 Ik denk dat het met andere plezier is, maar ook een beetje van de zetting, dat ik in een manier die eigenlijk geen introductie nodig is. Ik zou zeggen dat het onderdeel is omdat Schaubing zijn excelente, scientifische ervaring hier in Eeri is, een plezier, omdat hij een goede vriend is, en de zetting is natuurlijk een deel, omdat dit een uitgangseminair is. Schaubing heeft de positie van een volledig professore ontwikkeld, terug in zijn hometown, in zijn Zuidse Universiteit Waazong, agricultuurse universiteit, en hij zal de positie nemen zoals van januari 1, en hij zal in de reale regatie van december 21st blijven. Hier zijn er wat van de volledige staten over zijn carrière, en ik ben eigenlijk gevraagd om in mijn introductie te stellen wat van Schaubing's highlighten hier in Eeri. Dus ik heb ongeveer 50 slijten. Maar ik vind Schaubing welke om dat zelf te vertellen. Dus ik zal hier eigenlijk alleen om jullie te leren van dit. Zoals je kunt zien, is Schaubing zijn educatie heel snel gebouwd in vier verschillende universiteiten, studies in agronomie en fysiologie, begrijpen zoals gezegd in zijn Zuidse Universiteit Waazong, agricultuurse universiteit, om naar UC Davis, Texas Universiteit en dan Universiteit Florida. Na deze vijf jaren of zoveel, vijf jaren, Schaubing dacht dat hij klaar was om Eeri te joinen. En sinds 20 jaar geleden begon hij eigenlijk op alle verkeerbare positie die we hebben gehad, begrijpen als een visiteer-scientist, en dan naar de associële fysiologen en associële scientisten. Een kop fysiologen, een IRS-positie en een senior kop fysiologen. En ik denk dat Schaubing meer dan 20 jaar geleden zou zijn, hij zal zeker naar dat principale scientist die de beste van de beste is. Karier highlight en er was ook een beetje ruimte meer, dus we hebben alles besloten om te focussen op een paar. En ik denk dat het waarschijnlijk een van zijn meest signifieke ervaring is, het is niet zelfs daar. En het is dat na 20 jaar geleden aan Eeri Schaubing nog steeds jong en heel dynamisch lijkt. En ik weet niet hoe hij het niet doet, maar ik hoop dat hij in de rest van de rest van ons die nog veel jaar geleden had, hopelijk hier in Eeri. Maar Schaubing is terug twee CTIR-woorts, een van de promising jong scientisten, en de andere, een paar jaar geleden, ontwikkeld voor een uitstelling scientific paper. En als ik het niet verstaat, was dat de paper die de effect van een hoognachtig temperatuur op een gevaarlijk gevoel is. En ik ben zeker dat Schaubing dat in zijn seminar gaat. En hij is een vrouw van de Amerikaanse Society voor Bronomie en de Cod Science Society van Amerika. En hij bezocht in de editorie award een paar genoemd journalen. En laatste week werd Schaubing alles over de impact-factoren van deze journalen en hoe je ze kan manipuleren op welke manier. En je kunt zien dat hij een master moet doen zo. Dus ik wil niet meer zeggen. Er zijn ongeveer 87 slijten aangekomen. We hebben 45, 50 minuten om zo te doen. En ik ben volledig vertrouwd dat Schaubing ons volledig enthoudt in de tijd. Dank u wel, en Schaubing. Dank u, Bas. Als je een debuutje hebt, geef je voor de seminar. Dat is een goede nieuw, dat betekent dat je een nieuw is. Dat is het exacte wat we in een paar weken moeten doen. Vandaag gaan we gewoon over mijn ervaring op de koffiephysiologie, op het intensive rijdsysteem van de erin in de vorige 19 jaar. Ik begin met deze technie van koffiephysiologie. Koffiephysiologie stuurt de handproces om de functie van de hand te ontstaan op de koffiepeur, in deze interactie met de andere handen in de koffie, en ook op het environment. Dus je kunt hier een paar keeuwen zien. Processing, processus, koffiepeur, interactie en het environment. Dus die zijn de keeuwen als je de koffiephysiologie ontstaat. Een heel bekende koffiephysiologie, de professor Neuer Evans, die twee koffiephysiologie bespreekt. Eén is de koffiephysiologie over de economie, inclusief de efficiëntie van water en de fotonisele management. Een andere koffie is bekend om te kiezen, e.g. om te ontstaan en de processus te analyseren die in koffiepeur bevindt. In 2004 ontstaat de missie en de projectie in dat document voor de commandie-based centrum in het cg-systeem. Er is 10 koffiephysiologie van de cg-supported research. Eén is de productie en de andere is de natuurresource management. Dus dit betekent wat we op twee koffies hebben ongeveer alle verschillende. In professor Neuer Evans kreeg hij de agronomie en de koffie. Maar in dit geval, in het cg-systeem, productie, koffie, koffie, koffie, koffie, koffie, koffie, koffie, koffie, koffie. De koffie wordt meer belangrijk. Natuurresource management including resource use efficiency, koffiemanagement, koffievision en de farm system ook is er een andere pinot van de cg-supported research. Dus je kunt zien dat dit heel belangrijk is. In de negatieve 19 jaar research in de e-range heb ik me op de landmap in mijn research area en de ferragie. Op die strategie dus ik bedoel koffie, koffie, koffie, koffie proberen de scientific support in de koffie, resource management waarin veel economies doen en ook onder de breeders voor koffie, koffie, koffie voor koffie. Dus de goal is te proberen in de koffie, koffie, koffie en ook op hetzelfde koffie, koffie, koffie, koffie, koffie. Dus over de jaren in terms of koffie, koffie, koffie, koffie ik heb veel gedaan. Wat ik nu zeg is dat we de etiëren, specie, koffie, koffie en ook de verspreking en wat we de specie gebruiken in de nutriciëntie, nutriciëntie met capitalism