 Wel, wrth gwrs, roedd y gallwn i'n ddweud ar y cyfnodol i gael y cyfnodol ar y Llyfrgell Llyfrgell, i gael y Ffwrdd 2015, y 25th angen i ymweld ar y Ffwrdd. Rwy'n meddwl y ddysgu sy'n gwneud, ac yn fwyaf i'r rhaid i'r gwybod, sy'n meddwl mewn gwneud o gweld. i'n dd根achau, i'n ddynneud, i'n ddynneud, i'n ddynneud, i'n ddynneud i'n ddynneud i gael gallu gorfu yn ymwybron, i'n ddynneudu, i'n ddynneud, i'n dysgu, i'n ffraithfall i afrygiad, a chymddiad, i'r ddynnu i ddynnu i wneud ymddangos i'r rhai cyfleafol. Oedd ein chryfwyr chyfridwyr bwysigol iawn i'r tu'r cyffredinydd, i'n bwysigol i'r ffobl Stephen Van Colla, CEO of Corporate Investment Banking Barclays Africa, Vikas Potter, chief executive of the Varky Foundation based in the UAE. I'm going to just keep my comments as always to a minimum and let Stephen just jump right in there. Stephen, leaders discuss technology unlocking growth and driving entrepreneurship, but what's the role of the bank in doing this? If you have a look at what's driving change in banking, especially around payments, it's all about technology. Banks are having to being forced to just put this highly on the agenda. The beauty of it is that as you get more and more technology into your banking system, the costs go down. That creates ability for more financial inclusion to get more people involved in the banking system. It also allows you to use data on a far more dynamic basis, which allows you to forward-looking dynamically credit-score people as opposed to what we've done in the past. You could only credit-score them on a historical basis, and that makes it very difficult to go down the sort of a food chain in terms of giving people banking. I think it's absolutely critical. If you just have a look at Elly Barber, they're charging what, 0.18% per transaction, we have to get on that bandwagon, otherwise maybe they'll be the next bank. Financial inclusion is one thing, but what about elsewhere? Capital market is getting markets moving. One of the things we talk about alongside inclusion at the consumer level is enabling Africa's markets. In fact, it's one of the pillars of this meeting. If you have a look at what happened in a South Africa post-departates, a post-1994, if you go back just 20 years, in that time, the bond markets have increased tenfold, the equity markets eightfold, and it's that type of liquidity you need to bring into all these financial markets. Working with government to link both the institutions and the corporates and the government institutions is critical. One of the key roles, peristatals and government pension funds can play is they are the cornerstones of financial markets and trying to make sure that their mandates allow them to trade in government bonds or trade in corporate bonds or be market makers is going to be absolutely critical. So we're doing a lot of work with that, with those type of institutions at the moment to try and make sure these liquidity pools increase. Just moving on to skills. What kind of work can you do? We talk about public-private cooperation, but what kind of worker is Barcu's Africa doing in with regards to developing skills on the continent? There's a few things we do. Clearly, as you go first into South Africa, then from South Africa out, you're trying to take your global skills and put them in these markets so that you can actually develop them. So what we do is we take a lot of our staff, move them out of the continent for weeks, months, years and then bring them back again. So there's a continual flow because over time, as you're building a business, you want it to be 99% local because they understand the market, they understand the government, they understand the clients, but as you move in, you want to bring the skills in, you want to do the training, you want to move them out. So we have an expat policy which sort of limits expats to a three-year stint and then they must replace themselves with a local. So there's that kind of stuff we do. And then also with our entrepreneurship and SME development, we actually provide financial skills, business skills alongside the lending we do. And that's just really a risk mitigation, if you want to call it that and try and build the market by supporting them as you learn to them. Vikas, you've been working in education for a very long time. You talk a lot about the quality of education when I read your recent work and also you focus on one of the programs you're focusing on in Ghana, I believe, is about educating women. What are your views on education and the other technology can play in driving skills growth and making African workers and students more competitive through technology? Thank you for the opportunity. You know, like I said in my article that appeared yesterday, that if South Africa, for example, or Ghana provided a basic level of education to all of its children, students in schools, you'll see in South Africa at least something like a 2,500 percentage growth in your economic activity. And that's quite significant. So when we see people in the opening plenary, for example, the president of South Africa or of Ghana speak about economic growth, the question that I pose to people is, well, how much focus is there on education