 Students, now we are going to study the scoping review. In last module, we talked about the systematic literature review. Scoping review, it is somehow different from the systematic literature review. Let's see how it is different from the systematic literature review. According to Grant and Booth, scoping reviews are preliminary assessment of potential size and scope of available research in literature. Scoping review is an initial assessment of available research. This is done in emerging situations. When you conduct systematic literature review, then you have a potential research question. And you have a well-defined need for conducting a systematic literature review. But in the case of scoping review, you just have an emerging social situation and you want to see the academic output of the intellectual community. You want to see how an emerging social situation is understood by the academic community. For that, the initial assessment through the literature search is published as a scoping review. This review aims to identify nature and extent of research evidence, usually including ongoing research. What happens in this is that you see the nature of the research that is conducted, what is its scope, and we include it in ongoing researches as well. For example, if we say that a situation has emerged in Pakistan, like we have a serious economic crisis emerging recently, then there are some issues. We want to see how researchers study it. In that, we will publish the literature review as a scoping review. We will look at the objectives of the scoping review in detail. The first objective is to identify the types of available evidence in a given field. In any field, what kind of evidence is available? How many quantitative studies have been done on it, how many qualitative studies have been done, how many mixed-method studies have been done, what are the sample sizes and their methodologies. We can see that in the scoping review. The second thing is to clarify key concept definitions in the literature. On the basis of the scoping review, we are able to understand the key concept in the literature. If you are looking at a public health crisis or economic crisis, then how are your scientists defining it? You study the arguments of different scientists and see how they define and assess one social situation. The third thing is to examine how research is conducted on a certain topic or a field. We try to analyse the process of our research. The scoping review that you are doing on the topic, how are the methodologies being followed? How are the patterns of the analysis being followed? The second last thing is to identify key characteristics or factors related to a concept. You see what are the contributing factors and intervening factors in your concept. You try to understand them and at the last to identify and analyse knowledge gaps. On the basis of the scoping review, you try to identify your knowledge gap so that the researchers who have worked on this emerging social situation can identify what knowledge gaps are and where you can work in that particular field. When we did a systematic literature review, we saw that we can publish it in the form of a conference paper, a research article and a book chapter. The same is the case with the scoping review as well. If you are doing the scoping review in your thesis or in your research project, then you can publish it in a shape of research article, conference paper and a book chapter. Both the types of publication are similar, but the way they are done is different. We differentiate them a little on this basis.