 Now we are going to study universality, developmental processes, parenting and individual differences. So dear students, universality of the development of moral judgment is tied to the propositions that moral development stems from children's distinct social interactions and experiences with others. Universality means that our children see the laws and disciplines of their children which they think are their own universe. And in that universe they see the behaviours of their children. They learn from that how their morals should be. Now look, this is different from parent to parent. Context to context is also different. And the way parents behave with children, whenever they want to teach something, then children really want to learn from it. Many times parents don't pay attention to children's morals because of which they cannot learn from it. So children interpret and evaluate signals from parents, teachers and peers and do not accept commands from others while toddlers frequently disobey and negotiate with their parents. Look, children are our guidance, our advice and the discipline we are trying to impose they don't pay attention to it. The reason for that is that they don't understand the logic which is why we try to tell them what is good for you and what is bad for you. They actually react to our act. The way we are doing things which are hidden in our atmosphere, they learn from it. That is why it is said that you should not tell children to do something, but rather to do something. So they try to accept the behaviours of their children by doing something. You can see that toddlers who are 2.5 years old, they disobey a lot of things. You tell them to stop, don't do it and they continue to do it. They keep saying that they are not doing it, but they are still doing it. The reason for that is that they are not able to understand the words or gestures of others. So when they see that they are trying to imitate you, they will try to do something good for you and do something good. Because there is only observation in their instinct now. So they want to replicate it or they want to imitate it. They will try to imitate it and try to harm it. Again there is a variability between children and parents relating to different works and ages. Now clearly, as I said, context to context, parent to parent, different languages, different countries, different circumstances. And the considerations of parents are also different. As I said, they want to give a little more attention that children learn at this age and are not giving any attention. And remember that this is the age of early childhood. When attention is not given or children are not shown by doing good work, then they are not able to learn after all these ages. They are not able to develop their habits or concepts. So parents are consistent in their methods of relating to children. Now you also see that parents do not accept any tradition but they include everything in their habits themselves. That is, those parents who are doing good things or are behaving well, children learn good from them. If the habits of parents are different, which are unacceptable in society, then children have no objection to what is going on. They will first try to imitate them. Their ways of communication can be different. That means, how do they communicate with children? They are making mistakes, encouraging them, rebuking them, scolding them. Ways of discipline across the situation and in which situation, how do they try to discipline them? Are they explaining to them? Are they changing things with them on the other side? Or are they stealing things from their hands? Or are they slapping them? So you see that the habits that you are accepting are going to come back to you. So parents are often punitive and categorical. Normally we see that if someone makes a mistake, then parents immediately try to punish them. Or they become categorical that if this happens, then okay, if it doesn't happen, then the other person has no face.