systems? And one of the key things I think that needs to happen is the involvement of the private sector. And that's why I attend the World Economic Forum and the different summits to talk to business leaders like Stephen and others to see how we can engage more meaningfully with education systems. I think that's a really important part of making sure that skills development just doesn't happen in the workplace, but also there's a focus at school level as to how this happens. A question to both of you. How joined up is the public and private sector and the foundations that we're a multi-stakeholder universe? How well are we working together? I mean, I think people in this room and on our orders online get the fact that there needs to be greater public-private cooperation. Problems and challenges are too large to be solved by any one particular actor. So there's definitely a realisation that what needed to happen is more cooperation. But how joined up is that cooperation? Are we there yet? Are we seeing good working models for public-private cooperation? Sure. I think actually not to embarrass him, but I think Barclays do a phenomenal job in this space in their life skills programme, which I'm familiar with from the UK. But however, when you look at the case of the private sector engaging with the education sector, I think it's woeful. When you come to the World Economic Forum, I think business leaders stand up and say that, you know, skills, jobs, these are very important. We can't find the human capital to drive our businesses further. And yet, can I ask you how many education ministers attended the World Economic Forum? Probably none. And I know this is a slight criticism of you, in that sense. But I think it's a very important point. We actually conducted a study called Business Packs Education. It's a campaign that we led. And what we found, based upon Brookings research from 2011, the private sector, just from its corporate social responsibility pool, spends 16 times more on global healthcare than it does on global education. And so the question is in terms of why is that happening? And when you think about what the likes of Bill Gates have been doing, you know, it's about leadership that's been provided to healthcare, global healthcare. And so then the next question that arises is who is the Bill Gates of Education? And you immediately realise that that's really a dumb question to us because we need a hundred, you need a thousand Bill Gates out there to actually push the conversation on. And that's what the campaign is about. We want business leaders to come on board and say, yes, we back education. And the one commitment and the one ask that we have is from the corporate social responsibility programmes that they have, ringfans 20% for global education in the areas that is needed the most. Now, if companies were to do that, we'd raise another $2.5 billion, just from the Fortune 500. Just imagine if that applied to all the companies in the world. I think it would be a great campaign. And I know that Barclays have supported us, which I'm thankful for. Stephen, yourself, any of you views that your own efforts or your bank services have just been lauded by Vickers. You've got off when that happens. Indeed. But from your perspective, could you see any better potential for greater co-operation or better more effective models for working to make sure that the gaps, the right gaps are addressed in the right order? I agree with Vickers, there's a lot more we can do. And it's becoming more and more important because as digitalisation happens and robotics and new technology comes in, we really have to upskill the masses into the next level. Otherwise, they're going to find it more and more difficult to be productive and actually have a job. And so I think it's incumbent on every corporate and every Government to really put this in a centre focus. And it's something we recognise as banks digitalise and that we will need to upskill our staff. And so we have those viewers that if you come in as a teller, you must leave with a degree. And if you come in with a degree, you must leave with postgrad, et cetera. And that's a key focus on us. What's interesting though now, and this is where I really think we can make a difference, is that we do a lot of these training courses for our staff. And in the past, it all had to be classroom based, which wasn't scalable, but with digital technology now, there's nothing to stop us putting that on a platform and just putting it out there for people to use. And so that's where we're heading now. And hopefully over time, we'll really make a difference just allowing people to use what we've done for our staff just generally. And this makes good business sense. In terms of public-private cooperation, it doesn't make sense just to do this on your own, to just look at the shortcomings for what's a better word of public education and then add on according to your needs. Or is there a model or a need, you think, for actually closer working together, because maybe? Well, I think the biggest thing that the private sector can bring is its disruptive nature to education. And I don't say that lightly. If you look at everything else in the world over