graag voeding en allemaal normaal resistentie en ook een beetje koffie modelen met de meer fysiologische koffie en ook de 15 miljoen per hectare per se juist per jaar wat gebeurt in de landmap om te studeren wat is de fysiologische basis zo'n vijf jaar en ook veel tijd om koffie te veranderen onder de issue te studeren met de UVV project en dan gaan ze focussen op de luchtigheid voor koffie-resource management study ik heb een echte tijd elektriciëntie en ook werkt op de site specifieke nutriciëntie met andere universitieënten en studeer ik een beetje op de schiplijt en met de strategie van helftekantie management en ook in de laatste jaren starten we op de AWP en een luchtig interactie dus wat een luchtig interactie op de koffie-stabbing we deden soms een studie in de eerlijke 90's op directe stad mainly op de wetstuk heel interessant ik heb ook ook een studie op de SSRI zelfs de mediciëntie niet als niet als SSRI maar ik heb een studie met nabriek in China en ook een studie in China op de zero-killage en op de schiplijt de nabriek was op de koffie en een heel interessant studie we deden een klein studie maar het is heel interessant op de goldengodige controle met de bedrijf van de eeuw van de Sidiëntie en de sidiëntie nummers per jaar en we kunnen de goldengodige sidiëntie de goldengodige effectie dus alle die zijn al opgepust op de koffie-stabbing op de site ik werk op een nieuwe koffie de ideale koffie-stabbing probeer ik de ideale koffie te proberen dank je ook werken met onze hybrid rice readers hybrid rice study the physiological mechanism of the heterosis aerobic rice the sustainability of aerobic rice try to save water while still making the relatively good rice year study the great year of historical year of koffiebus and to see what what is the trend of this year tension for those historical year of koffiebus spend some time on cold furnace basically is the screening of the cold furnace in the greenhouse and study the genetic variability in natural use efficiency and in the last few years I was focused a little bit on green super rice the green super rice really trying to increase rice year and at the same time cutting the inputs but I'm not going to have time to cover all of this so for what I decided that I'm just pick up the five cases which I think and highlight my research at the year which I believe had a little bit more impact en also its scientificity and both scientificity and the practicality I'll start with the the mid-end education some basic of physiological study and also the establishment of a new strategy of natural management and I'll move on to the high temperature study and the third one is the denying of IR8 and the possible process number four is the year the security of aerobic rice and finally I'll finish up with is a development of new contact line give you update and also what is our new direction for for the new contact study at the year so I started with the case number one rice leak en nutrition and then natural management and I like to start with this picture many of you have seen this many many times but I still like to show this one why because when I came to year 91 my division head at the King Testament is a chauvin this is a toy please deal with this and we cannot get this on right so when we do this try when we use this for anionide to try to determine a leak in concentration we get too much noisy numbers so please walk out on this so I put this machine and this small machine and my whole career at the year study with this machine that's why I want to study with this and this is a leak on the chart we also use this for farm speed when the farmers not buy this one because it's too expensive so when I get to the machine and I put a measurements by myself when you're new or the year you do anything by yourself so I do the same thing I put a measurements with a spot with a northern meter and I've noticed when the leak is a little bit thicker I can feel it with my hands and then I can find that the reading is higher gave me higher output so that gave me some indication making the leak thickness has a big effect on this spot reading so this is just a proof that my feeling was right so this is a data set this is a trivet based on trivet based on anionide concentration this is spot reading and this is a middle-thin reading stage early stage middle stage late stage so within each stage the correlation is pretty good but when you put all data together the correlation is very poor r squared 1 is around 0.5 so based on my observation that leak thickness effect so what I did is I normalized this spot reading with a specific weight which is the weight developed by the leak area and once I feel that all three lines put together you can see the r squared increase from 0.5 to 0.9 huge increase so this is the first time in any crop we discover the importance of leak thickness affecting the spot reading later on we also find the leak thickness also have effect on the color chart reading so when the leak is thicker the LCC will give you a high reading but it doesn't mean it has more lacking concentration of you need a leak area or you need a leak drive-in another important figure I can share with you is this one we follow the very high reading rice crop throughout the season what we find is that the leak thickness is gradually increased so the old leak is thicker than the young leak but on the drive-in based the LCC is gradually decreased because of dilution but the spot reading of the