 Whistle Blowing and how whistle blowing basically historically developed and became institutionalized. Today we are going to understand whistle blowing from the more conceptual context and see what are the different ingredients of whistle blowing, how is it defined by different researchers and most importantly how it is being practiced around the world. Now ladies and gentlemen when we are talking about understanding whistle blowing it can be defined as an act by an individual who believes that the interest of the public overrides the interests of the organization he or she serves. So the loyalty of the individual is not to the organization but the loyalty of the individual is to society as a whole. The individual is more concerned about the impact of whatever work service or product is being provided to the community at large and how it is benefiting the majority of people rather than the interests of a few elite corporate elite and they are doing it in the wrong way or they are doing malpractices or they are doing corrupt practices. So whistle blowing basically is adopted by people who have a great concern of the community or society at large and their loyalties are not with the organization it doesn't mean that they are not good employees they could be the best employees but they basically have a priority of the interest of the general public or the public at large. Now when we are looking at whistle blowing then there are six elements the first the whistle blower the most important element the individual who is going to make public the secret information or the mall practice or the corrupt practice that is taking place. The second element is the disclosure subject the act that was perceived for example if someone is using a dangerous chemical in a food product so that is the disclosure subject that dangerous chemical is the disclosure subject so that is extremely important and again after the whistle blower this is the second element that what is the incident. So the third element is the act of disclosing the wrongdoing and that is very important that how is that wrongdoing or corrupt practice or mall practice being done what is the methodology what is the technique what is the outlay so how is it basically being materialized and then the fourth element is the target organization itself which part of the organization is involved in that heinous crime or that corrupt practice and the fifth one is a recipient to whom the disclosure will be made an outcome that means where is the whistle being blown on who is it being blown to is it the secp is it the nab is it fia is it psc so all of these different organizations are or is it the judiciary or is it just a superior within the organization is it the board it could be anyone and they basically are the ones who are receiving the whistle information now when we look at it from another context then a whistleblower is an employee or an any authorized person who makes an unauthorized disclosure of information about criminal or irregular conduct of business or activities which are detrimental to the functioning of an organization. So like mentioned earlier this person basically is sharing information which is detrimental to some stakeholder or to the public at large and the organization is doing this small practice or corrupt practice and this whistleblower is the one who is giving this unauthorized disclosure because it is not being approved by the superiors and it is basically being concealed or hidden and therefore that concealment is being shared with some organization typically a whistleblower is seen as an unauthorized disclosure of information when the whistleblowers report wrongdoing in a in the wrong way unauthorized whistleblowing causes negative response from the organization. So again like I mentioned to you the organization would indulge in retaliation in retribution in victimization and many a times whistleblowers can come into major problems it's also happened in Pakistan but because whistleblowing is a little bit confidential therefore even sharing with you some pertinent examples becomes very difficult but in many large organizations in Pakistan it has also taken place and it has been able to adversely affect corrupt practices and also curb corruption. So that is the good news that whistleblowing is a very effective tool to curb corruption. In order for a disclosure to take place the whistleblower must witness an incident or practice or set of incidents or practices as incorrect and improper. So it could be one act, it could be one product, it could be one service, it could be one mechanism, it could be one result or it could be a series of acts or products. So again it would be circumstantial and would differ from institution to institution and from time to time so there are different practices taking place. This observation then causes the whistleblower to disclose the perceived wrongdoing and the disclosure may only take place once such a perception tends to exist the wrongdoer the wrongdoing must also be perceived as important for the individual to disclose it. So it's usually whistleblowing is not about some petty issues they're always about some mega issues which have an impact across the organization and sometimes across nations also and that's why whistleblowing is very important. Most experts see wrongdoing in the organization as including unethical, illegal or harmful practices in the organization. There are two types of wrongdoing fundamentally one is organizational crime and the third is occupational crime. So in organizational crime what we see is is that whole organizations are involved in it. For example the Yakuza, for example the different mafias, for example certain cartels so that is all organizational crime taking place and then sometimes is occupational crime that a person in one particular occupation, in one particular post, in one particular designation is doing it so that would be more occupational. Sometimes occupational crime can also be in the context of how things are being done against personnel or employees of an organization so that also is considered wrong and therefore there can be whistleblowing about that. And when we are talking about wrongdoings it can include criminal activity, contravention of any statute, improper or unauthorized use of public and other funds miscarriage of justice abuse of power, maladministration in whistleblowing the blower has a good intention of preventing the wrongdoing and we see that it tends to defame the people who are involved and therefore it can have its own repercussions and in those repercussions sometimes the whistleblower can also face a lot of suffering. So definitely it requires a lot of courage and also a lot of bravery for the individual to blow the whistle because it is not only him who is affected sometimes his or her family is also being affected and therefore this is a very very difficult proposition even though there are laws and frameworks to protect the whistleblower. Now near and Michael Lee in 1985 basically defined whistleblowing as disclosure by organization members of illegal immoral or illegitimate practices under the control of their employees to persons or organizations who may affect some actions. So again it is the person it is the act it is the organization where is it taking place the organization which is going to be regulating it and then putting it all together the pieces of the puzzle to ensure that a wrongdoing is basically stopped. So that is whistleblowing. Thank you so much.