the past 200 or two years has changed, apart from education systems, we still address classrooms in exactly the same way that they have been done. And so what the private sector has demonstrated time and time again is its ability to disrupt. And I think that's a really important thing that they can bring. I tell you one practical example that when we go around the world speaking to school leaders in particular saying, what would meaningful engagement with a private sector look like for you? And they often say to us, actually, we would like businesses to come into schools and speak to our children about careers advice. When I was growing up in London, we had a woeful careers advisory service, and we still do, apparently. And this theme actually is echoed all around the world. And so if there's one thing that we can talk about is when you talk about the future of jobs, actually go into schools and tell them that actually these vocations that you're thinking of will not exist when you graduate. So let's not focus on those. But have a look at these different competencies, these different areas of growth, and you should think absolutely about how you prepare for the future in that way. Interesting point. There won't be time for questions, but please allow me to indulge myself one more time. We had a gender breathing earlier on today in midday, and the conversation centered around the fact that Africa was actually punching above its weight, as it were, compared to other regions in economic empowerment for women. But what it was failing to do was the basics, getting health and education rights. And Sadiad Zahidi, my colleague who heads our gender parity efforts, made the point that we're doing a further piece of research on the future of jobs. And in fact, whereas Africa is in a relatively strong position in terms of economic empowerment for women, I'm taking the gender angle here, there was a very real fear that a new gap could emerge, as we see the need for more STEM training and higher value qualifications to cope with the changing global environment. Would you agree, Stephen? Well, if you have a look at the nature of it across Africa, and certainly what I've seen across our countries is what's coming out of university is very gender equal, and that needs to move further and further down, because if we don't harness the whole workforce, you're never going to get the productivity and the change you need. So for me, it's actually a maths thing, if I can put it that way, that we have to get right because otherwise we're not really going to move into the new productive world. So I think a world where you have got gender inequality, I think you've got a problem. I mean, my personal view is I've seen it in my own business is that once you get that gender parity across your business, and especially in your management structures, the diversity of that makes your business far more sustainable, and you get different views on how to do things, you get a diversity of ideas, which I think just going back to Vickers' point, is today that disruption is very important, because if you're not on the forefront of that, someone else will be. So I think it's an absolute business imperative at the moment. And Vickers, how are you helping driving leapfrogging in terms of using technologies for education, STEM, et cetera? Shall we hear so much about it? Yeah, so our foundation, for example, has been undertaking a project in Ghana called Making Ghanaian Girls Great, which is, when you think about technology, people think about the whizbang and the latest gadgets and everything. Actually, we use what is very steady, sturdy technology, it's called VSAT technology, in Ghana, where we have set up a classroom in a studio where a teacher broadcasts to 70 schools in rural Ghana. And at the school end, there are facilitators, experts facilitators that engage the students and make sure it's interactive in terms of the learning that they receive. And it's a pilot project funded by the Department for International Development from the UK that we are seeing promising signs of working. We're about to expand that program and that method to actually train teachers also in Ghana itself. So technology, we can get carried away speaking about the latest stuff, but let's not forget also in much of Africa, paper and pencil is still the most up-to-date technology you can use, which is missing in classrooms. So if we were to do a better job at actually providing classroom resources like that, again, this whole argument about providing a basic education, you can't really achieve that without having the infrastructure required to succeed. And so I'm cautious when it comes to speaking about technology and just meaning iPads or things like that. Do we have any questions? Okay. Before we close, I'll just ask one more. This is the meeting for public-private cooperation after all. We're nearing the end of the meeting. We're not quite there yet. But what has been your key takeaway or your key action point coming from this meeting? It's a question to both of you. Starting with you, Stephen. Well, what I've found very encouraging is my meetings with the government officials, the ministers, the central bank governors, is