leak area based in confiscation is steadily constant throughout the season so this paper is an indication we can use maybe only one threshold the spot threshold to manage our life in the field and you can see that the old management system with the base on a coder for the end is a different stage you have a different threshold against the California system so you have many thresholds with the new system I proposed with the spot meter we only need one threshold for example for most IR varieties we use 35 for the LCC of erit LCC meter we only need 3.2 and we should respond to the leak area based in confiscation 1.4 gram per square meter once you maintain this level of leak-in status you don't need a plan anymore life the crop is safe it will give you a high year so we test this one of the erit in the Philippines it works out very well and because of the variety we calibrate when we know stuff but when we test this system in China this one didn't work very well compared with the site specific life in management so in China we decided not to push on the real-time in management which are developed we decided to push this one site-specific life in management which is developed by a team by Christian Witt and Dr. Roland Borash at the evening so this one is basically feeding the crop based on the leak in this case it is also considered in addition to this supply and also considered climate but for the what I discussed discovered in the in the spa, the reading and the leak and nutrition it is provided the scientific foundation for charging the crop leak for nitrogen in this system that's a key example in the SSNN when we decided how much nitrogen we applied we used this roughly meter-special if it's greater than 36 we only have 920 if it's between 34 36 for 930 if it's less than 34 we have 9 more 940 so this component of SSNN is really based on our scientific study on the spa reading and the leak and nutrition so in China we have tried to extend this SSNN technology in seven provinces throughout China and it showed a very effective I will start with the on-farm field trial and on-farm demonstration and also we used a farmer a participatory a farmer's research approach now we're in a stage of large scale extension and the key research funding is that we there's a very high indigenous supply capacity in China and we apply nitrogen the in response is very low it's only 1.5 pound hectare many farmers apply too much nitrogen especially in the early stage and we often see the yield reduction in China due to too much infantile due to past damage and logic and if we use SSNN we can improve the rice yield and also increase the nitrogen efficiency with this improved in management it continuously it does not reduce the yield in your subsequent rice crops and this technology was officially evaluated by apps for China in China and on average the proteinizer for the excess yieldment was reduced by 20 to 30 percent and compared with farmers practice grain yield increased by 5 to 8 percent so now the extension is really going on in Guangdong province and also in Hunan province in the very big scales now move to the second case on the high net temperature study this is the data from our even climate unit so thank you even climate unit provide this data this is the annual mean temperature from 79 to 2009 at 31 years of data and the weather station was studied in 79 in the wetland station so in maximum temperature it not changed that much in 31 years only 3.7 degrees in 31 years however minimum night temperature increased in increased by 1.33 degrees in 31 years 31 years that's only focus on the dry season what's happening in the dry season dry season will really use average from January to April in dry season again maximum temperature not much increase not much change but night temperature in 30 few years it increased of 1.62 degree that's very high if you put on 100 years turn that is for a 5 degree increase in minimum night temperature over 100 years so what is the implication is the increase in the night temperature the gradient is reduced significantly when you increase night temperature but with no relationship with maximum data temperature radiation not a very strong relationship so this is the paper that the BASC-bomber distribution was published in the PPS in 2004 and if you look for above ground biomass and it has a linear relationship with minimum temperature no relationship with maximum temperature and a full relationship with radiation and from this linear relationship will come up with the biomass benign by about 10% for each 1 degree of increase it increases minimum temperature assuming the house index does not change on a warm night temperature so that means the rise year decreased by 10% with a 1 degree increase in night temperature so this statement has been used by APCC when they evaluate the impact of future global climate change on crop year and based on those studies we also established this is the practical night temperature and radiation for the gradient at year 1 if you try to get more than 7 pounds if you try to reach 8 pounds you need to have average night temperature minimum temperature 24 less than 23, I'm sorry and then if you want to move your year from 8 pounds to 9 pounds your radiation becomes factor so you may have 19 megawatt square meter per day average throughout the season from transplanting to the office you may ask me how did you come up with this night temperature the importance is just by chance no