yn ddull i'r proses oedd. Ond mae'n rhaid i'r wyf o rau ar un cyflym o gwneud i'r proses gwein, o bobl oes rhywbeth allwch yn ym OS. For example we have recently been successful with funding from NC 3 R's to replace the sentinal animals to get a virus with cell culture dishes and we've got a new piece of equipment that we have designed which we can place one infected animal in and the air from the animal is passed over the surface of susceptible cell cultures and we can read out whether those cell cultures get infected by the virus and that is a semi-in vitro, semi-cell culture method for studying transmission. When we're going to infect ferrets with our known sample of influenza virus, we dilute the virus down so that we're only putting a small number of infectious particles into the animal because that's really what would happen to an animal or a person naturally acquiring the virus. And then we lightly anesthetize the ferret and just place a small droplet of a solution containing the virus into their nose. They sort of breathe that in quite naturally while they're lightly under anesthetic. And that virus in the liquid has access to the cells of the upper respiratory tract, which are the target cells that the virus is going to infect and initiate the infection with. If we use a reasonably low dose of virus, one that we think represents the type of dose you would get exposed to and natural exposure, the animals don't get very sick at all. We can see that they have, after three or four days, a crusty nose, sometimes a runny nose. And sometimes when we walk into the room we can hear them sneezing. Generally speaking, with a human influenza, a sort of typical seasonal strain, much like an average person, a ferret given a normal dose won't get terribly sick. So we're very interested in how transmission happens. There are two aspects that we've recently been excited about. One is the timing of transmission. So because we can monitor each day how much virus is present in the nose and whether or not that virus is successfully being aerosolised and making it across into the next animal, we can see that transmission, at least in our ferrets, happens very early. In fact, transmission from one animal to the next happens most efficiently in the very early days, one or two after we first infected the donor animal. We've shown that the timing of transmission absolutely correlates with the ability of the virus to come out into the air and float in the air for enough time to survive. And that's, of course, in ferrets. What we now want to do is to also move across into humans and ask whether that's also the case in humans because that would be very reassuring that the ferret kinetics are telling us the same. And we've got some exciting plans to be able to do that, to actually infect human volunteers with doses of flu and get them to breathe into the same piece of equipment and ask what day after their infection are they most contagious. Influenza virus is a difficult virus to control and work with out there in the community because it changes all the time, it's always evolving. And even if we have a vaccine one year which protects people against the viruses that are out there, the following year the viruses will have evolved and changed, we call that process drift. So we're very interested in studying how that evolution happens and in order to do that there are a number of parameters we need to know about. One is when the virus is transmitted from one host ferret or human to the next how many virus particles actually do make it a cross and initiate infection in the next host because that has a big bearing on how far something can evolve. We call that sort of like a bottleneck. If there are only one or two viruses that initiate the infection there could be a very tight bottleneck and that would have big implications. So we've been working on that using our ferret model. We can infect one animal with a mixture of viruses that we can count very easily and then we can expose the next animal to that infected animal and we can ask does the whole mixture come across? And if it did that would mean that a lot of viruses must move across statistically speaking or in the animal that catches influenza from the one that's in the adjacent cage are there just only one or two types of the viruses that we originally put into the first animal? Incredibly it looks as if only a handful of virus particles are enough to initiate infection in the next animal. Humans are protected from flu if they need to be protected from flu by using vaccines. All children aged two to three years old are being taken now to their GPs for a live attenuated flu vaccine every year and also some of the primary school children are receiving it in some pilot studies that are being run and actually the point here is that the children aren't really at a massive risk themselves if they get flu they'll get sick but not so bad but the point is that they are going to be protected against the virus in the community and won't bring it home to mum, dad or more importantly granny or grandpa who really are at risk and in the pilot areas so far that looks incredibly effective. All of those vaccines rely on ferrets actually for their generation it's very interesting but because we know that ferrets are susceptible to human viruses they make antibodies after they've been infected with flu and the serum that contains those antibodies is used by the World Health Organization every year to try to predict whether or not we need to update the flu vaccine for the following year or not so ferrets are absolutely key because they're susceptible to all the same viruses as us and because they make antibodies in the same way that we do they're absolutely key to our ability to actually make vaccines and protect people.