there's a much bigger cooperation agenda. So for example, in South Africa we spent seven years working out a model for private-public partnership in renewable energy. And it's now accepted by the international community, the financiers, the operators, the generators, as working. And we're getting a lot of inward inquiry from the other countries as how do they leapfrog that, which in the past never really happened. Everyone wanted to boil the ocean and do their own bit. And the levels of cooperation across the countries I think has increased exponentially over the last four sessions I've been to. So that's been very, very encouraging for me. The second thing as well is the robustness with which the governments are looking to manage their economies. When you sit and have discussions with them and say, you know, what are you doing about the low oil price or the low commodity prices, what does that mean going forward, their planning and their strategic ability around that is so, so much more advanced than it was five years ago. And that gives me a lot of confidence and a lot of hope that we can actually get through this and continue this growth spurt we've got. So I'm actually very excited post this conference. The last thing, if I may, is that just having a look at the quality and the number of attendees that came this year. The global interest in Africa has really started to take shape and there's a lot of energy and that itself is going to drive a lot of change in the region and that for me is very exciting. To go back to your second point, I believe it's Annabelle Gonzales from the World Bank said yesterday that the oil price volatility that has hit so many African economies is actually going to be a good thing. It's going to force policymakers to look at structural reform, whereas they may not have if the markets had remained high. Do you agree? I agree absolutely. The interesting thing going back to my first point was, is that when you have the discussions, there's a real debate and you can see there's been a lot of thinking about this, where to next. There's a real term plan coming in, whereas before it would be, okay, we're going to sort ourselves out. You even saw in Zambia, for example, they've changed the royalty level on copper mining just because the copper price has gone on. So they realise this industry is important. So the government made a decision and that's fantastic, because they're really having a look at the long-term viability of everything and trying to partner, especially around power and infrastructure, with as many private sector partners as they can. That is a huge step forward. I really do think the next five years you're going to see a lot of change and there's a lot of opportunity for private sector to operate with government because they're embracing it and that's fantastic. Vikas, your action points from this week's meeting. I think there are three main points that actually stand out for me from this summit. Firstly, I want to congratulate the World Economy Forum for Organising in Cape Town again and it has been very dynamic and it's had a huge turnout and we found it very productive. The vibrancy that you get in Cape Town in South Africa actually is unmatched in other Africa summits. So I think it's a really important thing to do it here and you do it very well. There are three things that I take away from my discussions on education that, when I spoke with various public figures or captains of industry, there's that recognition that the private sector, whilst doing their own training programmes in their own companies, I think which are critical and important for their supply chain and for their businesses, actually need to engage further down and much earlier on. I think that recognition, that acceptance I think is coming through. The second thing that I wanted to mention was everyone speaks about the skills gap that exists in Africa and there's an acceptance that we need to look at innovative models of finance when it comes to actually paying for these kind of programmes and so whether you're looking at government-based schemes or whether you're looking at private sector corporate training, we have to think in terms of how we can make sure that at the lower level, so artisan level, how we can promote skills and greater skills base. The third thing is that on the question of leadership, it's actually something that Grachael Michelle said, was that we accept that leadership is important, but yet we do not see teachers as leaders and I think that's a really important statement to make in that if we expect reform to happen in education systems, you cannot do them without teachers and so when it's a very lazy argument to say that all teachers are not up to scratch, they're not doing their jobs, actually it's a massive systemic issue that we need to address and there's a greater acceptance of that but the reason I come back to the teacher point is that we should be celebrating and we should be fighting for greater respect of teachers because they deliver so much at school level so those are my three main points. Thank you very much back to you, thank you for joining us here and thank you for our audience online, this session is now closed.