it is not in 2001 August 14th extended report in the entire institute I have reported this year decline in the last three seasons at the year reform which is 99, 2000, 2001 and you can see this is 72 years if you reach historically lower and also this is the best entry also lower than many others so this is the year this is the green year and I analyzed the data of the weather station of course these three years have a lower radiation but more importantly has a very high minimum night temperature so from this it gave me an indication the night temperature could have something to do with this year decline so in my memory of the whole institute I mentioned many times about this night temperature should have more attention that's the whole reason come up with this it's a 2004 paper in the period as discussed describe the importance of night temperature so this is not come from nowhere it's really intrigued by the poor year in 99, 2000, 2001 after our paper published and there's many paper published in a very important journals describe the importance of night temperature this is study published in the p.s. 2006 and they study the wet season year data in the India in 9 rice growing states in India and they find of course this is the rain to the rice rainfall in June 1 in September is the number one factor control of rice year the second important one is the October November minimum temperature that's the second most important one to determine the rice year in that area for the real good rice and this is another study recently came from India and this user Whitney tries to tell him between June and August and they find that this 32, minimum temperature 32 is critical if it's greater than 32 you get an ear reduction if less than 32 also get an ear reduction so this critical number of 22 is pretty much the same to what we find at the year it is always about 22, 23 and then another study just came out this year a user year is data set this data set is based on the 227 farms managed to feed from 6 rice growing countries actually this data was this was done by Akim Doverman and Kishin Wee many years ago and they took this data set and did some analysis they find that keep minimum so this is the light temperature has the hugest biggest effect on the rice year especially in the right new phase compared with the maximum temperature compared with the radiation so this also supports what we reported in 2004 more interesting is the in Mexico they use the similar data on a windy year it's also a historic data set in full site they find the delta team minimum temperature it's the most important one explain the year to variability compared with the maximum temperature of radiation the light temperature is more important very funny they come up with the same statement roughly 10% of year reduction for every one degree increase in minimum temperature so completely different crop different location came up with almost same results so we continued our light temperature study by doing this field chamber the year reform and try to so this is the daytime and then we opened the the chamber night time we covered this and knew with the air and made it in the temperature inside so based on this chamber study we were able to find IR8 is more sensitive to the higher night temperature compared with IR72 you can see the year reduction with the higher temperature is only 11% for IR72 35% for IR8 and also in our recent screening study we found many varieties has the ability to tolerate this high light temperature and of course many varieties are very sensitive the sensitive variety they reduce the year because they have reduced the sink size and also reduced the green finish percentage on the warm night temperature and those that tolerate one for example N22 is very interesting N22 is a variety is very famous for heat tolerance so they have they maintain a good green finish on the very higher daytime temperature so we also added another property for this one so you also have the ability to tolerate the night temperature en N29 is a variety which is also reported as very good resistance to the many A by R stresses now we move to the the third study the third cases the third case is talk about the year behind of IR8 and the possible causes this is a bigger also quite famous of the year many people use this especially by readers and this shows the year trend of a very historical varieties those are varieties which has a big impact in rice production award such as IR8, L36, L64 and you can see this is the year of release and this green year so the new variety has much higher yield than all the variety we grow we grow them on a current condition so phase one is a breeder when they cultivate this data they have different answer for phase one is the OEC or year the pressure has not changed since the release of IR8 because it's stemming in a 10-ton specter green OEC were making great good progress in the increase in yield because the yield is greatly increasing both are right both interpretation are right and if I compare the IR8 which was this is a national response curve of IR8 which was done in 1968 compared with the one I did in 1998 the 30 years difference and you can see better responses total difference across the entire range of life in deep water so zero in the yield difference especially when the 120 kg flat top this but in 1968 it produced nearly 10 tons but if you do that now it only give you 7 tons so that just indicating the IR8 is just not doing the same job as it does it did 30 years ago so we compare the IR8 with the best varieties in 1996, 1999 at dry season you can see the IR8 yield is always lower in the best varieties except this year as I said 99 was a very poor yield yield potential is only very poor so we can't see much difference so then we tried to ask what happened with the IR8 why IR8 and not produced the same yield as the 30 years ago so I came up with a very good idea in 1998 I thank for years of GRC to provide this IR8 seed which was obviously in 1968 and they stored in the Jinban they only stored 20 grams they were able to spare 10 grams for me then I marked not this IR8 and then I got enough seed so I could compare this is the Jinban stored IR8 with the continuous grown IR8 and this is the field study I did so this is Jinban grown IR8 the Jinban stored IR8 is continuous grown IR8 you can see vegetative stage low difference PIF stage low difference harvest stage low difference the national response curve is dead even so in terms of performance field performance is two different IR8 seed sources give me two identical results so this is all the data we compared it for four seasons between these two IR8 with the best variety 2000, 2001 4 jaar we don't worry about this data there is no difference because the year of attention is very poor so 2002, 2003 2 good years so you can see the best variety which is much higher in the last 8 the more important is 2 IR8 you don't show any difference with the help from Hays we did some SSR analysis about this 2 IR8 seed source SSR detected a variation in the bottom 12% of continuous grown IR8 seed needs but not in the Jinban stored IR8 seed so we grown this after the SSR test we grown those plants all weight maturity in the greenhouse and this is Jinban grown IR8 this is 2 continuous grown IR8 this with SSR variation this without SSR variation and with your eyes you don't see any difference even though there is SSR variability they are identical we made it for the synthesis for these 3 seed sources and for the same rate in a different stage they are dead even and we also see no difference in high chemical size green thin percentage same weight for the dry weight ups index and green year so morphologically we see those IR8 from 2 different seed source they are identical so that pretty much give us an answer what is the cost of the year behind for IR8 so there is only 3 possible reasons one is the biotic stresses to change the biotub disease and the insects so the IR8 not to generate those new biotubs so that's one possibility but we in our experiment we control our disease and insects very intensively so at least we don't see visual damage the second possibility another possibility is the genetic change in the seed itself and based on studies conducted we rule out this possibility so that only gives the second option the second possibility which is a biotic stresses for example changes in climates such as night temperature and also changes in soil quality and for this study another pinpoint which one is but we know it's a biotic stresses so what is the implication of this study it emphasize the importance of maintenance reading even though our continuous reading has not increased yield of pension but it was able to maintain the yield of penthouse actatum yield level secondly when we talk about maintenance reading normally we talk about biotic stresses disease and insects but this study also indicated A biotic stresses can be also important and for the maintenance reading and this study also suggests a climatic change may evolve with the genetic gain in crop improvement so the reading should continue to the reading to almost like a race with the climatic change to be able to maintain the rice yield finally en de meen breeders of see of when the seed when the new variety come out for five or six years then the seed will deteriorate this variety was not good anymore then you have to clean it you have to go with a new variety so this variety deterioration even though people have this perception but we are in the first time we prove that's not possible that's not exist scientifically using this method now move to the Arabic rice in 2001 we established a medium term experiment on Arabian rice this was done in the challenging project project the name of the project called star project within the challenging program and like the vast bomber is the the PI of this project so I had a very good experience in working with him in this project so this just show show the yield trend of this medium term experiment this is the grain yield this is the yield this is rice yield and this is wet yield and you can see the the red one is the grain yield of the Arabian rice as it gradually decreases but if you put on a relatively term relatively the yield of a irrigated rice and the difference is even bigger so gradually the difference is getting higher both in dry season and wet season so this indicate when you grow Arabian rice continuously you are going to get the yield reduction and you can see this yield reduction mainly because of the biomass production is reduced on the continuous Arabian rice en this is the 2001 rice season Arabian rice not much difference in the biomass accumulation in 2002 and you can see some gap 2003 gap is getting bigger 2004 even bigger so you can see gradually you can see the soil become a problem and the the Arabian rice does not function as well as the early years even though this this is such a nice mindset but I will still not be able to convince everyone this year 2009 in the Arabian rice then what we did is in 2004 we changed the design as a return and I think it right now I think it is still I think this is a very good idea to be able to do that what we did is this field has grown the Arabian rice for the previous six seasons we suddenly convert this one into the Arabian rice and here is the Arabian rice for seven seasons for seven seasons so now we can compare the fourth season with seven seasons Arabian rice in the same field on the same condition same environmental condition the only difference is the history of the soil is different the previous crops is different and then this one is not a rice used like as a control and you can see in the next stage is the first Arabian rice first season Arabian rice seven seasons Arabian rice you can see maybe another scene where this one is very poor this one is very good and this is not a rice of course is the best and if I give you just a close up this is the seven season Arabian rice fourth season Arabian rice very clear difference in the performance and just give you the data fourth season Arabian rice 6.3 tons spectra very nice yield the seven season only 3.8 tons the difference is for 51% it's a huge difference even without end you have 40% difference in it in the yield between the first season and seven season Arabian rice so that's really key point our view just really conform the business yield decline in the continuous Arabian rice the coffee system so then we did a many study in the library in the greenhouse by using this soil so what we did is that this is the Arabian poor soil six soil after 11 seasons of the grown Arabian rice we grow Arabian rice without any input it will produce very poorly but if you put the soil in the oven just use the oven to trade the soil it grow like this so this is Arabian rice for flutter rice if you do that you can also get some improvement but not as much as the Arabian rice so this indicates that the soil is really sick but then what is the cost of the sickness which they didn't know so we tried many things we tried a different solution micro solution and also P and K many things but finally we find out this nitrogen is one of the main reason cost not cost has some association with the soil sickness and you can see this is zero end no end of night this is control sick soil this is the oven traded soil so this is another control so you have two controls this is best control this is worst control but with the ammonia soil pig application we are able to almost get 80% of this performance so this is really indicated nitrogen is one of the limitation in this sick Arabian soil so after those studies we are able to come up with this hypothesis maybe the end efficiency is one of the cost of the year behind in continuous Arabian rice this can be caused by end availability or the end uptake ability availability reduces because of the soil change and we observed when you grow Arabian rice for many seasons the soil pH increase when you acidify your soil and it will give you better performance so that's the indication of soil end availability reduced for uptake efficiency for uptake ability ammonia accessity and limit of the all cost reducer in uptake ability then which give you the yield reduction now moving to the the new prototype i had a privilege to work with Dr. Kosh on the investment of new prototype in the early 90s and in one of my review paper i have summarized the good picture or bad picture of the NPT-9 a good one if increase in size improve the noisy resistance and also reduce the onplug of killer but on the negative side it has poor grain feeding reduce the bad mass plucking and poor compensation of NPT susceptible to disease and insect and also difficult to stretch and it has poor germination and poor grain quality so those are the analysis on the new concept but despite those negative aspect the NPT still has a still made some impact one is a few NPT-9 has been released in Indonesia, China and the Philippines and even NPT-9 has been distributed distributed through India to more than 90 countries for evaluation and many breeders in the national system has used the NPT-9s as parents in the breeding program and another important story is this China's supervised breeding started in 1996 is really stimulated by the e-waste NPT-war so now the question is if we really want to increase the rice yield by another 15% is it possible it is possible but we have to do many changes on the yield component side we have to increase chemical size and we have to maybe have the grain size also need to be increased to be able to give us the high yield in terms of process the yield process of yield formation and there's another way to activate the yield increase we cannot change the the radiation which is fixed we cannot change the crop duration because if you re-increase too much and then you may get a yield reduction so 110 days is mentally it's optimal for the rice yield but I have to make sure we have a very good light inception so the canopy has to capture as much radiation as possible so on the whole season our copy is 70 cent once you intercept those radiations we need to convert it into the biomass with high efficiency so the radiation efficiency has to be making about 1.5 grams of dry-meat production for mega-juice of the radiation production out index is less than 50 cent so if we can achieve this it is possible for us to produce 11.5 tons per hectare so at the beginning we are discussing some of the new strategies with our NPT breeding one is to follow the China's experience in donor selection and also consider the utilisation of the hydrolysis and emphasise more on the top three names and also the position of the panic over within the canopy use multiple trades instead of single trades consider compensation among the different trades so that's another strategy and we are also discussing about imposing the selection pressure in the early generations and the major indicators to be used in the selection by the breeders in the nursery and finally when we are now expanding and standardise the market location yield trials so the pump trade proposed the town type trades is not much different from our previous NPT work so it's the only winery, modern machinery capacity and thinner leaf in the vegetative stage for the plants and no mechanical height thick strong stamp for nodging resistance erected thick, dark green they should need high degree index in late leaf resistance in late leaf resistance in the next stage and also have nod and compact panico in the heavy greenway in the non-degree finish duration so we also have all those trades here but what I did is try to give some value on those trades and I come up with 45 trades including the three I call the secondary trades so those 45 trades 40 some trades I give value to four brooks one brook is the important trades and also it is easy to measure by the breeders in the field so for example panico number spectrum number and gradient percentage those are relatively easy to measure so when I put in the value the target value for yield increase improvement so I'm not going to go through all of this I will just leave this here so our breeders can use that and hopefully they'll use that secondary brook they are important trades but not easy not easy to measure by breeders for example total badmatch crop growth rate if an index leaves an essence with issues efficiency health index so those are very nice trades for the physiologist but it's very difficult for breeders to measure they are very important if you want to increase rice yield you have to focus on that and the third brook not very important but it's easy to measure for example leap number leap length leap weight and then shape and then you recognize panico length and a number of primary branches and the secondary branches so those are very easy to measure but they're not very important compared with the previous cute brooks the fourth brook not very important and also not easy to measure leap thickness met the material number for the material percentage and the second number for panico length this is the compactness compactness of the panico kind density kind density so many so I also have all the values here and all those values are based on my study at E-ray in the past 19 years and also based on literature so those are three secondary palm trades so I just put the numbers here so the breeders can use in the future so there's also some lessons for the supervised varieties come from China so when we do our new compact breeding we should also remember those lessons one is the new supervised may have a poor life use efficiency and also it has reduced only vigor because of the tenant production is reduced and poor compensation for the disease and the insect damage and also it requires very intensive crop management also needed in high input so all those has to be taken into consideration in our MPT breeding also there's some many issues when we talk about increased rice yield potential one is how much room we really have left in the compact improvement for achieving high yield potential and if you can make new set up so that is an extended breed breeding duration can you really increase the rice yield potential so to think of relation which one is more important and can we improve the rice yield by improving the breeding use efficiency so the higher force to decorate such as safe or wise and also finally what is the real impact on this new management technology in our yield potential world now another question we may ask ourselves do we have a better chance compared with 10 years ago in our new compact breeding try to breed the yield very I'm pretty positive about this I have 5 reasons one is I think we have better understanding of high yield, high yielding plant trace and also where there's already a success story in China in the yielding type breeding and also there's a wide range of geopartments with the target trace become available as the donor parents nowadays compared with 10 years ago and as I just mentioned all the target plant trace become a quantifiable and measurable so I have all the balance put in there and where you extend we're extending our market location yield twice and also try to standardize that as also a positive use the more importantly it's a better funding situation and even though the yield potential is a very important work but in the past we cannot have much money to work on that so nowadays we have a better funding situation in the yield so we can have a more support for this animal research of course those are the five cases of a study I have did at the year and after 90 years of course you have some regrets so I summarize with that summarize those regrets I have to say in the 90 years I had we had a pretty good understanding of life in nutrition but we were pretty weak in the carbon assimilation animal capitalism so we did pretty good on the life here side but a little bit poor on the carbon side we focused well on the carbon physiology but had a very limited use of monognebiology approaches for myself I focused more in the East Asia but had a limited contribution to the South and South East Asia and emphasized more on the favorable ecosystem but connected a little bit on the fragile ecosystem so that's also some regret and I'm not very successful in application of large project funds such as the climate change as I still remember Duncan told me when I had the PNS table shall we you're going to get a big project for climate change but I never did of the paper so that was that is just a a regret another one is I never achieved a rainy year over 11 tons factor at the year reform I would try to try many ways but still was not successful okay so just for my replacement of other people who found the physiology on irreverable rights someone was suggesting or advised we need to continue to work with breeders in identified non-pipe trades that increase rescue potential really work with breeders side by side study of biological and genetic control of physiological traits that determine the process of yield information we have not the information about the biological and genetic control of the morphological traits but a very few physiological traits but a physiological phase many times more important than those of morphological traits try to establish a high focal length position and phenotype system for both field and lab core study to really support the monognex study such as monognex breeding understand the mechanism of arrival adaptation to climate change and this become more and more important the arrival adaptation and maintenance breeding is really crucial if we want to meet the challenge of climate change explore strategies in increased wet season rights yield with focus on the shading tolerance this one I just started this season but I'm leaving so I hope someone can continue this study because our water become limited so try to increase rice production in wet season become more important because water shortage is not a major issue in wet season compared with dry season finally increase in the right relationship efficiency by improving the photosynthesis of both canopy and a significant levels and also by expressing the respiration so this is a little bit more strategic research it takes more time so we need to work with the seafwalk the seafwalk move more closely on this aspect okay some numbers for me to remember okay for the past 19 years here I have come from 38 rice growing seasons both dry and wet seasons every season we do many experiments so in the Philippines we have done 169 field experiments and I spend almost 7000 days with earring so I have so many people I need to thank for I start with the top so I have not survived I survived 3 at 5 bg's so Dr. Nampé Dr. Rothschild Dr. Papeter Dr. Kent Trell Dr. Zegner Dr. G. R Dr. Fisher Dr. Kostin Dr. Yun Wang Dr. Boon Dr. Kim Doberman and my division head because for me I am working at the bottom so the division head is more important for me than those boys so I start with Dr. Tasman and Dr. Jimi Kier Dr. Yipo Dr. Boon and Dr. Bas Forman and I really thank them because they really protect me very well make sure I have enough resource to do research make sure I am not too bad to spend too much time with the administration so big thanks for them and I have collaborated with many even scientists over the years as I said at the beginning for physiology I need a face in the agronomy side and also in the breathing side so in our own division of Mr. Kasselman Dr. Goresh Dr. Boon Dr. Boon Dr. Boargaro Dr. Bas Forman Dr. Esmer Dr. Nader Dr. Jan Schiehe Dr. Christian Wieck and maybe some more on the breathing side Dr. Kush Dr. Boon Mani Dr. Boar Dr. Schier Dr. John Bennett Dr. Mlechner hisology now the most important part is my own group so they are the one that really helped me a lot and they made a huge contribution to my achievement I started with Romy Romy will be high next year he will be working with E-ray 43 years by next year so as Dr. Randy Boargar said yesterday high moya and Romy Biskos they really represented our instigator memory Bax Nader Bax is the one that started with me when I started my whole shop for the E-ray I had only one research assistant and she is the one that started with me and stayed on here now so I really thank her and the thing that is my third secretary and another one I need to mention is the Rx Rx is my field technician and about 10 years ago he wanted to join the stock separation back in the state because it is so important for our field experiment en I also have many former staff staff member with my group and especially Emma of my first secretary and my second secretary Owen and unfortunately I had a severe staff member passed away also I would like to take this opportunity to thank my family my wife and my cookies and then here the one can make my life happy and also I would like to thank many other E-Rx management top management like Dr. Bonardo and Dr. Fadminna so they really also helped me now I'm going back to China as a boss and this is my building my big building and this is called Crop Science Building and this is the Crop Phenology and Protection Center this is my center so I call it CQPC in the future when you see if you have CQPC then that's me so with that thank you for your attention I use a little more too much time 47 minutes